RESUMO
Public healthcare wastes from the region of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, pre-sterilized in an autoclave, were inoculated with spores of Bacillus atrophaeus for microwave processing on a laboratory scale. The influence of waste moisture (40%, 50% and 60% wet basis), presence of surfactant, power per unit mass of waste (100, 150 and 200 W/kg) and radiation exposure time (from 5 to 40 min) on the heating curves was investigated. The most favorable conditions for waste heating with respect to moisture and use of surfactant were then applied in an experimental analysis of the degree of inactivation of B. atrophaeus spores as a function of time and power per unit mass of waste. Based on Chick's and Arrhenius laws, the experimental results were adjusted by the least squares method to determine the activation energies (9203-5782 J/mol) and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor (0.23 min(-1)). The kinetic parameters thus obtained enabled us to predict the degree of inactivation achieved for B. atrophaeus spores in typical healthcare waste. The activation energy was found to decrease as the power per waste mass increased, leading to the conclusion that, in addition to the thermal effect on the inactivation of B. atrophaeus spores, there was an effect inherent to radiation.
Assuntos
Bacillus/metabolismo , Eliminação de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde/métodos , Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde , Micro-Ondas , Esporos Bacterianos , Calibragem , Substâncias Perigosas , Temperatura Alta , Cinética , Tamanho da Partícula , Esterilização , Tensoativos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Public healthcare wastes from the city of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, pre-sterilised in an autoclave, were inoculated with 5 x 10(5) microorganisms of the species Escherichia coli in vegetative form for microwave processing on a laboratory scale. An analysis was made of the influence of radiation exposure time (15, 25, 30 and 40 min) and power per waste mass unit (60, 80 and 100 W/kg) on the percentage of inactivation of the microorganisms at an incoming waste moisture level of 50%. The experimental results were adjusted based on Chick's law. The activation energies and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factors were determined by the least squares method. The kinetic parameters obtained allow one to predict the degree of inactivation achieved with E. coli in typical healthcare waste, based on the radiation exposure time and temperature. For example, the waste disinfection time required for the inactivation level equivalent to 4Log 10 was estimated to range from 48 to 53 min for wastes processed at 100 W/kg and at temperatures of 90-105 degrees C, respectively. Thus, under the operational conditions of the equipment currently used in Ribeirão Preto, the process of inactivation is probably ineffective, since the exposure time to radiation is only 30 min at the average power of approximately 80 W/kg.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli/efeitos da radiação , Eliminação de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde/métodos , Micro-Ondas , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Substâncias Perigosas , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Sulfur dioxide pollutant was treated in the laboratory with hydrated lime particles having a mean diameter of 9.1 microm in a continuously operating binary fluidized bed reactor also containing inert sand particles with sizes varying from 500 to 590 microm. The influence of temperature (500, 600, 700 and 800 degrees C) on the reaction medium, of the superficial velocity of the gas (0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 m/s), and of the Ca/S molar ratio (1, 2 and 3) on the SO2 removal efficiency were investigated for an inflow gas concentration of 1000 ppm and an initially static bed height of 10.0 cm. The pollutant removal efficiency proved to depend on the temperature and the velocity of the gaseous flow and was strongly influenced by the Ca/S molar ratio. The maximum efficiency of 97.7% was achieved at a temperature of 700 degrees C, a Ca/S ratio of 3 and a velocity of 0.8 m/s. The lime particles' mean residence time was determined by an indirect method, which consisted of integrating the gas concentration curves normalized with respect to time. Based on a calculation of the critical transition velocities, it was concluded that the reactor operated in a bubbling regime under each condition investigated here.
