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The entero-mammary pathway is a specialized route that selectively translocates bacteria to the newborn's gut, playing a crucial role in neonatal development. Previous studies report shared bacterial and archaeal taxa between human milk and neonatal intestine. However, the functional implications for neonatal development are not fully understood due to limited evidence. This study aimed to identify and characterize the microbiota and metabolome of human milk, mother, and infant stool samples using high-throughput DNA sequencing and FT-ICR MS methodology at delivery and 4 months post-partum. Twenty-one mothers and twenty-five infants were included in this study. Our results on bacterial composition suggest vertical transmission of bacteria through breastfeeding, with major changes occurring during the first 4 months of life. Metabolite chemical characterization sheds light on the growing complexity of the metabolites. Further data integration and network analysis disclosed the interactions between different bacteria and metabolites in the biological system as well as possible unknown pathways. Our findings suggest a shared bacteriome in breastfed mother-neonate pairs, influenced by maternal lifestyle and delivery conditions, serving as probiotic agents in infants for their healthy development. Also, the presence of food biomarkers in infants suggests their origin from breast milk, implying selective vertical transmission of these features.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify the determinants and risks associated with developing hypertension and metabolic syndrome in the first year postpartum in women who experienced preeclampsia. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted, involving women who had experienced preeclampsia (PE) recently. The control group was women with the same characteristics but a healthy pregnancy. The variables analyzed were somatometry, disease history, pre-pregnancy body mass index (Pre-BMI), and Third Adult Treatment Panel updated (ATP III) metabolic syndrome (MS) data (blood pressure, obesity, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, and fasting glucose). These variables were measured at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum. RESULTS: Women with a history of PE exhibited higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure than women without PE. The risk of developing isolated diastolic arterial hypertension at 3 and 12 months of follow-up was two to eight times greater in women with a history of PE. Factors associated with having higher blood pressure levels were preeclampsia, insulin resistance, age, and BMI. Neither the pre-BMI index nor gestational weight gain (GWG) had any effect on blood pressure in any of the three assessments. Women with preeclampsia had a 5- to 8-fold increased risk of developing MS (which could be explained not only by the history of preeclampsia but also by the history of pre-pregnancy obesity). However, PE was not identified as a risk factor at the six-month evaluation and was only explained by pre-pregnancy obesity and overweight. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and overweight, as well as preeclampsia, were strongly associated with the development of hypertension and metabolic syndrome during the first year following childbirth.

