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1.
Euro Surveill ; 20(43)2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26536814

RESUMO

Cyclospora cayetanensis was identified in 176 returned travellers from the Riviera Maya region of Mexico between 1 June and 22 September 2015; 79 in the United Kingdom (UK) and 97 in Canada. UK cases completed a food exposure questionnaire. This increase in reported Cyclospora cases highlights risks of gastrointestinal infections through travelling, limitations in Cyclospora surveillance and the need for improved hygiene in the production of food consumed in holiday resorts.


Assuntos
Cyclospora/isolamento & purificação , Ciclosporíase/diagnóstico , Surtos de Doenças , Vigilância da População , Viagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Ciclosporíase/epidemiologia , Diarreia/diagnóstico , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Fezes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estações do Ano , Distribuição por Sexo , Inquéritos e Questionários , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
2.
J Immunol ; 170(4): 1746-53, 2003 Feb 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12574338

RESUMO

We have previously identified that Leishmania mexicana cysteine proteases (CPs) are virulence factors. We have now produced a recombinant L. mexicana CP, CPB2.8, which has similar enzymatic activity to native enzyme. Inoculation of CPB2.8 (< or =5 microg) into the footpads of BALB/c mice not only up-regulated mRNA transcripts for IL-4 and IL-4 production in the draining popliteal lymph nodes, but also polarized splenocyte anti-CD3 stimulated responses toward a Th2 bias as measured by increased IL-5 production compared with controls. In agreement with promoting a Th2 response, CPB2.8 also induced strong specific IgE responses in treated mice as well as increasing whole IgE levels. Inhibition of the enzyme activity of CPB2.8 by treatment with E-64 ablated the enzyme's ability to induce IgE. Significantly, infection of mice with CPB-deficient parasites failed to stimulate production of IgE, unlike infection with wild-type parasites. Furthermore, enzymatically active (<0.1 U/ml) but not E-64-inactivated CPB2.8 was able to proteolytically cleave CD23 and CD25, although not B220 or CD4 from murine lymphocytes. These properties are similar to those demonstrated by the house dust mite allergen Der p I and provide an explanation for the immunomodulatory activity of the CPB2.8 virulence factor. Vaccination with CPB2.8 enhanced L. mexicana lesion growth compared with control animals. Nevertheless, vaccination with IL-12 and CPB2.8 resulted in a degree of protection associated with inhibition of lesion growth and a Th1 response. Thus, CPB2.8 is a potent Th2-inducing molecule capable of significant vaccine potential if administered with a suitable adjuvant.


Assuntos
Cisteína Endopeptidases/fisiologia , Leishmania mexicana/enzimologia , Leishmania mexicana/imunologia , Proteínas de Protozoários/fisiologia , Células Th2/imunologia , Células Th2/parasitologia , Animais , Cisteína Endopeptidases/administração & dosagem , Cisteína Endopeptidases/deficiência , Cisteína Endopeptidases/imunologia , Progressão da Doença , Quimioterapia Combinada , Ativação Enzimática/imunologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Hidrólise , Imunoglobulina E/biossíntese , Injeções Subcutâneas , Interleucina-12/administração & dosagem , Interleucina-12/imunologia , Leishmania mexicana/genética , Leishmaniose Cutânea/enzimologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/etiologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/prevenção & controle , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos CBA , Proteínas de Protozoários/administração & dosagem , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Proteínas de Protozoários/imunologia , Vacinas Protozoárias/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Protozoárias/imunologia , Receptores de IgE/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Células Th1/enzimologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th1/metabolismo , Células Th1/parasitologia , Células Th2/enzimologia , Células Th2/metabolismo
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