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This study describes the anthropometric measurements and somatotype of the elite female futsal players from Brazil in 2021 and analyse the changes and trends over time in these physical characteristics. Data were collected from the 396 female futsal players, of whom; 169 players were assessed in 2021 then compared to those assessed in 2001 (n=112) and 2011 (n-115). Anthropometric measurements, including body weight, height, breadths, girths, and skinfolds were assessed. The somatotype was calculated and graphically represented. The changes between 2021 and the previous years were analysed using ANOVA and multiple linear regression. A jointpoint regression was performed to verify the annual percentage change. The comparison between 2021 data versus the other time points showed a higher age and lower fat content (2001: 22.7 ± 5.1 BF%; 2011: 22.2 ± 5.2 BF%; 2021: 19.0 ± 5.1 BF%). Players from 2021 had higher tensed arm and relaxed calf girths. All the positions, excluding pivots, significantly decreased their body fat units between 2021 and 2001 (goalkeeper: b=-4.49; defender: b=-2.78; winger: b=-4.48). Over the last 20 years, body fat reduced, and tensed arm and relaxed calf girths increased, suggesting an increase in fat-free mass content from the limbs.

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The response of plants to increasing atmospheric CO2 depends on the ecological context where the plants are found. Several experiments with elevated CO2 (eCO2) have been done worldwide, but the Amazonian forest understory has been neglected. As the central Amazon is limited by light and phosphorus, understanding how understory responds to eCO2 is important for foreseeing how the forest will function in the future. In the understory of a natural forest in the Central Amazon, we installed four open-top chambers as control replicates and another four under eCO2 (+250 ppm above ambient levels). Under eCO2, we observed increases in carbon assimilation rate (67%), maximum electron transport rate (19%), quantum yield (56%), and water use efficiency (78%). We also detected an increase in leaf area (51%) and stem diameter increment (65%). Central Amazon understory responded positively to eCO2 by increasing their ability to capture and use light and the extra primary productivity was allocated to supporting more leaf and conducting tissues. The increment in leaf area while maintaining transpiration rates suggests that the understory will increase its contribution to evapotranspiration. Therefore, this forest might be less resistant in the future to extreme drought, as no reduction in transpiration rates were detected.

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Approximately 2.5 × 106 square kilometers of the Amazon forest are currently degraded by fire, edge effects, timber extraction, and/or extreme drought, representing 38% of all remaining forests in the region. Carbon emissions from this degradation total up to 0.2 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year-1), which is equivalent to, if not greater than, the emissions from Amazon deforestation (0.06 to 0.21 Pg C year-1). Amazon forest degradation can reduce dry-season evapotranspiration by up to 34% and cause as much biodiversity loss as deforestation in human-modified landscapes, generating uneven socioeconomic burdens, mainly to forest dwellers. Projections indicate that degradation will remain a dominant source of carbon emissions independent of deforestation rates. Policies to tackle degradation should be integrated with efforts to curb deforestation and complemented with innovative measures addressing the disturbances that degrade the Amazon forest.

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The productivity of rainforests growing on highly weathered tropical soils is expected to be limited by phosphorus availability1. Yet, controlled fertilization experiments have been unable to demonstrate a dominant role for phosphorus in controlling tropical forest net primary productivity. Recent syntheses have demonstrated that responses to nitrogen addition are as large as to phosphorus2, and adaptations to low phosphorus availability appear to enable net primary productivity to be maintained across major soil phosphorus gradients3. Thus, the extent to which phosphorus availability limits tropical forest productivity is highly uncertain. The majority of the Amazonia, however, is characterized by soils that are more depleted in phosphorus than those in which most tropical fertilization experiments have taken place2. Thus, we established a phosphorus, nitrogen and base cation addition experiment in an old growth Amazon rainforest, with a low soil phosphorus content that is representative of approximately 60% of the Amazon basin. Here we show that net primary productivity increased exclusively with phosphorus addition. After 2 years, strong responses were observed in fine root (+29%) and canopy productivity (+19%), but not stem growth. The direct evidence of phosphorus limitation of net primary productivity suggests that phosphorus availability may restrict Amazon forest responses to CO2 fertilization4, with major implications for future carbon sequestration and forest resilience to climate change.