Assuntos
Compostos de Cálcio/química , Resíduos Industriais/prevenção & controle , Óxidos/química , Dióxido de Enxofre/isolamento & purificação , Cinética , Tamanho da Partícula , Temperatura , Água/químicaRESUMO
Se analizan 18 casos de pacientes derivados con un sistema lumbo-periotoneal (DLP) entre junio de 1991 y junio del 2000 en nuestro servicio. Siete pacientes presentaron hidrocefalia comunicante (4 post-meningiticas y 3 post-HSA), 4 fistulas de liquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), 4 pacientes hipertensión endocraneana benigna y 2 hidrocefalía normotensiva. Catorce de los 18 casos (83,3 por ciento) resolvieron su problema con la derivación, mientras que los restantes 4 no lo hicieron y requirieron de otro tipo de sistema o tratamiento. Las complicaciones mas frecuentemente observadas fueron dolor radicular y cefaléa a la sedestación. El sistema debió ser revisado en 5 pacientes. El análisis bibligráfico muestran cifras similares a las halladas en esta serie, respecto a indices de reexploraciones y éxitos terapéuticos. En conclusión, la DLP es un metodo de derivación de LCR en las hidrocefalías comunicantes de cualquier etiología, en fístulas de LCR abiertas o cerradas y en hipertensión endocraneana benigna. Presenta indice bajo de fracasos terapéuticos, pero como contralpartida genera una relativamente alta tasa de disfunsiones y complicaciones leves, que suelen requerir reexploraciones quirúrgicas frecuentes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pseudotumor Cerebral , Fístula , Derivações do Líquido CefalorraquidianoRESUMO
Se analizan 18 casos de pacientes derivados con un sistema lumbo-periotoneal (DLP) entre junio de 1991 y junio del 2000 en nuestro servicio. Siete pacientes presentaron hidrocefalia comunicante (4 post-meningiticas y 3 post-HSA), 4 fistulas de liquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), 4 pacientes hipertensión endocraneana benigna y 2 hidrocefalía normotensiva. Catorce de los 18 casos (83,3 por ciento) resolvieron su problema con la derivación, mientras que los restantes 4 no lo hicieron y requirieron de otro tipo de sistema o tratamiento. Las complicaciones mas frecuentemente observadas fueron dolor radicular y cefaléa a la sedestación. El sistema debió ser revisado en 5 pacientes. El análisis bibligráfico muestran cifras similares a las halladas en esta serie, respecto a indices de reexploraciones y éxitos terapéuticos. En conclusión, la DLP es un metodo de derivación de LCR en las hidrocefalías comunicantes de cualquier etiología, en fístulas de LCR abiertas o cerradas y en hipertensión endocraneana benigna. Presenta indice bajo de fracasos terapéuticos, pero como contralpartida genera una relativamente alta tasa de disfunsiones y complicaciones leves, que suelen requerir reexploraciones quirúrgicas frecuentes. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Pseudotumor Cerebral , Fístula , Derivações do Líquido CefalorraquidianoRESUMO
1. SB-73, a magnesium ammonium phospholinoleate anhydride aggregate, exhibited antiviral action in vitro in the concentration range of 50 to 100 micrograms/ml against herpes simplex type 1, stomatitis vesicular virus, adenovirus type 5, and in vivo in the dose range of 0.7 to 1.3 mg/kg against canine parvovirus and distemper virus. 2. The lethal dose (LD50) was 2.71 +/- 1.55 g/kg body weight in mice inoculated intraperitoneally. Oral ingestion of the aggregate up to 30 g/kg body weight by mice had no lethal effects during the 14 days of observation. 3. In in vitro cytotoxicity experiments with fibroblasts (V-79 Chinese hamster cell line), no toxic effects were observed with SB-73 concentrations (120 micrograms/ml) having antiviral activity. 4. In a cellular proliferation experiment using hamster V-79 cells, we observed 72% proliferation after treatment of the cells with a high concentration (500 micrograms/ml) of SB-73. 5. Compound SB-73 showed no genotoxicity for human lymphocytes at concentrations of 100 micrograms/ml. 6. When the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of SB-73 were compared with those of acyclovir, idoxuridine and AZT at 500 micrograms/ml concentrations the compound was found to have effects similar to those of acyclovir.