RESUMO
Opossums of the genus Didelphis are considered synanthropic animals due to their close contact with human beings. Previously, two species of hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) have been detected in opossums: 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemodidelphidis' in the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and a potentially novel hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. in the white-eared opossums (Didelphis albiventris) from Brazil. Accordingly, the aims of this study were as follows: (a) to determine the prevalence of hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in free-ranging opossums, (b) to characterize molecularly the hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. infecting opossums and (c) to determine factors associated with hemoplasma infection in opossums from Canoinhas municipality, Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. For this purpose, 50 white-eared opossums (33 captured and 17 road-killed animals) were evaluated by a pan-hemoplasma PCR assay based on 16S rRNA. Six out of 50 (12%; 95% CI: 5.6%-23.8%) opossums were infested by Ctenocephalides felis fleas. Twenty out of 50 (40%; 95% CI: 26.41%-54.82%) opossums tested positive for hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. by PCR. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S and 23S rRNA gene fragments confirmed that animals were infected by a potentially novel hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. previously reported in white-eared opossums from Brazil. No significant association was found between gender (p = .7759), trap area (p = .0887) or presence of fleas (p = .3811) and positivity for hemoplasmas. The potentially novel hemoplasma species seems to be highly prevalent in white-eared opossums from the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Mato Grosso do Sul. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes along with epidemiological data, the name 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemoalbiventris' is proposed for this novel organism.
Assuntos
Didelphis , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterinária , Mycoplasma/fisiologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Didelphis/microbiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Mycoplasma/classificação , Infecções por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
The serrano artisan cheese produced from raw milk of dairy cattle is a typical product of high-altitude farms in the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. However, marketing of the cheeses occurs illegally because they lack the minimum maturation period required for cheese produced from raw milk. The production of artisan cheeses is required to follow strict hygiene standards. This study aimed to test the quality and safety of cheeses that were produced in 31 farms of the Serrana region in Santa Catarina after 14 and 28 days of maturation. Coliform count was measured at 35 °C, and presence of other microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Listeria spp., and Salmonella spp. were also tested. Fat and protein percentages, acidity, salt content, and humidity were also evaluated. Data were subjected to statistical analyses using the SAS® software. After 14 and 28 days of maturation, 74.19% (23/31) and 64.52% (20/31) of samples, respectively, showed higher numbers of coliforms at 35 °C than those permissible by law. Higher than permissible numbers of E. coli were observed in 45.16% (14/31) and 48.39% (15/31) of the samples analyzed after 14 and 28 days of maturation, respectively. Coagulasepositive staphylococci values above 103 CFU/g were observed in 54.84% (17/31) and 51.61% (16/31) of cheese samples after 14 and 28 days of maturation, respectively. Contamination with Salmonella spp. was not detected. However, Listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b was isolated in 3.23% (1/31) and 6.45% (2/31) of samples after 14 and 28 days of maturation, respectively. The results of humidity tests classified the cheese samples into three categories: low, medium, and high humidity. Semi fat cheeses were predominant in both maturation periods, although the samples were classified in thin, semi fat, and fat cheeses. The main variations in the compositions of analyzed samples occurred for salt and acidity levels.[...](AU)
O queijo artesanal serrano, produzido a partir de leite cru de bovinos, é um produto típico dos campos de altitude dos estados de Santa Catarina e do Rio Grande do Sul. No entanto, a sua comercialização na grande maioria ocorre às margens da legislação, por ser fabricado com leite cru e não possuir um período mínimo de maturação. Tendo em vista que a produção de queijos artesanais necessita seguir normas rigorosas de higiene, o presente estudo objetivou desenvolver um diagnóstico da qualidade e inocuidade dos queijos com 14 e 28 dias de maturação produzido em 31 propriedades da Serra Catarinense. Foram realizadas contagens de coliformes a 35°C, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva; pesquisa de Salmonella sp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Os percentuais de gordura, acidez, sal, umidade e proteína também foram avaliados. Os dados foram