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Most leaf functional trait studies in the Amazon basin do not consider ontogenetic variations (leaf age), which may influence ecosystem productivity throughout the year. When leaf age is taken into account, it is generally considered discontinuous, and leaves are classified into age categories based on qualitative observations. Here, we quantified age-dependent changes in leaf functional traits such as the maximum carboxylation rate of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) (Vcmax), stomatal control (Cgs%), leaf dry mass per area and leaf macronutrient concentrations for nine naturally growing Amazon tropical trees with variable phenological strategies. Leaf ages were assessed by monthly censuses of branch-level leaf demography; we also performed leaf trait measurements accounting for leaf chronological age based on days elapsed since the first inclusion in the leaf demography, not predetermined age classes. At the tree community scale, a nonlinear relationship between Vcmax and leaf age existed: young, developing leaves showed the lowest mean photosynthetic capacity, increasing to a maximum at 45 days and then decreasing gradually with age in both continuous and categorical age group analyses. Maturation times among species and phenological habits differed substantially, from 8 ± 30 to 238 ± 30 days, and the rate of decline of Vcmax varied from -0.003 to -0.065 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 day-1. Stomatal control increased significantly in young leaves but remained constant after peaking. Mass-based phosphorus and potassium concentrations displayed negative relationships with leaf age, whereas nitrogen did not vary temporally. Differences in life strategies, leaf nutrient concentrations and phenological types, not the leaf age effect alone, may thus be important factors for understanding observed photosynthesis seasonality in Amazonian forests. Furthermore, assigning leaf age categories in diverse tree communities may not be the recommended method for studying carbon uptake seasonality in the Amazon, since the relationship between Vcmax and leaf age could not be confirmed for all trees.

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We aimed to characterize the age of onset of training, age at menarche, menstrual periodicity, and performance perception during the menstrual cycle and examined the impact of these reproductive variables on body composition, morphology, and body weight satisfaction in Brazilian elite futsal players. The study consisted of 115 female Brazilian elite futsal players from the top national teams. Data were collected during the twentieth Women's Brazil Futsal Cup. Players were interviewed and self-reported their age of onset of training, age at menarche, menstrual periodicity, and the menstrual period, where they performed best. We also asked for what they considered to be their ideal body weight as well as information related to their training (i.e., volume and frequency). Subsequently, anthropometric measurements (i.e., body mass, height, circumferences, diameters, and skinfold thickness) were performed to estimate the body composition and determine morphological characteristics (e.g., somatotype). Fifty-nine (53.2%) players were postmenarche-trained and 52 (46.8%) were premenarche-trained. Eighteen (16.2%), 65 (58.6%), and 28 (25.2%) were classified as early, normal, and late menarche, respectively. Only 11 (9.6%) and 1 (0.9%) had irregular menstrual cycles and were amenorrheic, respectively. Seventy-three (69.5%), 23 (21.9%), and 9 (8.6%) reported that their game performance was the best at the follicular phase, menses, and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, respectively. No associations between the four reproductive-related variables were found. Postmenarche-trained players had significant lower age at menarche and higher percentage body fat. The somatotype profile registered lower ectomorphy rate for the postmenarche-trained participants after controlling for covariates. Early menarche group presented higher sum of six skinfold thickness and endomorphy rate compared to normal and late menarche groups. No differences were found when menstrual periodicity groups and best performance groups were compared, except for higher femur width in the regular menstrual cycle group compared to the irregular one. The association between body weight satisfaction and the four reproductive-related variables were not observed. Premenarche-trained Brazilian elite futsal players had the menarche later than the postmenarche-trained athletes. Most of the participants had menarche age classified as "normal," presented "regular" menstrual cycles and perceived to perform better during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

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BACKGROUND: In the adult population, the work environment and physical fitness levels are directly related to the onset of musculoskeletal pain, repetitive strain injuries, and decreased blood circulation. Although low levels of muscle strength and flexibility may lead to a higher prevalence of pain, specific anatomic regions are poorly addressed. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and the association between strength or flexibility and pain in university staff. METHODS: The sample was composed of 110 members of staff from a university in Guarapuava-PR. Body mass and height values were obtained, from which the BMI was calculated. The pain evaluation was performed by means of a questionnaire, analyzing the intensity, frequency, and anatomical region. The subjects were then submitted to strength (right and left hand grip, lumbar traction, lower limb traction) and flexibility tests (sit and reach test). RESULTS: The anatomical region with the highest prevalence of pain was the lumbar region (43.4%). When the association between the presence of pain and flexibility was performed, only the lumbar traction presented significant results, with the weakest group demonstrating pain (OR: 3.47 [1.27 - 9.49]). CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that low levels of strength in the lumbar region are associated with the presence of painful symptomatology.

