RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) can affect hand function since the beginning of the motor symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To compare the ability of different hand function tests to: 1) distinguish individuals with PD from healthy controls; 2) differentiate stages of the disease; and 3) indicate changes over time due to disease progression. METHODS: Twenty-four individuals with PD (Hoehn and Yahr: I-III) and 24 age- and sex-matched controls performed the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT), the Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), and the maximum grip and the maximum pinch strength tests using their right and left hands. Eight individuals with PD (six females and two males) were reassessed after 18 months. The ROC analyses and Mann-Whitney U tests (for disease progression) using the average performance of the hands were done. RESULTS: Individuals with PD presented worse test performances than controls, except for the writing subtest of the JTHFT and the grip strength test. The JTHFT without the writing subtest (JTHFTnoW) was the most accurate to discriminate PD from controls (AUC = 0.899; sensitivity 75% and specificity 95.8%). The 9HPT and the simulated feeding and moving large, light objects JTHFT subtests were sensitive to distinguish stages, while the 9HPT, the moving small, common objects JTHFT subtest, and the grip strength were sensitive to changes with disease progression. CONCLUSION: The JTHFTnoW was highly discriminative of the hand function impairments in PD. TwoJTHFT subtests were the most sensitives to distinguish PD stages (i.e. simulated feeding JTHFT subtest) and disease progression (i.e. moving small, common objects JTHFT subtest).
Assuntos
Doença de Parkinson , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mãos , Força da Mão , Doença de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Extremidade Superior , Destreza Motora , Estudos de Casos e ControlesRESUMO
The demand for high-quality vegetable seeds and the production of vigorous seedlings has increased in recent years, as these characteristics are determining factors of production success. Vegetables are growing in national importance, and kale stands out as an important source of income for small farmers. The objective of this study was to adapt the traditional accelerated aging test methodology with a saturated NaCl solution of kale seeds and evaluate the enzymatic activity after the vigour test. Six batches of kale seeds were used, and the moisture content, weight of one thousand seeds, first germination count, germination, germination speed index, emergence, initial stand, and emergence velocity index were determined. In the accelerated ageing test, the seeds were submitted to the traditional accelerated ageing test method and the accelerated ageing test method with a saturated NaCl solution for ageing periods of 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Electrophoretic analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isoenzymes was also performed. The accelerated ageing test, using the traditional method for 72 hours at 41 °C, is adequate for evaluating the physiological potential of kale seeds. The isoenzymatic analyses of SOD, CAT, and ADH demonstrate that the biochemical markers are efficient at differentiating kale seeds after accelerated ageing.(AU)
A demanda por sementes de hortaliças com alta qualidade e a obtenção de mudas vigorosas tem aumentado nos últimos anos, pois estas características constituem fatores determinantes do êxito da produção. As hortaliças têm uma importância nacional crescente, dentre elas se destaca a couve, por ser importante fonte de renda para pequenos agricultores. Objetivou-se adequar a metodologia do teste de envelhecimento acelerado tradicional e com solução saturada de NaCl em sementes de couve e avaliar a atividade enzimática após o teste de vigor. Foram utilizados seis lotes de sementes de couve e determinouse o grau de umidade, peso de mil sementes, primeira contagem de germinação, germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, emergência, estande inicial e índice de velocidade de emergência. No teste de envelhecimento acelerado, as sementes foram submetidas ao método tradicional e com solução saturada de NaCl, por períodos de 0; 24; 48; 72 e 96 horas. Realizou-se também a análise eletroforética das isoenzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e álcool desidrogenase (ADH). O teste de envelhecimento acelerado, utilizando o método tradicional na combinação de 72 horas a 41 °C é adequado para avaliar o potencial fisiológico de sementes de couve. As análises isoenzimáticas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e álcool desidrogenase (ADH) demonstram que os marcadores bioquímicos são eficientes e promissores na diferenciação de sementes de couve após o envelhecimento acelerado.(AU)
Assuntos
Sementes/enzimologia , Brassica/enzimologia , Envelhecimento , Biomarcadores , IsoenzimasRESUMO