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Background: Exposure to lead (Pb) during the early life stages has been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Longitudinal studies of Pb exposure in critical developmental windows in children are limited. Methods: Our study included 601 mother-child dyads from the PROGRESS (Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment and Social Stressors) birth cohort. Blood lead levels (BLLs) were assessed during the second and third gestational trimesters, in cord blood at delivery, and at ages 1, 2, and 4 years. Bone lead levels in the patella and tibia were assessed at 1 month postpartum and evaluated in separate models. To account for cumulative exposure (prenatal, postnatal, and cumulative), we dichotomized the BLLs at each stage visit and determined the following: "higher" if a BLL was at least once above the median (HPb) and "lower" if all BLLs were below the median (LPb). We analyzed fasting glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (cHDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (cLDL), body mass index, waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage, and systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at two study visits between 6 and 12 years of age and created cutoff points based on the clinical guidelines for each indicator. Mixed effects models were used to analyze each outcome longitudinally for each BLL score, adjusting for child's sex, size for gestational age, child's age, maternal parity, mother's age, and socioeconomic status. Results: We observed associations for HPb exposure and TC in all stages (OR = 0.53, 95%CI = 0.32-0.86) and postnatally (OR = 0.59, 95%CI = 0.36-0.94) and for prenatal HPb and TGs (OR = 0.65, 95%CI = 0.44-0.95). HPb at all stages was associated with WC (OR = 0.27, 95%CI = 0.08-0.86), BMI (OR = 0.33, 95%CI = 0.11-0.99), SBP (OR = 0.53, 95%CI = 0.32-0.85), and DBP (OR = 0.57, 95%CI = 0.34-0.95). Pb levels in the patella were associated with cHDL (OR = 1.03, 95%CI = 1.00-1.07) and those in the tibia with TGs (OR = 0.95, 95%CI = 0.91-0.99). Conclusion: Early life exposure to Pb may alter early indicators of MetS. A follow-up of these children will allow for more definition on the impact of longer-term exposures.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the associations of pregestational BMI, gestational weight gain (GWG) and breast-feeding at 1 month postpartum with four patterns of weight change during the first year after delivery: postpartum weight retention (PPWR), postpartum weight gain (PPWG), postpartum weight retention + gain (PPWR + WG) and return to pregestational weight. DESIGN: In this secondary analysis of a prospective study, we categorised postpartum weight change into four patterns using pregestational weight and weights at 1, 6 and 12 months postpartum. We evaluated their associations with pregestational BMI, GWG and breast-feeding using multinomial logistic regression. Results are presented as relative risk ratios (RRR) and 95 % CI. SETTING: Mexico City. PARTICIPANTS: Women participating in the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment and Social Stressors pregnancy cohort. RESULTS: Five hundred women were included (53 % of the cohort). Most women returned to their pregestational weight by 1 year postpartum (57 %); 8 % experienced PPWR, 14 % PPWG and 21 % PPWR + WG. Compared with normal weight, pregestational overweight (RRR 2·5, 95 % CI 1·3, 4·8) and obesity (RRR 2·2, 95 % CI 1·0, 4·7) were associated with a higher risk of PPWG. Exclusive breast-feeding, compared with no breast-feeding, was associated with a lower risk of PPWR (RRR 0·3, 95 % CI 0·1, 0·9). Excessive GWG, compared with adequate, was associated with a higher risk of PPWR (RRR 3·3, 95 % CI 1·6, 6·9) and PPWR + WG (RRR 2·4, 95 % CI 1·4, 4·2). CONCLUSIONS: Targeting women with pregestational overweight or obesity and excessive GWG, as well as promoting breast-feeding, may impact the pattern of weight change after delivery and long-term women's health.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of the Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO), and Metabolically Obese Normal-Weight (MONW) phenotypes in a sample of children and adolescents. To evaluate which clinical and laboratory variables are related to the MONW and MHO phenotypes. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years old, presumably healthy. Somatometry, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HOMA-IR, triglycerides/HDL ratio, triglycerides and glucose index, and leptin/adiponectin, were determined. RESULTS: Data from 620 children and adolescents were included (50.65% were males); the median age was 11 years. The prevalence of the MONW phenotype was 22.85% (95%CI 16.85%-29.79%), and the MHO phenotype 27.61% (95%CI 22.60%-33.06%). The variables that significantly explained the possibility of presenting the MONW and MHO phenotype were triglycerides/HDL ratio, and product of triglycerides and glucose. Insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly associated with the MHO phenotype but not with the MONW phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of metabolically healthy obese phenotype is lower in the Mexican population compared to European studies; thus, future studies should determine if this difference relies upon genetic profile or lifestyle. The indices to assess the action of insulin based on lipids can help identify children and adolescents with the MHO and MONW phenotypes.

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In this work, we studied 217 Mexican subjects divided into six groups with different stages of glucose intolerance: 76 Controls (CO), 54 prediabetes (PRE), 14 T2D no medication (T2D-No-M), 14 T2D with Metformin (T2D-M), 22 T2D with polypharmacy (T2D-P), and 37 T2D with polypharmacy and insulin (T2D-P+I). We aimed to determine differences in the gut microbiota diversity for each condition. At the phylum level, we found that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes outline major changes in the gut microbiota. The gut bacterial richness and diversity of individuals in the T2D-No-M group were lesser than other groups. Interestingly, we found a significant difference in the beta diversity of the gut microbiota among all groups. Higher abundance was found for Comamonadaceae in PRE, and Sutterella spp. in T2D-No-M. In addition, we found associations of specific microbial taxa with clinical parameters. Finally, we report predicted metabolic pathways of gut microbiota linked to T2D-M and PRE conditions. Collectively, these results indicate that each group has specific predicted metabolic characteristics and gut bacteria populations for each phenotype. The results of this study could be used to define strategies to modulate gut microbiota through noninvasive treatments, such as dietary intervention, probiotics or prebiotics, and to improve glucose tolerance of individuals with prediabetes or T2D.