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The objective of the study was to assess level of physical activity, perception of barriers to practice, and stages of behavior change in visually impaired individuals of an inland city in the State of Paraná. The participants were 40 individuals with visual impairment (37.5% blind and 62.5% with low vision) of both sexes (57.5% men) aged 21-69 years (mean age 39.52 years; ± 17.58 for men and 39.88 years; ± 14.96 for women). Participants were assessed in only one moment, through three questionnaires (perception of barriers to physical activity, International Questionnaire of Physical Activity (IPAQ) - short version, and stages of behavior change). According to the IPAQ results, a prevalence of 70% of physical inactivity was found. The main barriers mentioned by the interviewees were "lack of support from family and/or friends", "physical limitations" and "bad mood". In relation to the questionnaire of stages of behavior change, 50% of the subjects were in the preparation stage. The study concludes that the level of physical activity in the visually impaired is low and the main causes of this can be motivational, lack of physical fitness and psychological.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o nível de atividade física, a percepção de barreiras para a prática e os está-gios de mudança de comportamento em deficientes visuais de um município do interior do Paraná. Partici-param deste estudo 40 indivíduos com deficiência visual (37,5% cegos e 62,5% com baixa visão), de ambos os sexos (57, 5% homens) com idade entre 21 e 69 anos (média de 39,52 anos; ± 17,58 para os homens e 39,88; ± 14,96 para as mulheres). Os participantes foram avaliados em apenas um momento, por meio de três questionários (percepção de barreiras para atividade física, Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) versão curta e estágios de mudança de comportamento). Conforme os resultados do IPAQ, mostra-se uma prevalência de 70% de inatividade física. As barreiras que mais se destacaram nos entrevistados foram "falta de incentivo da família e/ou amigos", "limitações físicas" e "mau humor". Em relação ao questionário de estágios de mudança de comportamento, 50% dos avaliados estão no estágio de preparação. O estudo conclui que o nível de atividade física em deficientes visuais é baixo e as principais causas podem ser motivacionais, falta de aptidão e psicológicas.

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INTRODUÇÃO: O sedentarismo é um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento diversas doenças, enquanto o estilo de vida fisicamente ativo e a aptidão física podem atuar na promoção e na manutenção da saúde. OBJETIVO: Verificar o nível de atividade física e compará-lo com indicadores de força muscular e estrutura morfológica em agentes universitários. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 44 agentes universitários, dos quais foram obtidas as medidas de massa corporal (MC) e de estatura, para posterior cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal. A análise do nível de atividade física foi realizada pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). Em seguida, os agentes universitários foram submetidos a quatro testes de força: preensão manual direita (PMD) e esquerda (PME), tração lombar (TL) e tração de membros inferiores (TMI). A força muscular relativa (%FM) foi estimada pela divisão da força muscular absoluta (FMA=PMD+PME+TL+TMI) pela MC. RESULTADOS: O grupo insuficientemente ativo apresentou significativamente maior MC, maior tempo de comportamento sedentário nos fins de semana e menores indicadores de TL, TMI, FMA e %FM comparado aos fisicamente ativos. CONCLUSÃO: A inatividade física foi associada a menores indicadores de força muscular e maior MC em agentes universitários, sugerindo riscos para a saúde inerentes ao comportamento sedentário.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior is a risk factor for several diseases, while physically active lifestyles and physical fitness contribute to the promotion and maintenance of health. OBJECTIVE: To establish the level of physical activity of university administrative employees and investigate its relationship with muscle strength indicators and morphological characteristics. METHODS: The sample comprised 44 university administrative employees. Data on body mass (BM) and height were collected to calculate the body mass index. The participants' level of physical activity was established based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The participants were subjected to four muscle strength tests: right hand grip (RHG), left hand grip (LHG), lumbar traction (LT) and lower limb traction (LLT). Relative muscle strength (%MS) was calculated dividing absolute muscle strength (AMS=RHG+LHG+LT+LLT) by BM. RESULTS: The insufficiently active participants exhibited significant higher BM, lower LT, LLT, AMS and %MS, and spent more time in sedentary activities on weekends. CONCLUSION: Physical inactivity was associated with poorer muscle strength indicators and higher BM among university administrative employees, pointing to harms inherent to sedentary behavior.