Learning complex motor skills is an essential process in our daily lives. Moreover, it is an important aspect for the development of therapeutic strategies that refer to rehabilitation processes since motor skills previously acquired can be transferred to similar tasks (motor skill transfer) or recovered without further practice after longer delays (motor skill retention). Different acrobatic exercise training (AE) protocols induce plastic changes in areas involved in motor control and improvement in motor performance. However, the plastic mechanisms involved in the retention of a complex motor skill, essential for motor learning, are not well described. Thus, our objective was to analyze the brain plasticity mechanisms involved in motor skill retention in AE . Motor behavior tests, and the expression of synaptophysin (SYP), synapsin-I (SYS), and early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) in brain areas involved in motor learning were evaluated. Young male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sedentary (SED), AE, and AE with retention period (AER). AE was performed three times a week for 8 weeks, with 5 rounds in the circuit. After a fifteen-day retention interval, the AER animals was again exposed to the acrobatic circuit. Our results revealed motor performance improvement in the AE and AER groups. In the elevated beam test, the AER group presented a lower time and greater distance, suggesting retention period is important for optimizing motor learning consolidation. Moreover, AE promoted significant plastic changes in the expression of proteins in important areas involved in control and motor learning, some of which were maintained in the AER group. In summary, these data contribute to the understanding of neural mechanisms involved in motor learning in an animal model, and can be useful to the construction of therapeutics strategies that optimize motor learning in a rehabilitative context.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Destreza Motora/fisiologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Retenção Psicológica/fisiologia , Animais , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Ratos Wistar , Comportamento SedentárioRESUMO
Adolescent pregnancy remains a public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Portugal and Brazil represent some of the best examples of this phenomenon. The present study aimed to identify sociodemographic, sexual, and reproductive health-related variables associated with adolescent pregnancy among students from low socioeconomic backgrounds in both countries. The sample included 984 female adolescents, among whom 215 became pregnant. Living with a partner and lack of information about sex and contraception from the family were the best explicative factors for pregnancy occurrence in both countries. Country-specific variables were also identified. Our results may contribute to developing global preventive interventions, addressing the school as an ideal setting for primary intervention and considering culture-specific characteristics of high-risk populations.
Assuntos
Anticoncepção/estatística & dados numéricos , Gravidez na Adolescência/prevenção & controle , Saúde Reprodutiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Saúde Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Anticoncepção/métodos , Comparação Transcultural , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Portugal/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Gravidez na Adolescência/psicologia , Parceiros Sexuais/psicologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The physical, physiological and biochemical changes during the development until the dispersal of rubber tree seeds were evaluated with the purpose of estimating the point at physiological maturity. A total of 30 plants were selected at different points in a commercial planting area and had their flowers marked during the anthesis and every 15 days after marking. Fruits and seeds were collected for analysis of moisture content, dry matter, diameter and length. Details of the anatomy ultra-structure of the seeds were evaluated. The seed emergence, emergency speed index, heat resistant proteins and oxidative stress enzymes were examined. It was observed that fruits reached maximum size at 120 days after anthesis and seeds at 150 days. The seeds acquired germination capacity after 150 days. At 175 days, they presented the highest percentage of dry matter and lowest moisture, in addition to a higher percentage of germination and vigor. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that the physiological maturity of the rubber tree seeds occurs at 175 days after anthesis, and coincides with its maximum physiological quality. At 175 and 180 days post-anthesis, there is a greater expression of heat resistant proteins as well as low molecular weight and greater oxidative stress enzyme activity.
Assuntos
Frutas/fisiologia , Hevea/fisiologia , Sementes/fisiologia , Brasil , Frutas/anatomia & histologia , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/metabolismo , Germinação/fisiologia , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Hevea/anatomia & histologia , Hevea/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hevea/metabolismo , Peso Molecular , Estresse Oxidativo , Plântula/fisiologia , Sementes/anatomia & histologia , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/metabolismoRESUMO
To investigate whether the specificities of real jobs create distinctions in the performance of workers in different motor tests for the upper limbs, 24 participants were divided into two groups according to their specific job: fine and repetitive tasks and general tasks. Both groups reproduced tasks related to aiming movements, handling and strength of the upper limbs. There were no significant differences between groups in the dexterity and performance of aiming movements. However, the general tasks group had higher grip strength than the repetitive tasks group, demonstrating differences according to job specificity. The results suggest that a particular motor skill in a specific job cannot improve performance in other tasks with the same motor requirements. The transfer of the fine and gross motor skills from previous experience in a job-specific task is the basis for allocating training and guidance to workers.
