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CONTEXTO: Prazosina, um antagonista de receptores alfa-1 adrenérgicos, é utilizada no tratamento de pesadelos e insônia relacionados com TEPT. Apesar das evidências sugerindo sua eficácia também no tratamento de sintomas gerais de TEPT, sua curta meia-vida (2-3 horas) pode limitar seus efeitos terapêuticos.OBJETIVO: Descrever quatro casos de pacientes com TEPT resistentes aos inibidores de recaptação de serotonina ou de serotonina e adrenalina (terapia convencional) tratados com uma apresentação de prazosina de liberação lenta.MÉTODOS: Quatro pacientes com TEPT grave, resistentes à terapia convencional, tiveram a prazosina de liberação lenta (meia-vida de 10,8 horas) adicionada as suas prescrições por pelo menos três meses. Os sintomas de TEPT foram avaliados pela PCL-C e pelos itens referentes a pesadelos e insônia da CAPS, na linha de base e no final do período de observação de cada paciente.RESULTADOS: Dois pacientes mostraram melhora dos sintomas gerais de TEPT (redução de 35,7% e 11,9% nos escores da PCL-C), e três mostraram melhora de pesadelos e insônia (nos escores da CAPS). O único paciente que recebeu doses da prazosina pela manhã e ao deitar-se foi o que mostrou a maior melhora dos sintomas gerais de TEPT.CONCLUSÃO: Possivelmente, a sustentação do bloqueio da atividade noradrenérgica no sistema nervoso central promovida pela prazosina de liberação lenta durante o dia se faz necessária para a melhora de sintomas residuais de TEPT em pacientes em tratamento convencional com antidepressivos.

BACKGROUND: Prazosin is an antagonist of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor used to treat PTSD-related nightmares and insomnia. Although evidence suggests that it is also effective in the treatment of general symptoms of PTSD, its short half-life (2-3 hours) may limit its therapeutic effects.OBJECTIVE: To describe four cases of patients with PTSD resistant to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or selective serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRIs) therapy (conventional therapy) treated with slow-release prazosin presentation.METHODS: Four patients with severe PTSD resistant to conventional therapy received slow-release prazosin (half-life of 10.8 hours) added to their prescription for at least three months. PTSD symptoms were evaluated by the PCL-C, together with nightmares and insomnia items of CAPS, at baseline and at the last observation of each patient.RESULTS: Two patients showed improvement in general symptoms of PTSD (reduction of 35.7% and 11.9% in PCL-C scores), and three showed relief from nightmares and insomnia (CAPS scores). The only patient who received morning and bedtime doses of prazosin showed the greatest improvement in general symptoms of PTSD.DISCUSSION: It is possible that the sustained blockade of noradrenergic activity in the central nervous system provided by slow-release prazosin during the day is necessary to further ameliorate residual PTSD symptoms in patients receiving conventional antidepressant therapy.

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A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among peacekeepers. A systematic review was carried out using Medline, Institute for Scientific Information/Web of Science and Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress databases, leading to a total of 12 studies reporting PTSD estimates. Pooled current PTSD prevalence was 5.3%, ranging from 0.05% to 25.8%, and a metaregression was used to investigate the variables that could account for the lack of homogeneity. However, none of the extracted information was capable of explaining the heterogeneity of the estimates. Peacekeeping studies presented different methodologies such as several screening instruments and different times from the deployment to the moment of PTSD assessment. The wide difference found among those estimates highlights the importance of the creation of standards for PTSD evaluation among peacekeepers.

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OBJECTIVES: In this narrative review, we aimed to describe different pharmacological strategies for the treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder who display different levels of intolerance, resistance, refractoriness, or who are unable to take to antidepressants, especially serotonin reuptake inhibitors. METHOD: We searched the ISI web of science and the PubMed for original studies focusing in the treatment of PTSD in different clinical scenarios. RESULTS: Preliminary evidence pointed towards the efficacy of drugs such as risperidone, olanzapine, lamotrigine and prazosin as strategies to be employed in the above mentioned clinical scenarios. The choice of a specific "second line" drug should take into account not only symptoms, but also pattern of comorbidities, previous response to other treatments, pharmacological interactions, side-effects, and patient's physical conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Future randomized controlled trials should be performed in order to unveil which drugs should be prescribed in the absence of adequate treatment and response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