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BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior is a risk factor for several diseases, while physically active lifestyles and physical fitness contribute to the promotion and maintenance of health. OBJECTIVE: To establish the level of physical activity of university administrative employees and investigate its relationship with muscle strength indicators and morphological characteristics. METHODS: The sample comprised 44 university administrative employees. Data on body mass (BM) and height were collected to calculate the body mass index. The participants' level of physical activity was established based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The participants were subjected to four muscle strength tests: right hand grip (RHG), left hand grip (LHG), lumbar traction (LT) and lower limb traction (LLT). Relative muscle strength (%MS) was calculated dividing absolute muscle strength (AMS=RHG+LHG+LT+LLT) by BM. RESULTS: The insufficiently active participants exhibited significant higher BM, lower LT, LLT, AMS and %MS, and spent more time in sedentary activities on weekends. CONCLUSION: Physical inactivity was associated with poorer muscle strength indicators and higher BM among university administrative employees, pointing to harms inherent to sedentary behavior.

INTRODUÇÃO: O sedentarismo é um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento diversas doenças, enquanto o estilo de vida fisicamente ativo e a aptidão física podem atuar na promoção e na manutenção da saúde. OBJETIVO: Verificar o nível de atividade física e compará-lo com indicadores de força muscular e estrutura morfológica em agentes universitários. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 44 agentes universitários, dos quais foram coletados valores da massa corporal (MC) e de estatura, para posterior cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal. A análise do nível de atividade física foi realizada pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). Em seguida, os agentes universitários foram submetidos a quatro testes de força: preensão manual direita (PMD) e esquerda (PME), tração lombar (TL) e tração de membros inferiores (TMI). A força muscular relativa (%FM) foi estimada pela divisão da força muscular absoluta (FMA=PMD+PME+TL+TMI) pela MC. RESULTADOS: O grupo insuficientemente ativo apresentou significativamente maior MC, maior tempo de comportamento sedentário nos fins de semana e menores indicadores de TL, TMI, FMA e %FM comparado aos fisicamente ativos. CONCLUSÃO: A inatividade física foi associada a menores indicadores de força muscular e maior MC em agentes universitários, sugerindo riscos para a saúde inerentes ao comportamento sedentário.

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Abstract The aim was to compare two generations to verify the morphological changes in female futsal athletes. Age, years of playing, anthropometry measurements, percentage body fat and somatotype were compared between professional athletes in 2001 (n=112) and 2011 (n=115). The 2011 group revealed a significant longer practice time (9.0±4.3 vs. 5.7±3.5 years; p<0.001), higher thigh skinfold (26.1±8.5 vs. 22.5±6.7 mm; p<0.001), circumference of tensed forearm (27.4±2.1 vs. 26.7±2.1 cm; p=0.007), mesomorphy (4.1 vs. 3.3; p=0.001) and lower supraspinale skinfold (14.0±5.0 vs. 19.1±7.4 mm; p<0.001), trunk/extremity relationship (0.8±0.3 vs. 1.1±0.1; p<0.001) and endomorphy (4.5 vs. 5.0; p=0.009) than those of the 2001 athletes. Comparison in playing positions revealed that the 2011 goalkeepers (9.5±5.0 vs. 6.3±3.4 years; p=0.027), wings (9.0±4.3 vs. 5.4±3.2 years; p=0.001) and fixed (8.4±4.3 vs. 6.9±4.5 years; p=0.001) practiced more time than the 2001 athletes, whereas the somatotype profile of goalkeepers (4.6±1.0 vs. 3.4±1.1; p=0.001), wings (3.9±0.8 vs. 3.0±0.9; p=0.001), pivots (3.8±1.0 vs. 3.4±1.0; p=0.028) and fixed (4.3±0.9 vs. 3.7±1.0; p=0.036) registered a higher mesomorphy rate than that of the 2001 athletes, respectively. We may conclude that the 2011 group showed a significant increase in practicing time, coupled to higher mesomorphy and lower endomorphy rates than those experienced by the 2001 athletes.