Assuntos
Emprego , Destreza Motora , Extremidade Superior/fisiologia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Ergonomia , Feminino , Força da Mão/fisiologia , Humanos , Aprendizagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Movimento , Desempenho Psicomotor , Análise e Desempenho de TarefasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is an important tool for evaluating functional capacity and exercise tolerance. The reference equations for the 6MWT in healthy subjects were established on the basis of American and European populations, but reference equations have been proposed with different variables for the Brazilian population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the predictive validity of six reference equations for the six-minute walking distance (6MWD) in healthy adult men. METHODS: We evaluated 103 individuals in relation to level of physical activity (IPAQ), respiratory symptoms (MRC), handgrip strength, and 6MWD test. The data were submitted to a normality test, then the Bland-Altman agreement test was used to compare individual 6MWD values with that expected for each equation. RESULTS: The subjects were active, with a mean age of 34.12 (SD=8.88) years and no respiratory symptoms. The mean of the 6MWD was 663.43 (SD=93.01)m. The 6MWD's predicted values came closest to the walked distance covered by Britto et al.'s equation (using BMI) of 647.62 (SD=38.62)m. CONCLUSIONS: The equation proposed by Britto et al. using body mass index (BMI) was the closest to the 6MWD for the individuals studied and could be widely used as a reference tool during the 6MWT in healthy Brazilian men.
Assuntos
Tolerância ao Exercício/fisiologia , Força da Mão/fisiologia , Teste de Caminhada/métodos , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Short and long-term physical exercise induce physiological and structural changes in brain motor areas. The relationship between changes of structural and synaptic proteins in brain motor areas and acrobatic exercise is less understood. Our aim was to evaluate the expression of synapsin I (SYS), synaptophysin (SYP), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), neurofilament (NF), and a marker for recent neuronal activity (Egr-1) in the motor cortex, striatum and cerebellum of adult rats subjected to acrobatic exercise (AE, for 1-4 weeks). We used adult Wistar rats, divided into 4 groups based on duration of acrobatic training, namely 1 week (AE1, n=15), 2 weeks (AE2, n=15), 4 weeks (AE4, n=15), and sedentary (SED, n=15). In AE groups, the rats covered 5 times a circuit that was composed of obstacles, three times a week. The protein levels were analyzed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The results revealed that short-term AE (AE1 and AE2) induced MAP2 decreases and NF, SYP and Egr-1 increases in the motor cortex; an increase of MAP2, SYS and SYP in the dorsolateral striatum, whereas the dorsomedial striatum showed increased NF, SYS, SYP and Egr-1. Granular cerebellar layer showed increased NF and Egr-1, with increased NF and SYP in the molecular layer. Long-term AE (AE4) promoted an increase of MAP2, SYP and Egr-1 in motor cortex; MAP2, SYS and SYP in the dorsomedial striatum; and NF and Egr-1 in the cerebellar granular layer. In conclusion, our data suggest that different durations of AE induce distinct plastic responses among distinct cortical and subcortical circuits.
Assuntos
Córtex Motor/metabolismo , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Animais , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cerebelo/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de Resposta de Crescimento Precoce/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Ratos , Sinapsinas/metabolismo , Sinaptofisina/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Aging leads to several anatomical and functional deficits in circadian timing system. In previous works, we observed morphological alterations with age in hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei, one central component of this system. However, there are few data regarding aging effects on other central components of this system, such as thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (IGL). In this context, we studied possible age-related alterations in neurochemical components and retinal projections of rat IGL. For this goal, young (3 months), adult (13 months), and aged (23 months) Wistar rats were submitted to an intraocular injection of neural tracer, cholera toxin subunit b (CTb), 5 days before a tissue fixation process by paraformaldehyde perfusion. Optical density measurements and cell count were performed at digital pictures of brain tissue slices processed by immunostaining for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), enkephalin (ENK), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and CTb, characteristic markers of IGL and its retinal terminals. We found a significant age-related loss in NPY immunoreactive neurons, but not in immunoreactivity to GAD and ENK. We also found a decline of retinal projections to IGL with age. We conclude aging impairs both a photic environmental clue afferent to IGL and a neurochemical expression which has an important modulatory circadian function, providing strong anatomical correlates to functional deficits of the aged biological clock.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Ritmo Circadiano , Hipotálamo/química , Neuropeptídeo Y/metabolismo , Retina/química , Núcleo Supraquiasmático/química , Animais , Hipotálamo/citologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Retina/citologia , Núcleo Supraquiasmático/citologiaRESUMO
