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ABSTRACT Nematode control strategies are limited and alternative control is demanded. The main aim was to evaluate control potential of Hohenbuehelia spp. (Hohenbuehelia mastrucata, Hohenbuehelia barbatula, Hohenbuehelia bullulifera, Hohenbuehelia portegna, Hohenbuehelia petaloides and Hohenbuehelia paraguayensis) and Trichoderma koningiopsis against Meloidogyne javanica in bean plants in greenhouse. The parameters evaluated were the number of galls and egg masses which were evaluated in three root regions: basal, intermediate and tip; nematode reproduction factor; vegetal growth parameters (plants height on V1, V2, V4, and R5 growth stages, root length, dry weight of root and aerial part dry weight); Treatments were composed by individual interactions of each fungal isolate with 4,000 eggs of M. javanica, having a total control (bean) and a partial control (bean + nematode) arranged in completely randomized design with four repetitions. Data were tested by ScottKnott (5%). For vegetal growth parameters, there was only significance for dry weight of roots. All species were able to control nematodes.

RESUMO

Nematode control strategies are limited and alternative control is demanded. The main aim was to evaluate control potential of Hohenbuehelia spp. (Hohenbuehelia mastrucata, Hohenbuehelia barbatula, Hohenbuehelia bullulifera, Hohenbuehelia portegna, Hohenbuehelia petaloides and Hohenbuehelia paraguayensis) and Trichoderma koningiopsis against Meloidogyne javanica in bean plants in greenhouse. The parameters evaluated were the number of galls and egg masses which were evaluated in three root regions: basal, intermediate and tip; nematode reproduction factor; vegetal growth parameters (plants height on V1, V2, V4, and R5 growth stages, root length, dry weight of root and aerial part dry weight); Treatments were composed by individual interactions of each fungal isolate with 4,000 eggs of M. javanica, having a total control (bean) and a partial control (bean + nematode) arranged in completely randomized design with four repetitions. Data were tested by Scott­Knott (5%). For vegetal growth parameters, there was only significance for dry weight of roots. All species were able to control nematodes.

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RESUMO

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the fungitoxic effect of the aqueous extracts of Baccharis trimera on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 89 race, as well as its effect on the accumulation of phaseolin in hypocotyls of different cultivars and common bean varieties. It was obtained 20% aqueous extract from plants collected in municipalities of the Western Region of Paraná. Blocks containing C. lindemuthianum mycelium were transferred to Petri dishes containing medium with the different extracts and incubated at 25 °C. The colonies diameter was measured until the 12th day. Effects of aqueous extracts on phaseolin production was evaluated in hypocotyls of Carioca, Cnpf 8104, Soberana, Tibatã, Uirapurú cultivars, as well as Rosinha and Vermelho varieties. Each one cultivar and variety hypocotyl was transferred separately to test tubes containing 500 μL of 20% aqueous extracts. Sterile water, Bion®, and UV was used as controls. The phaseolin production was measured in spectrophotometer [280 nm]. Results of the evaluation of the antifungal activity of aqueous extracts of Baccharis sp. specimens collected indicate that approximately 50% of the samples presented capacity to reduce between 74 and 92% of C. lindemuthianum growth. Cultivar Tibatã and Vermelho variety showed greater sensitivity over the applied treatments. Results of fungal filtrates and vegetal aqueous extracts presented a low capacity to induce the production of phaseolin in hypocotyls.

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Bacterial leaf blight occurs in almost the entire Brazilian territory and can cause significant economic damage. However, its effects can be curtailed with the following tools that aid in quantification for carrying out the best severity assessment that can be applied to the studies used in its control. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a diagrammatic scale to quantify the severity of bacterial leaf blight in maize caused by Pseudomonas avenae. Corn leaves were collected with different levels of disease severity, and the total leaf area as well as the injured area of the middle third of each leaf was measured. From this, the minimum and maximum limits of the disease and, subsequently, four intermediate levels were determined whilst taking into account the law of visual stimulus of WeberFechner. Levels 1.5%, 2.5%, 9%, 18%, 46%, and 70% were selected with validation performed by eight evaluators, four inexperienced and four experienced. These evaluators estimated the severity values, initially without the use of the proposed diagrammatic scale and in a second attempt with the use of the scale. We concluded that it was possible to improve the accuracy and precision of the evaluators when they used the scale as a tool to assess the severity of bacterial leaf blight on corn leaves.(AU)