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Pregnancy is a contributor to the obesity epidemic in women, probably through postpartum weight retention (PPWR), weight gain (PPWG), or a combination of both (PPWR + WG). The contribution of these patterns of postpartum weight change to long-term maternal health remains understudied. In a secondary analysis of 361 women from the prospective cohort PROGRESS, we evaluated the associations between patterns of weight change one year after delivery and cardiometabolic risk factors at six years postpartum. Using principal component analysis, we grouped cardiometabolic risk factors into: (1) body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), and glucose; (2) systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP); and (3) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol. Using path analysis, we studied direct (patterns of weight change-outcomes) and indirect associations through BMI at six years postpartum. Around 60% of women returned to their pregestational weight (reference) by one year postpartum, 6.6% experienced PPWR, 13.9% PPWG, and 19.9% PPWR + WG. Women with PPWR + WG, vs. the reference, had higher BMI and WC at six years (2.30 kg/m2, 95% CI [1.67, 2.93]; 3.38 cm [1.14, 5.62]). This was also observed in women with PPWR (1.80 kg/m2 [0.80, 2.79]; 3.15 cm [-0.35, 6.65]) and PPWG (1.22 kg/m2 [0.53, 1.92]; 3.32 cm [0.85, 5.78]). PPWR + WG had a direct association with HOMA-IR (0.21 units [0.04, 0.39]). The three patterns of weight change, vs. the reference, had significant indirect associations with HOMA-IR, glucose, TG, HDL-c, SBP, and DBP through BMI at six years. In conclusion, women with PPWR + WG are at high-risk for obesity and insulin resistance. Interventions targeting women during pregnancy and the first year postpartum may have implications for their long-term risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease.

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BACKGROUND: Exposure to air pollution is associated with increased blood pressure (BP) in adults and children. Some evidence suggests that air pollution exposure during the prenatal period may contribute to adverse cardiorenal health later in life. Here we apply a distributed lag model (DLM) approach to identify critical windows that may underlie the association between prenatal particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) exposure and children's BP at ages 4-6 years. METHODS: Participants included 537 mother-child dyads enrolled in the Programming Research in Obesity, GRowth Environment, and Social Stress (PROGRESS) longitudinal birth cohort study based in Mexico City. Prenatal daily PM2.5 exposure was estimated using a validated satellite-based spatio-temporal model and BP was measured using the automated Spacelabs system with a sized cuff. We used distributed lag models (DLMs) to examine associations between daily PM2.5 exposure and systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP), adjusting for child's age, sex and BMI, as well as maternal education, preeclampsia and indoor smoking report during the second and third trimester, seasonality and average postnatal year 1 PM2.5 exposure. RESULTS: We found that PM2.5 exposure between weeks 11-32 of gestation (days 80-226) was significantly associated with children's increased SBP. Similarly, PM2.5 exposure between weeks 9-25 of gestation (days 63-176) was significantly associated with increased DBP. To place this into context, a constant 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 sustained throughout this critical window would predict a cumulative increase of 2.6 mmHg (CI: 0.5, 4.6) in SBP and 0.88 mmHg (CI: 0.1, 1.6) in DBP at ages 4-6 years. In a stratified analysis by sex, this association persisted in boys but not in girls. CONCLUSIONS: Second and third trimester PM2.5 exposure may increase children's BP in early life. Further work investigating PM2.5 exposure with BP trajectories later in childhood will be important to understanding cardiorenal trajectories that may predict adult disease. Our results underscore the importance of reducing air pollution exposure among susceptible populations, including pregnant women.