The use of tetrazolium test is important in the evaluation of seeds lot quality and it has been adopted for vigor and viability identification for several species. The interest on the production of oil radish is increasing since the seeds were considered a good source of oil for biofuel production. The development of the tetrazolium test methodology for seeds of this species can improve the seed quality control process, and additionally will provide information for the characterization of remaining seeds (dead or dormant) in the germination tests. To verify the ideal conditions to tetrazolium test was conducted two experiments. At the first, oil radish seeds cultivar CATI AL-1000, lots from 2001 and 2006 were submitted to imbibition between paper in water for 6 hours. After the longitudinal cut in the longest direction, the seeds were immersed in the tetrazolium solution at the concentrations of 0,075%, 0,5% and 1% at 25°C for 3h, 12h and 18h. In the second experiment, oil radish seeds cultivar CATI AL-1000 lot from 2005 and IPR 116 cultivar, lots from 2004 and 2005 were immersed in the concentrations of ,1%; 0,2%; 0,3% and 0,4% of tetrazolium solution for 12 hours at a 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and 40°C. At the first experiment was observed the necessity of test intermediate concentrations between 0,075% and 0,5%, since with 0,075% the seeds stained weakly and with 0,5% the test results, were overestimated. In the second experiment was observed that the 0,3% concentration at 30°C can be recommended for the utilization of tetrazolium test to evaluation of oil radish seeds viability.
A utilização do teste de tetrazólio é importante na avaliação da qualidade de lotes de sementes e vem sendo adotado para várias espécies na identificação do vigor e viabilidade. A adequação da metodologia do teste de tetrazólio para sementes de nabo forrageiro, espécie que vem se destacando como fonte de óleo para produção de biocombustíveis, poderia melhorar o processo de controle de qualidade. Além disso, a utilização do teste poderá fornecer subsídios para identificação de sementes remanescentes (mortas e dormentes) nos testes de germinação. Para verificar as condições ideais para a realização do teste de tetrazólio, em um 1º experimento as sementes de nabo forrageiro da cultivar CATI AL-1000, lotes de 2001 e 2006, foram submetidas à embebição entre papel em água por 6 horas. Após corte longitudinal no maior sentido as sementes foram imersas nas concentrações de 0,075%; 0,5% e 1,0% de solução de tetrazólio a 25ºC por 3 h, 12 h e 18 horas. Em um 2º experimento sementes de nabo forrageiro da cultivar CATI AL-1000, lote de 2005 e cultivar IPR 116 lotes de 2004 e 2005, foram imersas nas concentrações de 0,1%; 0,2%; 0,3% e 0,4% de solução de tetrazólio a 25°C, 30°C, 35°C e 40°C por 12 horas. Pelo 1º experimento foram observados a necessidade de testar concentrações intermediárias entre 0,075% e 0,5%, visto que, com 0,075% as sementes coloriram fracamente e com 0,5% os resultados do teste foram superestimados. No 2º experimento observou-se que a concentração 0,3% a 30°C pode ser recomendada para utilização no teste de tetrazólio para avaliação da viabilidade de sementes de nabo forrageiro.
Assuntos
Controle de Qualidade , Sementes , Óleos de Plantas , Raphanus , Brassica napusRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: Clinical measurement study. OBJECTIVES: To cross-culturally adapt the Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS), the Functional Index Questionnaire (FIQ), and the Pain Severity Scale (PSS) for patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) into Brazilian Portuguese. This study also aimed to test the measurement properties of the AKPS, the FIQ, and the PSS, and the existing Brazilian Portuguese versions of the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and the Global Perceived Effect scale in a group with PFPS. BACKGROUND: PFPS is a common condition. Therefore, translated, culturally adapted, and clinimetrically tested instruments for measuring PFPS are needed. METHODS: The AKPS, FIQ, and PSS instruments were cross-culturally adapted into Brazilian Portuguese. The measurement properties of the AKPS, FIQ, PSS, NPRS, and Global Perceived Effect scale (internal consistency, ceiling and floor effects, and construct validity) were tested in 83 patients with PFPS. The reproducibility and responsiveness were tested in 52 patients with PFPS in a test-retest design, with follow-up testing at 48 to 72 hours and at 4 weeks after baseline. RESULTS: The AKPS, the FIQ, and the PSS yielded adequate internal consistency (Cronbach alpha ranging from .75 to .87) and excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients [model 2,1] ranging from 0.90 to 0.97). The AKPS and the PSS yielded very good agreement (standard error of measurement, 2.9% and 3.5%, respectively). The highest correlations were observed among the AKPS, the FIQ, and the PSS (Pearson r>0.60, P<.05). No floor or ceiling effects were observed for any of the instruments. Effect sizes used for measuring internal responsiveness ranged from moderate to high for all measures. The NPRS and the AKPS were the measures with the highest external responsiveness. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese versions of the AKPS, FIQ, PSS, NPRS, and Global Perceived Effect scale have acceptable measurement properties.