submetidos as análises estatísticas realizadas no software SAS®. Após 14 e 28 dias de maturação, 74,19% (23/31) e 64,52% (20/31) das amostras de queijo analisadas, respectivamente, apresentaram limites acima do disposto para coliformes a 35 °C. Contagens de E. coli superiores ao aceitável foram observadas em 45,16% (14/31) e 48,39% (15/31) das amostras analisadas após 14 e 28 dias de maturação, respectivamente. Quanto à contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, 54,84% (17/31) e 51,61% (16/31) das amostras de queijos apresentaram após 14 e 28 dias de maturação valores acima de 103 UFC/g. Nenhuma das amostras avaliadas estava contaminada com Salmonella spp., porém Listeria monocytogenes sorovar 4b foi isolada em 3,23% (1/31) e em 6,45% (2/31) das amostras aos 14 e 28 dias de maturação, respectivamente. Em relação à umidade, os queijos foram classificados como de baixa, média e alta umidade. Em relação aos teores de gordura houve a predominância de queijos semigordos nos dois períodos de maturação, embora as amostras tenham sido enquadradas como queijos magros, semigordos e gordos. [...](AU)
Assuntos
Queijo/análise , Queijo/microbiologia , Escherichia coli , Listeria monocytogenes , Salmonella , Staphylococcus , Colimetria/análise , Produção de Alimentos , Boas Práticas de FabricaçãoRESUMO
The serrano artisan cheese produced from raw milk of dairy cattle is a typical product of high-altitude farms in the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. However, marketing of the cheeses occurs illegally because they lack the minimum maturation period required for cheese produced from raw milk. The production of artisan cheeses is required to follow strict hygiene standards. This study aimed to test the quality and safety of cheeses that were produced in 31 farms of the Serrana region in Santa Catarina after 14 and 28 days of maturation. Coliform count was measured at 35 °C, and presence of other microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Listeria spp., and Salmonella spp. were also tested. Fat and protein percentages, acidity, salt content, and humidity were also evaluated. Data were subjected to statistical analyses using the SAS® software. After 14 and 28 days of maturation, 74.19% (23/31) and 64.52% (20/31) of samples, respectively, showed higher numbers of coliforms at 35 °C than those permissible by law. Higher than permissible numbers of E. coli were observed in 45.16% (14/31) and 48.39% (15/31) of the samples analyzed after 14 and 28 days of maturation, respectively. Coagulasepositive staphylococci values above 103 CFU/g were observed in 54.84% (17/31) and 51.61% (16/31) of cheese samples after 14 and 28 days of maturation, respectively. Contamination with Salmonella spp. was not detected. However, Listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b was isolated in 3.23% (1/31) and 6.45% (2/31) of samples after 14 and 28 days of maturation, respectively. The results of humidity tests classified the cheese samples into three categories: low, medium, and high humidity. Semi fat cheeses were predominant in both maturation periods, although the samples were classified in thin, semi fat, and fat cheeses. The main variations in the compositions of analyzed samples occurred for salt and acidity levels.[...]
O queijo artesanal serrano, produzido a partir de leite cru de bovinos, é um produto típico dos campos de altitude dos estados de Santa Catarina e do Rio Grande do Sul. No entanto, a sua comercialização na grande maioria ocorre às margens da legislação, por ser fabricado com leite cru e não possuir um período mínimo de maturação. Tendo em vista que a produção de queijos artesanais necessita seguir normas rigorosas de higiene, o presente estudo objetivou desenvolver um diagnóstico da qualidade e inocuidade dos queijos com 14 e 28 dias de maturação produzido em 31 propriedades da Serra Catarinense. Foram realizadas contagens de coliformes a 35°C, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva; pesquisa de Salmonella sp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Os percentuais de gordura, acidez, sal, umidade e proteína também foram avaliados. Os dados foram submetidos as análises estatísticas realizadas no software SAS®. Após 14 e 28 dias de maturação, 74,19% (23/31) e 64,52% (20/31) das amostras de queijo analisadas, respectivamente, apresentaram limites acima do disposto para coliformes a 35 °C. Contagens de E. coli superiores ao aceitável foram observadas em 45,16% (14/31) e 48,39% (15/31) das amostras analisadas após 14 e 28 dias de maturação, respectivamente. Quanto à contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, 54,84% (17/31) e 51,61% (16/31) das amostras de queijos apresentaram após 14 e 28 dias de maturação valores acima de 103 UFC/g. Nenhuma das amostras avaliadas estava contaminada com Salmonella spp., porém Listeria monocytogenes sorovar 4b foi isolada em 3,23% (1/31) e em 6,45% (2/31) das amostras aos 14 e 28 dias de maturação, respectivamente. Em relação à umidade, os queijos foram classificados como de baixa, média e alta umidade. Em relação aos teores de gordura houve a predominância de queijos semigordos nos dois períodos de maturação, embora as amostras tenham sido enquadradas como queijos magros, semigordos e gordos. [...]