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Obesity is a metabolic disorder and global health issue. In Mexico 34.4% of children between 5 and 11 years-old are overweight or obese. Here we address this issue studying the gut microbiome in a sample of Mexican children affected by obesity. We performed metagenomic shotgun-sequencing of DNA isolated from fecal samples from a cohort of normal weight and obese Mexican children using Illumina platform with HiSeq 2500. We also examined their metabolic factors and fecal short-chain fatty acids concentration. The results show that a remarkable dysbiosis of bacteria, archaea and viruses was not observed in the obese children group compared to the normal weight group; however, the archaeal community exhibited an increase of unclassified Methanobrevibacter spp. in obese children. The bacterial communities of all participants were clustered into three different enterotypes. Most normal weight children have a gut bacterial community dominated by Ruminococcus spp. (Enterotype 3), while most obese children had a community dominated by Prevotella spp. (Enterotype 2). On the other hand, changes in the gut microbiome were correlated with clinical metadata and could be used to stratify individuals based on their phenotype. The species Megamonas spp. were over-represented in obese children, whereas members of the family Oscillospiraceae were depleted in the same individuals and negatively correlated with levels of serum cholesterol. A microbiome comparative metabolic pathway analysis showed that two KEGG pathway modules of glycolysis, Glycolysis I (from Glucose 6-Phosphate), and Glycolysis II (from Fructose 6-Phosphate) were significantly overrepresented in normal weight children. Our results establish specific alterations in the gut microbiome of Mexican children affected of obesity, along with clinical alterations, providing information on the microbiome composition that may be useful for prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment.

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Obesity is a metabolic disease characterized by low-grade inflammation and accompanied by dyslipidemia and up-regulation of other bioactive molecules, creating a predisposition to endothelial dysfunction and metabolic syndrome. We studied the association between gut microbiota diversity and endothelial dysfunction (EDF) markers in obese Mexican children and adolescents. We examined clinical data including metabolic factors and EDF markers in blood samples. Gut bacterial diversity was characterized by high-throughput sequencing of V3-16S rDNA libraries. Triglycerides, insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistant (HOMA-IR), leptin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and EDF marker intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) were significantly higher in obese children and adolescents. Multivariate analysis showed statistically significant positive associations between vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and Veillonellaceae, and between ICAM-1 and Ruminococcus in obese children. In obese adolescents, there was a statistically significant positive association between total cholesterol and Ruminococcus, and between ICAM-1 and Bacteroides. LEfSe analysis showed that the genus Lactobacillus and family Coriobacteriaceae were enriched in children, and genera Collinsella and Prevotella were enriched in obese adolescents. Obese children and adolescents had higher levels of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. These results suggest that obese Mexican children and adolescents had increased levels of CRP and a reduction of adiponectin, which causes higher expression of EDF markers, affecting endothelial function and associating with changes in the gut microbiota.

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BACKGROUND: High blood pressure (BP) in childhood is frequently renal in origin and a risk factor for adult hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Shorter gestations are a known risk factor for increased BP in adults and children, due in part to a nephron deficit in children born preterm. As nephrogenesis is incomplete until 36 weeks gestation, prenatal lead exposure occurring during a susceptible period of renal development may contribute to programming for later life renal disease. The relationship between shorter gestation and children's BP has not yet been explored to identify i) critical windows using nonlinear piecewise models or ii) combined with other early life risk factors such as prenatal lead exposure. OBJECTIVES: (1) To evaluate the nonlinear relationship between lower gestational age and childhood BP measured at 4-6 years of age, and (2) to investigate modification by prenatal lead exposure. METHODS: In a prospective longitudinal birth cohort, we assessed 565 children between 4 and 6 years of age (mean: 4.8 years) in the PROGRESS cohort in Mexico City, Mexico. Gestational age at delivery was calculated using maternal report of last menstrual period (LMP) and confirmed with Capurro physical examination at birth. We measured pregnant women's blood lead levels (BLLs) in the second trimester via inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and children's BP using an automated device. We performed both linear and nonlinear piecewise regression analyses to examine associations of gestational age with children's BP adjusting for children's age, sex, height, prenatal exposure to smoke, and maternal socioeconomic status. We stratified to assess modification by prenatal lead exposure, and used a data-adaptive approach to identify a lead cutpoint. RESULTS: Maternal second trimester BLLs ranged from 0.7 to 17.8 µg/dL with 112 (20%) women above the CDC guideline level of 5 µg/dL. In adjusted linear regression models, a one week reduction in gestational age was associated with a 0.5 mm Hg (95%CI: 0.2, 0.8) increase in SBP and a 0.4 mm Hg (95%CI 0.1, 0.6) increase in DBP. Our nonlinear models suggested evidence for different magnitude estimates on either side of an estimated join-point at 35.9 weeks' gestation, but did not reach statistical significance. However, when stratified by prenatal lead exposure, we identified a cutpoint lead level of concern of 2.5 µg/dL that suggested an interaction between gestational age and blood lead. Specifically, for BLLs ≥ 2.5 µg/dL, SBP was 1.6 (95%CI: 0.3, 2.9) mm Hg higher per each week reduction in gestational age among children born before 37.0 weeks; and among children born after 37.0 weeks, this relationship was attenuated yet remained significant [ß: 0.9, 95%CI (0.2, 1.6)]. At BLLs below 2.5 µg/dL, there was no appreciable association between lower gestational age and SBP. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that shorter gestation combined with higher prenatal lead exposure contributes to a higher risk of increased SBP at 4-6 years of age, particularly among infants born <37 weeks gestation. Our results underscore the importance of preventing prenatal lead exposure - even levels as low as 2.5 µg/dL - especially among pregnant women at risk for preterm birth. Given that high BP in childhood is a risk factor for adult hypertension and cardiovascular disease later in life, these results may have implications that extend across the life span.