Assuntos
Autoavaliação Diagnóstica , Síndrome da Dor Patelofemoral/diagnóstico , Adulto , Brasil/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome da Dor Patelofemoral/etnologia , Portugal/etnologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Systematic reviews are considered the best design to synthesize all existing information of a given research topic. To date, there is no study that investigated the quality of reporting of systematic reviews relevant to physical therapy published in Portuguese. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the quality of reporting of systematic reviews in the field of physical therapy published in Portuguese by using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) checklist. METHOD: All systematic reviews published in Portuguese that were indexed on PEDro database up to August 2011 were included. The quality of reporting of the eligible papers was analysed by using the PRISMA checklist. Each quality assessment was performed by two independent reviewers with arbitration of a third reviewer if necessary. RESULTS: A total of 37 systematic reviews were identified. These studies were published between 2003 and 2010. Less than 30% of the PRISMA checklist items were satisfied, being most of the items related to the introduction and discussion sections. No improvements over time were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the studies did not satisfy the items from the PRISMA Checklist. It seems that most of authors did not know the existence of this checklist. The implementation of reporting statements such as the PRISMA statement by Portuguese-written journals is likely to help authors to write their systematic reviews in a more transparent and clear way.
Assuntos
Modalidades de Fisioterapia , Editoração/normas , Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Bibliometria , IdiomaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Systematic reviews are considered the best design to synthesize all existing information of a given research topic. To date, there is no study that investigated the quality of reporting of systematic reviews relevant to physical therapy published in Portuguese. Objective: To analyse the quality of reporting of systematic reviews in the field of physical therapy published in Portuguese by using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) checklist. METHOD: All systematic reviews published in Portuguese that were indexed on PEDro database up to August 2011 were included. The quality of reporting of the eligible papers was analysed by using the PRISMA checklist. Each quality assessment was performed by two independent reviewers with arbitration of a third reviewer if necessary. RESULTS: A total of 37 systematic reviews were identified. These studies were published between 2003 and 2010. Less than 30% of the PRISMA checklist items were satisfied, being most of the items related to the introduction and discussion sections. No improvements over time were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the studies did not satisfy the items from the PRISMA Checklist. It seems that most of authors did not know the existence of this checklist. The implementation of reporting statements such as the PRISMA statement by Portuguese-written journals is likely to help authors to write their systematic reviews in a more transparent and clear way.
CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: As revisões sistemáticas são consideradas a melhor forma de sintetizar toda a informação existente sobre um determinado tópico, porém não se conhece, até o momento, a qualidade da apresentação textual das revisões sistemáticas em fisioterapia publicadas no idioma português. Objetivo: Analisar a apresentação textual de revisões sistemáticas em fisioterapia publicadas no idioma português utilizando as recomendações PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). MÉTODO: Foram analisadas todas as revisões sistemáticas apresentadas na base de dados PEDro até o mês de agosto de 2011. Para a análise da descrição textual foi utilizada a lista de verificação PRISMA. Cada revisão foi avaliada por pares de revisores independentes e, em caso de discordância entre os pares, um terceiro avaliador fez a arbitragem final. RESULTADOS: Foram identificadas 37 revisões sistemáticas que foram publicadas entre os anos de 2003 e 2010. Menos de 30% dos itens da lista de verificação PRISMA foram descritos pelos autores, sendo que a maioria dos itens satisfeitos se refere às seções de introdução e discussão. Observou-se que não houve um aumento na adesão aos itens recomendados para a apresentação textual com o passar do tempo. CONCLUSÕES: A adesão aos critérios preconizados pela lista de verificação da PRISMA é baixa para revisões sistemáticas publicadas no idioma português, o que pode ser reflexo do desconhecimento da existência de tais recomendações. A implementação de recomendações aos autores pelos periódicos nacionais poderá auxiliar os autores na redação de seus artigos, melhorando a clareza com que reportam seus estudos.