Resumo O objetivo foi comparar duas gerações para verificar as alterações morfológicas em atletas de futsal feminino. Idade, tempo de treino, medidas antropométricas, percentual de gordura e somatotipo foram comparadas entre atletas profissionais de 2001 (n=112) e 2011 (n=115). A geração de 2011 demonstrou significativamente maior tempo de prática (9,0±4,3 vs 5,7±3,5 anos; p<0,001), espessura da dobra cutânea da coxa (26,1±8,5 vs 22,5±6,7 mm; p<0,001), circunferência de braço contraído (27,4±2,1 vs 26,7±2,1 cm; p=0,007), mesomorfia (4,1 vs 3,3; p=0,001) e menor espessura da dobra cutânea supraespinhal (14,0±5,0 vs 19,1± 7,4mm; p<0,001), relação tronco/extremidade (0,8±0,3 vs 1,1±0,1; p<0,001) e endomorfia (4,5 vs 5,0; p=0,009) do que as atletas de 2001. A comparação de acordo com a posição em quadra revelou que as goleiras (9,5±5,0 vs 6,3±3,4 anos; p=0,027) alas (9,0±4,3 vs 5,4±3,2 anos; p=0,001) e fixos (8,4±4,3 vs 6,9±4,5 anos; p=0,001) de 2011, apresentaram maior tempo de prática do que as atletas de 2001, enquanto o perfil somatotipológico das goleiras (4,6±1,0 vs 3,4±1,1; p=0,001), alas (3,9±0,8 vs 3,0±0,9; p=0,001), pivôs (3,8±1,0 vs 3,4±1,0; p=0,028) e fixos (4,3±0,9 vs 3,7±1,0; p=0,036) apresentou maior mesomorfia do que as atletas de 2001, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o grupo de 2011 demonstrou maior tempo de prática e taxas de mesomorfia, além de menor endomorfia comparado às atletas de 2001.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to provide a descriptive analysis of the morphological structure, muscle strength, and anaerobic power performance of the upper limbs of wheelchair basketball athletes. Eleven male players (33.2 ± 10.6 years, 71.8 ± 15.8 kg) were submitted to anthropometric measurements and dynamometry (kg), medicine ball throwing (m) and wingate arm tests (W). The results showed sitting height (79.7 ± 4.6 cm), relative body fat (20.7 ± 7.6%), handgrip strength and explosive muscle strength (50.1 ± 10.6 kg and 3.9 ± 1.1 m, respectively), as well as peak power (316.8 ± 126.2 W), mean power (160.5 ± 76.5 W) and fatigue index (50.4%) lower than the performance of other wheelchair basketball athletes. The morphological characteristics and performance of athletes in the present study suggest disadvantages when compared to other wheelchair basketball athletes.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi o de fornecer uma análise descritiva da estrutura morfológica, do desempenho de força e de potência anaeróbica de membros superiores de atletas de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas. Onze jogadores do sexo masculino (33,2 ± 10,6 anos; 71,8 ± 15,8 kg) foram submetidos a medidas antropométricas e a testes de dinamometria (kg), lançamento de medicine ball (m) e de wingate de braços (W). Os resultados revelaram altura tronco-cefálica (79,7 ± 4,6 cm), percentual de gordura (20,7 ± 7,6%), força de preensão manual e de lançamento (50,1 ± 10,6 kg e 3,9 ± 1,1 m, respectivamente), além de potência pico (316,8 ± 126,2 W), potência média (160,5 ± 76,5 W) e índice de fadiga (50,4%) inferiores ao desempenho de outros atletas de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas. As características morfológicas e desempenho dos atletas do presente estudo sugerem desvantagens quando são comparados a outros atletas de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas.

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Abstract Introduction: Diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle (DRAM) is characterized by the separation of the rectus abdominis muscles beams, caused by enlargement of the linea alba, a common condition during pregnancy. Physical therapy has been shown necessary in women health, to help them adjust the physical changes throughout the pregnancy and puerperium. Objectives: To verify the DRAM prevalence in the immediate puerperium in a sample of women attended by the Unified Health System in Guarapuava, PR, Brazil, and investigate possible correlations between the DRAM presence and the delivery type, pregnancies number, maternal age, pregnancy type and weight gain during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This is a transversal study, that included 88 samples of women in the immediately puerperium. It was realized a specific assessment and verified the DRAM presence and its measures. The checkpoints were in the umbilical, 4.5 cm above and below this point. It was considered present and relevant when there was any separation from the linea alba. Results: The study showed 61.36% DRAM prevalence. Its averages were 0.88 cm supra-umbilical, 1.23 cm umbilical and 0.3 cm infra-umbilical. Puerperium women who had DRAM, 31.5% were primiparous and 68.5% multiparous. Conclusion: The DRAM prevalence was considered high and relevant. The DRAM measure was higher in the umbilical region compared with infra and supra-umbilical. The multiparous women had a higher correlation with the DRAM than the primiparous.