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Characterization and understanding of gut microbiota has recently increased representing a wide research field, especially in autoimmune diseases. Gut microbiota is the major source of microbes which might exert beneficial as well as pathogenic effects on human health. Intestinal microbiome's role as mediator of inflammation has only recently emerged. Microbiota has been observed to differ in subjects with early rheumatoid arthritis compared to controls, and this finding has commanded this study as a possible autoimmune process. Studies with intestinal microbiota have shown that rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by an expansion and/or decrease of bacterial groups as compared to controls. In this review, we present evidence linking intestinal dysbiosis with the autoimmune mechanisms involved in the development of rheumatoid arthritis.

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INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of obesity in Mexican children has increased during the last decade, as has the risk of early onset metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association ofAcantosis nigricans (AN)with dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and risk factors related to eating behavior in overweight and obese children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This transverse analytical study, conducted in two Mexico City primary schools, included 300 boys and girls. Information was gathered on hereditary and perinatal background. A physical examination provided data on the presence/absence of AN, blood pressure, weight and height. The BMI and Z-score were calculated. The serum concentration of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides was quantified and the lipoprotein profile determined. RESULTS: The prevalence of AN was 41.7%. An association was found between ANand risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including BMI (rS 0.432; p < 0.0001), systolic and diastolic blood pressure above the 90th percentile (rS 0.231, p < 0.0001; rS 0.128, p = 0.026; respectively), hypertriglyceridemia (rS 0.156; p = 0.007), and low levels of cHDL (rS -0.160; p = 0.006). ANwas also associated with risk eating behavior, including dieting to lose weight (p = 0.004), losing control over eating (p = 0.023), and body fat percentage above the 90th percentile (χ2 = 35.1; p = 0.0001). No association was observed between ANand serum glucose concentration (rS -0.018; p = 0.759). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated an association of ANwith a low concentration of cHDL (RM: 1.726; p = 0.041) and a high percentage of body fat (> 48%) (RM: 3.591; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of ANwas found in overweight and obese children. There was an association between ANand risk factors of cardiovascular disease, including Z-score, BMI, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure.