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Ácidos Linoleicos , Magnésio/farmacologia , Compostos Organofosforados , Polímeros/farmacologia , Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Aciclovir/química , Aciclovir/farmacologia , Animais , Antivirais/toxicidade , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Feminino , Humanos , Idoxuridina/química , Idoxuridina/farmacologia , Dose Letal Mediana , Magnésio/química , Masculino , Camundongos , Índice Mitótico , Polímeros/química , Zidovudina/química , Zidovudina/farmacologiaRESUMO
1. SB-73, a magnesium ammonium phospholinoleate anhydride aggregate, exhibited antiviral action in vitro in the concentration range of 50 to 100 µg/ml against herpes simplex type 1, stomatitis vesicular virus, adenovirus type 5, and in vivo in the dose range of 0.7 to 1.3 mg/Kg against canine parvovirus distemper virus. 2. The lethal dose (LD50) was 2.71 ñ 1.55 g/Kg body weight in mice inoculated intraperitoneally. Oral ingestion of the aggregate up to 30 g/Kg body weight by mice had no lethal effects during the 14 days of observation. 3. In in vitro cytotoxicity experiments with fibroblasts (V-79 Chinese hamster cell line), no toxic effects were observed with SB-73 concentrations (120 µg/ml) having antiviral activity. 4. In a cellular proliferation experimental using hamster V-79 cells, we observed 72% proliferation after treatment of the cells with a high concentration (500 µg/ml) of SB-73. 5. Compound SB-73 showed no genotoxicity for human lymphocytes at concentrations of 100 µg/ml. 6. When the cytoxicity and genotoxicity of SB-73 wee compared with those of acyclovir, idoxuridine and AZT at 500µg/ml concentration the compound was found to have effects similar to those of acyclovir
Assuntos
Camundongos , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Antivirais/farmacologia , Magnésio/farmacologia , Fosfatos/farmacologia , Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Aciclovir/química , Aciclovir/farmacologia , Antivirais/toxicidade , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Idoxuridina/química , Idoxuridina/farmacologia , Dose Letal Mediana , Magnésio/toxicidade , Índice Mitótico , Fosfatos/toxicidade , Zidovudina/química , Zidovudina/farmacologiaRESUMO
A taxa de transformação blástica dos linfócitos induzida pela fitohemaglutinina, bem como os níveis de globulinas séricas foram investigados em soldados brasileiros caucasóides que apresentavam reação tardia à lepromina (reação de Mitsuda) fortemente positiva ou completamente negativa. Nenhum dos indivíduos examinados era comunicante de pacientes com hanseníase. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que, em indivíduos sadios, nem a transformação dos linfócitos estimulada pela fitohemaglutinina, nem os níveis de globulinas séricas dependem da reação de Mitsuda. A correlação negativa significativa entre o nível de globulinas não gama e a ataxa de transformação blástica dos linfócitos provocada pela fitohemaglutinina, que é encontrada em pacientes lepromatosos, não foi observada nos indivíduos sadios que foram examinados.
Assuntos
Hanseníase/imunologia , Antígeno de Mitsuda , Fito-Hemaglutininas , Globulinas , LinfócitosRESUMO
Chromosome analyses were made on leukocyte metaphases of 18 leprosy patients who were ingesting daily doses of 50 mg or 100 mg of DDS and of 40 healthy individuals used for control. These analyses have shown that the proportion of numerical chromosomal aberrations in the leukocyte metaphases of the leprosy patients did not differ significantly from that observed in the cells of the controls. In contrast, the frequency of cells with chromatid or chromosome breaks and gaps was significantly increased in the leukocytesof leprosy patients. Multiple regression analysis applied to the data recorded has shown that the increase of breaks and gaps in the chromosomes of leprosy patients can not be attributed to age, years under sulfonetherapy or to concentration of DDS in blood.