Assuntos
Modalidades de Fisioterapia , Editoração/normas , Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Bibliometria , IdiomaRESUMO
The plastic brain responses generated by the training with acrobatic exercise (AE) and with treadmill exercise (TE) may be different. We evaluated the protein expression of synapsin I (SYS), synaptophysin (SYP), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and neurofilaments (NF) by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting in the motor cortex, striatum and cerebellum of rats subjected to TE and AE. Young adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: sedentary (Sed) (n=15), TE (n=20) and AE (n=20). The rats were trained 3 days/week for 4 weeks on a treadmill at 0.6 km/h, 40 min/day (TE), or moved through a circuit of obstacles 5 times/day (AE). The rats from the TE group exhibited a significant increase of SYS and SYP in the motor cortex, of NF68, SYS and SYP in the striatum, and of MAP2, NF and SYS in the cerebellum, whereas NF was decreased in the motor cortex and the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. On the other hand, the rats from the AE group showed a significant increase of MAP2 and SYP in the motor cortex, of all four proteins in the striatum, and of SYS in the cerebellum. In conclusion, AE induced changes in the expression of synaptic and structural proteins mainly in the motor cortex and striatum, which may underlie part of the learning of complex motor tasks. TE, on the other hand, promoted more robust changes of structural proteins in all three regions, especially in the cerebellum, which is involved in learned and automatic tasks.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/biossíntese , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Animais , Western Blotting , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/análise , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sinapses/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fall-related factors in older adults with different levels of physical activity, within a multidimensional approach, have not been widely investigated. OBJECTIVE: To explore fall-related factors among older adults with different physical activity levels. METHODS: A cross-sectional, exploratory study with 118 older adult outpatients. Participants who reported at least one fall in the previous 12 months were considered fallers. The activity level was assessed through the Human Activity Profile. A cutoff of 54 points was used to define the less active group and the more active group. A multidimensional questionnaire and a set of physical functioning tests were applied. RESULTS: Fall prevalence was lower among the more active older adults (47.4%) when compared with the less active older adults (71.4%) (p<0.013). Logistic regression analysis showed that, among the more active group, falls were associated with: depressive symptoms (OR=0.747, 95%CI=0.575-0.970; p=0.029), concern about falling (OR=1.17, 95%CI=1.072-1.290; p=0.001), and self-selected walking speed (OR=0.030, 95%CI=0.004-0.244; p=0.001). For the less active group, the model was composed of age (OR=1.197, 95%CI=1.032-1.387; p=0.017) and functional disability (OR=14.447, 95%CI=1.435-145.45; p=0.023). CONCLUSION: For the more active older adults, reduced self-efficacy suggests that falling can trigger some protective behavior, such as slower gait and depressive symptoms, but the casual link between falls and these outcomes should be further investigated. These data emphasize that physical therapists should be aware that there are differences in fall-related factors depending on the older patients' physical activity level, and this must be considered when planning interventions for this population.
CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: Fatores relacionados a quedas em idosos com diferentes níveis de atividade física, por meio de uma abordagem multidimensional, não têm sido amplamente investigados. OBJETIVO: Explorar os fatores relacionados a quedas em idosos com diferentes níveis de atividade física. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal exploratório com 118 pacientes idosos ambulatoriais. Participantes que relataram ao menos uma queda nos últimos 12 meses foram considerados caidores. O nível de atividade física foi avaliado por meio do Perfil de Atividade Humana (PAH). O ponto de corte de 54 pontos foi usado para definir o grupo menos ativo e o grupo mais ativo. Um questionário multidimensional e uma bateria de testes físico-funcionais foram utilizados. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de quedas foi menor no grupo de idosos mais ativos (47,4%) quando comparada à dos idosos menos ativos (71,4%) (p<0,013). A análise de regressão logística multivariada identificou que, no grupo mais ativo, ter caído estava associado a sintomas depressivos (OR=0,747, IC95%=0,575-0,970; p=0,029), preocupação em cair (OR=1,17, IC95%=1,072-1,290; p=0,001) e velocidade de marcha autosselecionada (OR=0,030, IC95%=0,004-0,244; p=0,001). Para o grupo menos ativo, o modelo foi composto de idade (OR=1,197, IC95%=1,032-1,387; p=0,017) e incapacidade funcional (OR=14,447, IC95%=1,435-145,45; p=0,023). CONCLUSÃO: Para os idosos mais ativos, a redução na autoeficácia pode sugerir que cair desencadeia alguns comportamentos protetores, tais como lentidão na marcha e sintomas depressivos, mas a relação causal entre quedas e esses desfechos devem ser mais investigados. Esses dados enfatizam que os fisioterapeutas devem ficar atentos ao fato de que há diferenças nos fatores relacionados a quedas, dependendo do nível de atividade física dos pacientes idosos, e isso deve ser considerado ao se planejarem intervenções para tal população.