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INTRODUCTION: The excessive gestational weight gain predisposes to overweight and obesity postpartum, this becomes a worldwide public health problem. OBJECTIVE: To analyze gestational weight pattern and body fat in adolescents and adult women, to identify the group that would have major weight and body fat gain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study done in 64 adolescent < or = 18 years and 48 adult women. Anthropometric evaluation was realized, at 20, 24, 28, 32, 36 and 38 gestational weeks with weight and body fat percentage. Patients signed letter informed consent. RESULTS: In adolescents weight and BMI were smaller (p < 0.001), and their gestational fat gain was bigger than in the adult women (5.31 vs. 4.12 kg; p < 0.001). Pre-gestational BMI (beta = 0.459, EE = 0.089, p = 0.001), and age group (beta = - 1.400, EE = 0.735, p = 0.060) were associated to fat percentage variability. The adolescents with low weight and BMI > or = 85th percentile showed a greater gain of weight in respect to which is classified as normal weight (18.0 and 15.5 vs. 12.0 kg; p = 0.018). 54.7% of the adolescents and 64.6% of adults did gain excessive weight, more than the recommended according pre-gestational BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Age and pregestational BMI conditioned the body fat change. More than half of the patients included exceeded the recommended weight gain. The overweight or excessive weight gain adolescents have increased risk of postpartum retention weight than adult women in the same conditions.

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Objetivo: Estimar la violencia de género con la autoestima en mujeres con y sin embarazo para brindar atención de enfermería. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal y analítico; muestra: 490 mujeres seleccionadas aleatoriamente conforme criterios de inclusión: edad de 15-45 años, con y sin embarazo, con pareja y participación voluntaria. Se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Violencia contra las Mujeres/ENVIM, el Inventario de Autoestima de Coopersmith- A y datos sociodemográficos y obstétricos; para el análisis se utilizó la estadística descriptiva y regresión logística. Resultados: El 52% estuvo embarazada con edad entre 15 a 25 años (p=0,000), con menor que 3 años de convivencia (p=0,000), trabajo no remunerado (p=0,00), el cónyuge percibiendo salario menor que al mínimo (p=0,00); de O a 1 gestación (p=0,001); el 94% refirió violencia por parte de su pareja, las embarazadas presentaron mayor violencia psicológica (RM 2,29 IC 95% 1,39-3,75) y económica (RM 1,38 IC 95% 1,09-1,76) y autoestima baja (RM 1,06 IC 95% 1,63- 2,78); salario menor que al mínimo del cónyuge (RM 1,90 IC 95% 1,00-3,60) y edad entre 15 a 25 años (RM 1,76 IC 95% 1,42-3,98); destacándose la violencia física en las mujeres sin embarazo (RM 1,43 IC 95% 1,08-3,84) y autoestima baja (RM 1,52 IC 95% 1,05-2,21). Conclusiones: Existen diferencias de violencia entre las embarazadas (psicológica y económica) versus no embarazadas (física), siendo la autoestima baja un factor de riesgo. Cabe a las enfermeras identificar factores de riesgo para violencia de género en las consultas y realizar la referencia correspondiente, así como promoción educativa entre las mujeres.

Objective: To estimate gender violence with the self-esteem in women with and without pregnancy to provide nursing care. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional and analytical study; sample: 490 women randomly selected following inclusion criteria: age 15 to 45 years old, with or without pregnancy, with partner and voluntary participation. We used the National Survey of Violence against Women/ENVIM, Self-Esteem lnventory of Coopersmith-A and demographic and obstetric data, for analysis was used descriptive statistic and logistic regression. Results: 52% was pregnant with an age between 15 to 25 years old (p=0.000), with less than 3 years of cohabitation (p=O.OOO), unpaid work (p=0.000), partner receiving salary less than to minimum (p=0.000), from Oto 1 pregnancy (p=O.OOO), 94% referred violence by partner, pregnant women presented more psychological (OR 2.29 CI 95% 1.39-3.75), and economic violence (OR 1.38 CI 95% 1.09-1.76) and low self-esteem (RM 1.06 CI 95% 1.63-2.78); salary menor que amount to a minimum of partner (OR 1.90 CI 95% 1.00-3.60), and age between 15 to 25 years (OR 1.76 CI 95% 1.42-3.98), it is highlighted physical violence against women without pregnancy (OR 1.43 CI 95% 1.08-3.84) and low self-esteem (RM 1.52 CI 95% 1.05-2.21). Conclusions: there are differences of violence among pregnant women (psychological-economic) vs. non-pregnant (physical); being low self-esteem a risk factor. Nursing should identify risk factors for gender violence at consultation and carry out necessary referral, as well educational promotion among women.