Resumo Introdução: Diástase do músculo reto abdominal (DRAM) caracteriza-se pela separação dos feixes do músculo reto abdominal, causada pelo alargamento da linha alba, condição comum durante a gestação. A fisioterapia tem se mostrado necessária na saúde da mulher, para auxiliá-las a se ajustarem às mudanças físicas do começo ao fim da gravidez e no puerpério. Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência de DMRA no puerpério imediato em uma amostra de mulheres atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde no município de Guarapuava-PR, Brasil, e investigar possíveis relações entre a presença de DMRA e o número de gestações, tipo de gestação e ganho de peso durante a gestação. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal, que incluiu amostra de 88 mulheres no puerpério imediato. Foi realizada uma avaliação específica e verificada a presença de DRMA e suas medidas. Os pontos de medida foram na cicatriz umbilical e 4,5 cm acima e abaixo da mesma. Considerou-se presente e relevante quando houvesse qualquer afastamento da linha alba. Resultados: O estudo mostrou uma prevalência da DRAM de 61,36%. As médias de DRAM foram 0,88 cm supraumbilical, 1,23 cm umbilical e 0,3 cm infraumbilical. Das puérperas que apresentaram DRMA, 31,5% eram primíparas e 68,5% multíparas. Conclusão: A prevalência de DRMA foi considerada alta e relevante. A medida da DRMA foi maior na região umbilical quando comparada com infra e supra-umbilical. As mulheres multíparas tiveram maior correlação com a presença de DRMA que as primíparas.

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The validity of the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) was investigated to evaluate the anaerobic power performance in comparison to Wingate test in cycling athletes. Ten mountain-bike male cyclists (28.0±7.3 years) randomly performed Wingate Test and RAST with two trials each. After several anthropometric measurements, peak power (PP), mean power (MP) and fatigue index (FI) for RAST and Wingate Test were analyzed using Student's paired t-test, Pearson's linear correlation test (r) and Bland and Altman's plots. Results showed that, with the exception of FI (33.8±4.6% vs. 37.8±7.9%; r=0.172), significant differences were detected between the Wingate and RAST tests with regard to PP and MP. Although there was a strong correlation for PP and MP, or rather, 0.831 and 0.714 respectively, agreement of analysis between Wingate and RAST protocols was low. The above suggested that RAST was not appropriate to evaluate the performance of anaerobic power by Wingate test in cycling athletes.

O objetivo foi investigar a validade do teste de RAST (Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test) em avaliar o desempenho da potência anaeróbia a partir do teste de Wingate em ciclistas treinados. Participaram do estudo 10 ciclistas do sexo masculino (28,0±7,3 anos) da modalidade de Mountain bike. Após a mensuração das variáveis antropométricas, a potência pico (PP), média (PM) e o índice de fadiga (IF) foram determinados randomicamente a partir de dois testes de Wingate e dois testes de RAST. Foram utilizados o teste t independente de Student, a análise de correlação linear de Pearson (r) e o teste de Bland-Altman. Os resultados demonstraram, exceto para o IF (33.8±4.6% vs. 37.8±7.9%; r=0.172), diferenças significativas entre o teste de Wingate e o RAST para PP e PM (W.kg-1 e W). Embora os valores de correlação para a PP e PM (W) tenham sido fortes (0.831 e 0.714, respectivamente) a concordância entre os protocolos de Wingate e RAST foi baixa, sugerindo que o teste de RAST não é válido para avaliar o desempenho da potência anaeróbica a partir do teste de Wingate em ciclistas.

El objetivo fue investigar la validad del teste de RAST (Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test) en evaluar el desempeño de la potencia anaeróbica través del uso del teste de Wingate en ciclistas trenados. Participaron del estudio 10 ciclistas masculinos (28,0±7,3 años) de la modalidad de Mountain bike. Después de la mensuración de las variables antropométricas, la potencia pico (PP), media (PM) y el índice de fatiga (IF) fueron determinados al acaso a partir de dos testes de Wingate y de dos testes de RAST. Fueron utilizados el test t independiente de Student, el análisis de correlación linear de Pearson (r) y el test de Bland-Altman. Los resultados demostraron, contrariamente al IF (33.8±4.6% vs. 37.8±7.9%; r=0.172), diferencias significativas entre el teste de Wingate y el RAST para PP y PM (W.kg-1 e W). Mismo que los valores de correlación de PP e PM (W) tengan sido fortes (0,831 e 0,714, respectivamente), la concordancia entre los protocolos de Wingate y RAST fue baja, sugiriendo que el teste de RAST no es válido para evaluar el desempeño de la potencia anaeróbica a partir del teste de Wingate en este grupo.