A mancha bacteriana da folha ocorre em praticamente todo o território brasileiro e pode causar perdas econômicas significativas sendo necessárias ferramentas que auxiliem na sua quantificação a fim de realizar melhor avaliação de severidade podendo contribuir em estudos visando seu controle. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar a escala diagramática para quantificação da severidade da mancha bacteriana da folha em milho causada por Pseudomonas avenae. Foram coletada folhas de milho apresentando diferentes níveis de severidade da doença, e mediu-se a área foliar total e a área lesionada do terço médio de cada uma das folhas, determinando-se os limites mínimo e máximo da doença, e, posteriormente, os quatro níveis intermediários levando em consideração a lei do estímulo visual de Weber-Fechner. Foram selecionados os níveis 1,5%, 2,5%, 9%, 18%, 46%, e 70%, sendo a validação realizada por oito avaliadores, quatro inexperientes e quatro experientes, que estimaram os valores de severidade inicialmente sem a utilização da escala diagramática proposta, e num segundo momento com a utilização da escala. Conclui-se que foi possível melhorar a acurácia e a precisão dos avaliadores quando estes utilizaram a escala como ferramenta para avaliação de severidade para mancha bacteriana da folha do milho.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to develop and validate a diagrammatic scale to evaluate the severity of spots on maize leaves caused by the fungus Diplodia macrospora. Severity ranged between the minimal (0.5%) and maximal (55%) limits of disease severity, and intermediate severity levels were defined according to the "Weber-Fechner stimulus response law". The proposed scale describes six levels of severity based on how much of the leaf is affected: 0.5%, 3%, 8%, 23%, 36%, and 55%. Validation was carried out by eight evaluators, four inexperienced and four experienced. They estimated the severity of disease in 60 maize leaves, with and without the proposed diagrammatic scale. A relationship was shown by regression analysis between estimated and actual severity, with and without the use of the scale. When both inexperienced and experienced evaluators used the scale, they were able to estimate disease severity more accurately and precisely.

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar uma escala diagramática para avaliação da severidade da mancha foliar causada pelo fungo Diplodia macrospora, em folhas de milho, considerando os limites de severidade mínima e máxima da doença e os níveis intermediários de acordo com a "Lei de resposta ao estímulo de Weber-Fechner". A escala proposta apresenta seis níveis de severidade: 0,5%; 3%; 8%; 23%; 36% e 55% da área foliar afetada. A validação foi realizada por oito avaliadores sendo quatro inexperientes e quatro experientes, os quais estimaram a severidade de 60 folhas de milho que apresentavam níveis variados se sintomas da doença, primeiramente sem a utilização da escala diagramática e, posteriormente, com o uso da escala proposta. Pela análise de regressão verificou-se relação entre o grau de severidade real e o estimado por cada avaliador, com e sem o uso da escala. Com a utilização da escala, tanto os avaliadores inexperientes quanto os experientes demostraram maiores níveis de acurácia e precisão.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to develop and validate a diagrammatic scale to evaluate the severity of spots on maize leaves caused by the fungus Diplodia macrospora. Severity ranged between the minimal (0.5%) and maximal (55%) limits of disease severity, and intermediate severity levels were defined according to the "Weber-Fechner stimulus response law". The proposed scale describes six levels of severity based on how much of the leaf is affected: 0.5%, 3%, 8%, 23%, 36%, and 55%. Validation was carried out by eight evaluators, four inexperienced and four experienced. They estimated the severity of disease in 60 maize leaves, with and without the proposed diagrammatic scale. A relationship was shown by regression analysis between estimated and actual severity, with and without the use of the scale. When both inexperienced and experienced evaluators used the scale, they were able to estimate disease severity more accurately and precisely.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar uma escala diagramática para avaliação da severidade da mancha foliar causada pelo fungo Diplodia macrospora, em folhas de milho, considerando os limites de severidade mínima e máxima da doença e os níveis intermediários de acordo com a "Lei de resposta ao estímulo de Weber-Fechner". A escala proposta apresenta seis níveis de severidade: 0,5%; 3%; 8%; 23%; 36% e 55% da área foliar afetada. A validação foi realizada por oito avaliadores sendo quatro inexperientes e quatro experientes, os quais estimaram a severidade de 60 folhas de milho que apresentavam níveis variados se sintomas da doença, primeiramente sem a utilização da escala diagramática e, posteriormente, com o uso da escala proposta. Pela análise de regressão verificou-se relação entre o grau de severidade real e o estimado por cada avaliador, com e sem o uso da escala. Com a utilização da escala, tanto os avaliadores inexperientes quanto os experientes demostraram maiores níveis de acurácia e precisão.(AU)

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