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Antecedentes: La enfermedad inducida por el embarazo complica de 5 a 10% de todos los embarazos en la población mexicana y es la principal causa de morbimortalidad materna. Las mujeres con historia de preeclampsia (PE) tienen un riesgo significativo de desarrollar hipertensión y enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) años más tarde. En los desórdenes hipertensivos, se propone como un factor etiológico el síndrome metabólico o de resistencia a la insulina. Objetivo: Evaluar el papel de la PE en la evolución clínica, antropométrica y bioquímica durante el primer año posparto. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte en un grupo de mujeres de 18a 45 años con PE en el último embarazo pertenecientes al Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes (INPerIER). Las variables analizadas fueron las características del síndrome metabólico: presión sanguínea, obesidad abdominal, triglicéridos, lipoproteínas de alta densidad y glucosa de ayuno. Se midieron en tres ocasiones durante el primer año posparto, a los tres, seis y 12 meses posparto (MPP). El grupo control estuvo formado por aquellas mujeres con las mismas características, pero con embarazo sin patología. Resultados: El antecedente de PE es un factor que se encuentra con mayor frecuencia relacionado con mayores cifras de tensión arterial en el posparto. La distribución de grasa, glucosa de ayuno, triglicéridos y lipoproteínas de alta densidad (LAD) no fueron factores que cambiaran, por contar con la condición de cursar con PE, tampoco cambiaron con el paso del tiempo.

Introduction: Hypertension induced by pregnancy complicates between 5 to 10% of all pregnancies among Mexican women and represents the principal cause of maternal, fetal and neonatal morbimortality. Woman with a personal history of preeclampsia (PE) have a higher risk to develop further hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CV). Among hypertensive disorders, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance are suggested as etiologic factors. Objective: To evaluate the role of PE among anthropometric, clinic and biochemical evolution during the first year postpartum. Material and Methods: A cohort study was performed with woman between 18 to 45 years, with a history PE in their last pregnancy who receives attention at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPerIER). The analyzed variables were the ones that are characteristic of the metabolic syndrome such as blood pressure, abdominal obesity, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and fasting plasma glucose. During the 1st year postpartum, the variables were measured three times, at three, six and 12 months. The control group had the same measurements and also the same characteristics than the other group, except for the presence of PE. Results: In the postpartum period, the history of PE is commonly related with higher blood pressure. Fat distribution, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides and HDL neither change across time no changed when presence of previous PE.

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Antecedentes. La conceptualización de salud y enfermedad es un proceso dinámico, varía en cada población, matizada individual y colectivamente por las condiciones histórico-sociales prevalecientes. Material y métodos. Se analizó encuesta aplicada a 81 mujeres, en una comunidad del Distrito Federal, consignando conceptos de salud y enfermedad (aspectos orgánicos, juicios de valor y otros factores), factores que afectan la salud (conductas personales y factores ambientales) y qué alterntivas eligen cuando se enferman (médico, remedios caseros o automedicación). Resultados y discusión. Se encuestó a mujeres entre 21 y 60 años, con escolaridad básica 0.60, dedicadas al hogar 0.76, nacidas en el Distrito Federal 0.68, con pareja 0.80, en familia nuclear 0.65, con menos de 4 hijos 0.73, con dos o menos salarios mínimos de ingreso 0.70, con vivienda hacinada 0.52 y con agua intradomiciliaria 0.89. Los conceptos de salud y enfermedad correspondieron en mayor proporción a aspectos orgánicos (0.41 y 0.38), a juicios de valor (0.37 y 0.30) y a otros factores (0.22 y 0.32). Las conductas personales se consideraron como que afectan la salud en 0.59, los factores ambientales en 0.41. Se acude al médico para problemas de salud en 0.48. Se analizan interrelaciones entre variables. Conclusiones. Se encontró una asociación entre el uso de juicios de valor y recurrir al médico preferentemente y entre los conceptos basados en características orgánicas y preferir otros recursos no médicos. Tal asociación no alcanzó a ser significativa.

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