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Objetivo: Investigar a influência do gradiente de inclinação na máxima pronação subtalar em velocidade submáxima de corrida. Métodos: dezesseis corredores de rendimento participaram de um teste de Economia de Corrida (ECO) em esteira rolante composto de quatro gradientes de inclinação (+1%, +5%, +10%, +15%). Para cada gradiente de inclinação foi realizada uma corrida de 4 minutos, sem intervalo entre os mesmos, com proposito de mensurar as magnitudes das variáveis cinemáticas através de uma filmadora de alta frequência, posicionada no plano frontal-posterior do indivíduo. Resultados: Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas nos valores de máxima pronação subtalar entre as pernas e entre os gradientes de inclinação adotados, demonstrando que prováveis alterações na técnica de corrida, resultantes das mudanças no gradiente de inclinação, não são capazes de modificar o comportamento da máxima pronação subtalar. Conclusão: A pronação subtalar independe do gradiente de inclinação, podendo esta ser influenciada por outras variáveis intervenientes.Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Diagnóstico.

Objective: To investigate the slope influence on the maximal sub-talar pronation in submaximal running speeds. Methods: sixteen endurance runners participated of a running economy (RE) test in a treadmill with different slopes (+1%, +5%, +10%, +15%). For each slope a 4-minute run was performed with no rest break for the purpose of measuring the magnitude of kinematic variables by means of a high frequency video camera positioned in a frontal-posterior plane of the individual. Results: No significant differences were verified in maximal subtalar pronation between legs and between the slopes adopted, showing that changes of running technique due to modifications of slope aren’t enough to modify the behavior of maximum subtalar pronation. Conclusion: the subtalar pronation is independent of slope, which may be influenced by other intervening variables. Level of Evidence II, Diagnostic Study.

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OBJECTIVE: : To investigate the slope influence on the maximal subtalar pronation in submaximal running speeds. METHODS: : Sixteen endurance runners participated of a running economy (RE) test in a treadmill with different slopes (+1%, +5%, +10%, +15%). For each slope a 4-minute run was performed with no rest break for the purpose of measuring the magnitude of kinematic variables by means of a high frequency video camera positioned in a frontal-posterior plane of the individual. RESULTS: : No significant differences were verified in maximal subtalar pronation between legs and between the slopes adopted, showing that changes of running technique due to modifications of slope aren't enough to modify the behavior of maximum subtalar pronation. CONCLUSION: : The subtalar pronation is independent of slope, which may be influenced by other intervening variables. Level of Evidence II, Diagnostic Study.

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Objetivo. Verificar o estado de hidratação e a taxa de sudorese de atletas amadores de corridas de 10 e de 21 quilômetros. Método. Participaram do estudo trinta atletas (dezenove homens e onze mulheres), que foram avaliados em três competições oficiais de corrida. Obtiveram-se medidas de massa corporal antes e imediatamente depois da prova. Para padronização das medidas, os atletas foram instruídos a eliminar água residual (urina) trinta minutos antes da competição e a restringir a ingestão de sólidos ou líquidos antes da coleta após a competição. Resultados. Houve diferença estatística em ambas as provas para a massa corporal (de 1,1% a 2,2% de redução). A taxa de sudorese exibiu valores elevados nas provas de 10 km (19,7 mL/min para homens e 12,1 mL/min) e 21 km (16,6 mL/min e 2,4 mL/min) correlatos a homens e mulheres respectivamente. Conclusão. Em ambas as competições, os atletas apresentaram estado desidratado com redução da massa corporal superior na prova de 21 km. Com base nas informações obtidas com a taxa de sudorese, porém, da prova de dez quilômetros resultou maior quantidade de líquidos perdidos por minuto.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to verify the hydration status and sweat rate of amateur athletes in 10 and 21km running tests. Method: The study included thirty athletes, nineteen men and eleven women, who were assessed in three official competitions. Measurements of body mass index were obtained before and immediately after the running tests. To ensure standardization of the measurements, athletes were instructed to eliminate residual water (urine) thirty minutes before the competition, as well as to restrict the intake of solids or liquids before the measurement procedure after the competition. Results: Statistical differences were found in both tests regarding body mass (reduction between 1.1 to 2.2 %). The sweat rate was high in the 10 km test (19.7 mL/min for men and 12.1 mL/min for women) and in the 21 km test (16.6 mL/min for men and 2.4 mL/min for women). Conclusion: In both competitions, the athletes showed dehydration, with a higher reduction of body mass in the 21km running test. However, based on information about the sweat rate, the 10k running test resulted in greater liquid loss per minute.