Assuntos
Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Acidentes por Quedas/estatística & dados numéricos , Atividade Motora , Fatores Etários , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fall-related factors in older adults with different levels of physical activity, within a multidimensional approach, have not been widely investigated. OBJECTIVE: To explore fall-related factors among older adults with different physical activity levels. METHODS: A cross-sectional, exploratory study with 118 older adult outpatients. Participants who reported at least one fall in the previous 12 months were considered fallers. The activity level was assessed through the Human Activity Profile. A cutoff of 54 points was used to define the less active group and the more active group. A multidimensional questionnaire and a set of physical functioning tests were applied. RESULTS: Fall prevalence was lower among the more active older adults (47.4%) when compared with the less active older adults (71.4%) (p<0.013). Logistic regression analysis showed that, among the more active group, falls were associated with: depressive symptoms (OR=0.747, 95%CI=0.575-0.970; p=0.029), concern about falling (OR=1.17, 95%CI=1.072-1.290; p=0.001), and self-selected walking speed (OR=0.030, 95%CI=0.004-0.244; p=0.001). For the less active group, the model was composed of age (OR=1.197, 95%CI=1.032-1.387; p=0.017) and functional disability (OR=14.447, 95%CI=1.435-145.45; p=0.023). CONCLUSION: For the more active older adults, reduced self-efficacy suggests that falling can trigger some protective behavior, such as slower gait and depressive symptoms, but the casual link between falls and these outcomes should be further investigated. These data emphasize that physical therapists should be aware that there are differences in fall-related factors depending on the older patients' physical activity level, and this must be considered when planning interventions for this population.
Assuntos
Acidentes por Quedas/estatística & dados numéricos , Atividade Motora , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to analyze the plastic effects of moderate exercise upon the motor cortex (M1 and M2 areas), cerebellum (Cb), and striatum (CPu) of the rat brain. This assessment was made by verifying the expression of AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1 and GluR2/3). We used adult Wistar rats, divided into 5 groups based on duration of exercise training, namely 3 days (EX3), 7 days (EX7), 15 days (EX15), 30 days (EX30), and sedentary (S). The exercised animals were subjected to a treadmill exercise protocol at the speed of the 10 meters/min for 40 min. After exercise, the brains were subjected to immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting to analyze changes of GluR1 and GluR2/3, and plasma corticosterone was measured by ELISA in order to verify potential stress induced by physical training. Overall, the results of immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were similar and revealed that GluR subunits show distinct responses over the exercise periods and for the different structures analyzed. In general, there was increased expression of GluR subunits after longer exercise periods (such as EX30), although some opposite effects were seen after short periods of exercise (EX3). In a few cases, biphasic patterns with decreases and subsequent increases of GluR expression were seen and may represent the outcome of exercise-dependent, complex regulatory processes. The data show that the protocol used was able to promote plastic GluR changes during exercise, suggesting a specific involvement of these receptors in exercise-induced plasticity processes in the brain areas tested.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Animais , Cerebelo/fisiologia , Corpo Estriado/fisiologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Córtex Motor/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Corrida/fisiologiaRESUMO
Aging can lead to cognitive, affective, learning, memory and motor deficits. Since the cerebellum and glutamatergic neurotransmission are involved in several of those functions, the present work aimed at studying the expression of AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptor subunits in the chick cerebellum during aging. Young (30 days old) and aged (ca. 4 years old) chickens (Gallus gallus) were used in order to evaluate the expression of GluR1, GluR2/3 and NR1 subunits. The cerebella of young and aged chickens were subjected to immunohistochemical and immunoblotting techniques. Numbers of GluR1, GluR2/3 and NR1-positive cells and optical density of the immunoblotting data were analyzed and submitted to statistical analysis using ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc test. Mean density of Purkinje cells stained for Giemsa, GluR1, GluR2/3 and NR1 in the cerebellum all showed a statistically significant decrease in aged animals when compared to the young animals (Giemsa, P<0.01; GluRs and NR1, P<0.03). However, the ratio of GluR1 and GluR2/3-positive Purkinje cells in relation the total number of Purkinje cells found in each time point decreased with aging (ca. 10%), whereas the ratio of NR1-positive cells increased (ca. 9%). The immunoblotting data showed a significant decrease of GluR1 (ca. 66%) and GluR2/3 (ca. 55%) protein expression with aging, but did not reveal changes for NR1. Our data suggest that aging can lead to differential changes in the pattern of expression of glutamate receptor subunits, which can underlie at least part of the cognitive and motor disorders found in aged animals.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Proteínas Aviárias/metabolismo , Cerebelo/metabolismo , Células de Purkinje/metabolismo , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/patologia , Animais , Contagem de Células , Cerebelo/patologia , Galinhas , Immunoblotting , Imuno-Histoquímica , Células de Purkinje/patologia , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: There is scarce information about immune function and parenteral fish oil (FO). The influence of a new parenteral lipid emulsion (LE) containing fish oil (SMOF) was experimentally evaluated on neutrophils' chemotaxis and macrophages' phagocytosis. METHODS: Adult male Lewis rats (n=40) were randomized into five groups; one non-surgical control and four to receive parenteral LE or saline infusion through jugular vein catheterization: SMOF (mixture of 30% medium-chain triglycerides, 30% soybean, 25% olive and 15% fish oils); MCT/LCT (physical mixture of 50% medium-chain triglycerides and 50% soybean oil); MCT/LCT/FO (80% MCT/LCT supplemented with 20% FO) and SS (saline). In the 5th experimental day and after intravenous colloidal carbon injection, blood and tissue (liver, lung and spleen) samples were collected and immunological analyses were performed. RESULTS: LE didn't influence neutrophil chemotaxis. SMOF didn't influence phagocytosis (p>0.05) while MCT/LCT and MCT/LCT/FO LE increased the number of liver and lung resident macrophages that had engaged in phagocytosis compared with CO-NS and SS (p<0.05). Only MCT/LCT/FO increased the number of spleen resident macrophages that had engaged in phagocytosis (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: LE, independently of composition, had no influence on neutrophils' chemotaxis, but showed different effect on phagocytosis by macrophages. SMOF LE had neutral effect while fish oil LE enriched with MCT/LCT LE increased resident-macrophages' phagocytosis.
Assuntos
Quimiotaxia/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Nutrição Parenteral , Fagocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Quimiotaxia/imunologia , Emulsões Gordurosas Intravenosas/química , Emulsões Gordurosas Intravenosas/farmacologia , Óleos de Peixe/química , Fígado/citologia , Fígado/imunologia , Pulmão/citologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Masculino , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Fagocitose/imunologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Baço/citologia , Baço/imunologiaRESUMO
A partir de uma experiência pessoal, de profundo impacto emocional, evocada pela escultura Êxtase de Santa Teresa, de Gian Lorenzo Bernini, desenvolvo algumas idéias sobre as relações entre erotismo e experiência religiosa. Destaco a íntima conexão entre erotismo e religião na arte do período barroco, bem como a escassez de textos psicanalíticos enfocando essa relação. Teço algumas considerações sobre a relação entre psicanálise, religião e erotismo, a partir das idéias de Freud.(AU)
For a personal experience of profound emotional impact evoked frm Gian Lorenzo Berninis Saint Thereza Ecstasy some ideas about the relationship between erotism and religion have been developed. The intimate connection between erotism and religion in the art during the baroque period, as well as, the lack of psychoanalytic texts showing that relationship, is emphasized. Some ideas about the relationship between psychoanalysis, religion and erotism are discussed.(AU)
Partiendo de una experiencia personal, de profundo impacto emocional, evocada por Lo éxtasis de Santa Teresa de Gian Lorenzo Bernini, desenvuelvo algunas ideas sobre las relaciones entre erotismo e experiencia. religiosa. Destaco la profunda conexión entre erotismo e religión en la arte del período barroco, bien como la escasez de textos psicoanalíticos enfocando tal relación. Desenvuelvo algunas consideraciones acerca de la relación entre psicoanálisis, religión e erotismo, a partir de las ideas de Freud.(AU)