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OBJETIVOS: Nesta revisão narrativa, o objetivo foi descrever as opções farmacológicas para o tratamento do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático nos casos de intolerância, resistência, refratariedade ou impossibilidade de utilizar antidepressivos, especialmente inibidores seletivos da recaptação da serotonina. MÉTODO: Consulta às bases de dados ISI Web of Science e PubMed em busca de estudos originais sobre o tratamento farmacológico do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático em diferentes cenários clínicos. RESULTADOS: Evidências preliminares apontam para a utilidade de drogas como a risperidona, a olanzapina, a lamotrigina e o prazosin como estratégias para o cenário clínico em tela. A escolha do medicamento de segunda linha deve levar em conta não só os sintomas, como também as comorbidades, os tratamentos prévios, as interações farmacológicas, os efeitos colaterais e as condições físicas do paciente. CONCLUSÕES: Futuros ensaios clínicos randomizados ainda são necessários para estabelecer com clareza alternativas farmacológicas aos antidepressivos para o tratamento do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático.

OBJECTIVES: In this narrative review, we aimed to describe different pharmacological strategies for the treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder who display different levels of intolerance, resistance, refractoriness, or who are unable to take to antidepressants, especially serotonin reuptake inhibitors. METHOD: We searched the ISI web of science and the PubMed for original studies focusing in the treatment of PTSD in different clinical scenarios. RESULTS: Preliminary evidence pointed towards the efficacy of drugs such as risperidone, olanzapine, lamotrigine and prazosin as strategies to be employed in the above mentioned clinical scenarios. The choice of a specific "second line" drug should take into account not only symptoms, but also pattern of comorbidities, previous response to other treatments, pharmacological interactions, side-effects, and patient's physical conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Future randomized controlled trials should be performed in order to unveil which drugs should be prescribed in the absence of adequate treatment and response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

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CONTEXTO: Apesar da importância crescente da dissociação no transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT), os sintomas dissociativos não são contemplados pelos critérios diagnósticos das classificações oficiais (CID-10 e DSM-IV). A hipótese de um subtipo dissociativo para o TEPT tem sido corroborada por pesquisas em psicofisiologia, neuroimagem funcional, psicoendocrinologia e sistemas opióides. Pretende-se demonstrar a insuficiência dos critérios vigentes na detecção dos sintomas dissociativos no TEPT mediante relato de um caso com sintomas dissociativos persistentes desde o trauma. RELATO DE CASO: O paciente preenche critérios para TEPT e transtorno depressivo maior pelo DSM-IV. Embora também preencha critérios para transtorno de despersonalização, esse diagnóstico é impossibilitado na presença de TEPT. O paciente apresentou sintomas conversivos peritraumáticos, avaliados pela Escala de Imobilidade Tônica, e sintomas dissociativos proeminentes, peritraumáticos e atuais, já que obteve escores significativos no Questionário de Experiências Dissociativas Peritraumáticas e na Escala de Experiências Dissociativas. Após 3 anos de tratamento, não houve melhora do quadro. CONCLUSÃO: O reconhecimento da importância dos fenômenos dissociativos/conversivos no TEPT poderá contribuir para o aprimoramento do diagnóstico, investigações sobre sua fisiopatologia e o desenvolvimento de tratamentos mais eficazes.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the growing importance of dissociation in post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociative symptoms are not included in the diagnostic criteria of official classifications (CID-10, DSM-IV). Research in psychophysiology, functional neuroimaging, psycho-endocrinology and opioid systems provides support for a dissociative subtype of PTSD. CASE REPORT: A case study on a PTSD patient with persistent dissociative symptoms since the trauma will show that current criteria are insufficient for detecting dissociative symptoms in PTSD. The patient meets criteria for PTSD and major depressive disorder according to the DSM-IV. He also meets criteria for depersonalization disorder, although this diagnosis is not possible with PTSD. The patient showed peritraumatic conversive symptoms, evaluated by the tonic immobility scale. Further, he obtained significant scores on the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire and the Dissociative Experiences Scale, revealing prominent peritraumatic and current dissociative symptoms. There was no improvement in the patients condition after three years of treatment. CONCLUSION: Recognition of the importance of dissociative/conversive phenomena in PTSD will allow practitioners to perfect their diagnoses, as well as improve research on the physiopathology of these phenomena and help develop more effective treatments.

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