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*At least one climate model predicts severe reductions of rainfall over Amazonia during this century. Long-term throughfall exclusion (TFE) experiments represent the best available means to investigate the resilience of the Amazon rainforest to such droughts. *Results are presented from a 7 yr TFE study at Caxiuanã National Forest, eastern Amazonia. We focus on the impacts of the drought on tree mortality, wood production and above-ground biomass. *Tree mortality in the TFE plot over the experimental period was 2.5% yr(-1), compared with 1.25% yr(-1) in a nearby control plot experiencing normal rainfall. Differences in stem mortality between plots were greatest in the largest (> 40 cm diameter at breast height (dbh)) size class (4.1% yr(-1) in the TFE and 1.4% yr(-1) in the control). Wood production in the TFE plot was c. 30% lower than in the control plot. Together, these changes resulted in a loss of 37.8 +/- 2.0 Mg carbon (C) ha(-1) in the TFE plot (2002-2008), compared with no change in the control. *These results are remarkably consistent with those from another TFE (at Tapajós National Forest), suggesting that eastern Amazonian forests may respond to prolonged drought in a predictable manner.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate ovicidal and larvicidal effects of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil (EGEO) on Haemonchus contortus. The chemical composition determination of EGEO was through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Egg hatch test (EHT) was performed in concentrations 21.75; 17.4; 8.7; 5.43 e 2.71 mg x mL(-1). In larval development test (LDT) were used the concentrations 43.5; 21.75; 10.87; 5.43 e 2.71 mg x mL(-1). Each trial was conducted by negative control with Tween 80 (3%) and positive control, 0.02 mg x mL(-1) of thiabendazole in EHT and 0.008 mg x mL(-1) of ivermectin in LDT. The maximum effectiveness of EGEO on eggs was 99.3% in concentration of 21.75 mg x mL(-1) and on larvae was 98.7% in concentration 43.5 mg x mL(-1). The concentration of EGEO that inhibits 50% of the eggs and larvae was 8.3 and 6.92 mg x mL(-1), respectively. The oil chemical analysis identified as main component the monoterpen 1,8-cineol. EGEO presented ovicidal and larvicidal activities in vitro, revealing a good potential for use in the control of sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus globulus (OEEG) sobre a eclosão e desenvolvimento de larvas de Haemonchus contortus. A determinação da composição química do OEEG foi feita por meio de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa. No teste de eclosão de ovos (TEO), utilizaram-se as concentrações 21,75; 17,4; 8,7; 5,43 e 2,71 mg.mL-1; e no de desenvolvimento larvar (TDL) as concentrações foram 43,5; 21,75; 10,87; 5,43 e 2,71 mg.mL-1. Cada ensaio foi acompanhado por um controle positivo, 0,02 mg.mL-1 tiabendazol, no TEO e 0,008 mg.mL-1 ivermectina no TDL, e por um controle negativo com o diluente Tween 80 (3 por cento). A eficácia máxima obtida pelo OEEG sobre ovos foi de 99,3 por cento na concentração de 21,75 mg.mL-1 e, sobre larvas, 98,7 por cento na concentração de 43,5 mg.mL-1. A concentração do OEEG, que inviabilizou 50 por cento dos ovos e das larvas do parasito, foi de 8,3 e 6,92 mg.mL-1, respectivamente. A análise química do óleo identificou como principal componente o monoterpeno 1,8-cineol. O OEEG apresentou atividade ovicida e larvicida in vitro sobre H. contortus, determinando um bom potencial para utilização no controle de nematóides gastrintestinais de ovinos e caprinos.

The objective of this work was to evaluate ovicidal and larvicidal effects of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil (EGEO) on Haemonchus contortus. The chemical composition determination of EGEO was through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Egg hatch test (EHT) was performed in concentrations 21.75; 17.4; 8.7; 5.43 e 2.71 mg.mL-1. In larval development test (LDT) were used the concentrations 43.5; 21.75; 10.87; 5.43 e 2.71 mg.mL-1. Each trial was conducted by negative control with Tween 80 (3 percent) and positive control, 0.02 mg.mL -1 of thiabendazole in EHT and 0.008 mg.mL-1 of ivermectin in LDT. The maximum effectiveness of EGEO on eggs was 99.3 percent in concentration of 21.75 mg.mL-1 and on larvae was 98.7 percent in concentration 43.5 mg.mL-1. The concentration of EGEO that inhibits 50 percent of the eggs and larvae was 8.3 and 6.92 mg.mL-1, respectively. The oil chemical analysis identified as main component the monoterpen 1,8-cineol. EGEO presented ovicidal and larvicidal activities in vitro, revealing a good potential for use in the control of sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes.

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