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Variations of the renal veins are well described in the literature, although variations concerning the ureter are considered a rare finding in cats. The circumcaval ureter is one of the rarest variations of the ureter and is characterised by a loop of the ureter posterior to the caudal vena cava. This variant is also known as preureteral vena cava and retrocaval ureter. It is thought to be caused by a deviation during embryonic development of the aforementioned vein. Due to its rarity, there are scarce reports of the circumcaval ureter in cats, and its association with two renal veins makes it less common as well. These variations should be preoperatively identified in order to avoid complications in kidney transplants, ureteral surgeries and cystoscopies, for instance. The present work aims to report two cases of a circumcaval ureter with two renal veins in two different Brazilian shorthair cats (Felis catus).

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The cephalic vein arises from the radial end of the dorsal venous arch. It turns around the radial border of the forearm and passes proximally along the arm to the shoulder, where it enters the axillary vein by penetrating the clavipectoral triangle. The cephalic vein is prone to vary at the antecubital fossa, where it forms numerous anastomoses. A male cadaver fixated with a 10% formalin solution was dissected during regular anatomy lessons. It was found that the cephalic vein crossed the upper third of the arm between two fasciculi of the deltoid muscle and reached the shoulder, where it passed above the acromion and crossed the posterior border of the clavicle in order to join the external jugular vein. The cephalic vein is one of the most used veins for innumerous activities, such as venipunctures and arteriovenous fistula creation. Furthermore, it is an anatomical landmark known for its consistent anatomy, as it possesses low rates of variability. Despite that, its anatomical variations are clinically and surgically significant and healthcare professionals must be aware of the variations of this vessel. We aim to report a rarely described variation of the cephalic vein and discuss its embryological, phylogenetic and clinical features.

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The quadrangular space is a space in the axilla bounded by the inferior margin of the teres minor muscle, the superior margin of the teres major muscle, the lateral margin of the long head of the triceps brachii muscle and the surgical neck of the humerus, medially. The axillary nerve (C5-C6) and the posterior circumflex humeral artery and veins pass through this space in order to supply their territories. The subscapularis muscle is situated into the scapular fossa and inserts itself into the lesser tubercle of the humerus, thus helping stabilize the shoulder joint. A supernumerary muscle known as accessory subscapularis muscle originates from the anterior surface of the muscle and usually inserts itself into the shoulder joint. It is a rare variation with few reports of its existence and incidence. We present a case of the accessory subscapularis muscle in a male cadaver fixated with a 10% formalin solution. The muscle passed anteriorly to the axillary nerve, thus, predisposing an individual to quadrangular space compression syndrome. We perform a review of the literature and address its clinical, anthropological and anatomical significance.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of application of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) at low and high frequencies to the abdomens of Swiss mice throughout pregnancy. DESIGN: Experimental animal study. SETTING: Research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty Swiss mice received TENS throughout pregnancy. They were divided into three groups (n=10): placebo, low-frequency TENS (LF group) and high-frequency TENS (HF group). INTERVENTIONS: In the placebo group, the electrodes were applied to the abdominal region without any electrical current. In the LF group, the frequency was 10 Hz, pulse duration was 200 µs and intensity started at 2 mA. In the HF group, the same parameters were applied and the frequency was 150 Hz. All stimulation protocols were applied for 20 min/day from Day 0 until Day 20. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The pregnant mice were weighed on Days 0, 7, 14 and 20 to verify weekly weight gain by two-way analysis of variance. The numbers of fetuses, placentas, implantations, resorptions and major external fetal malformations on Day 20 were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the placebo and TENS groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Application of low- and high-frequency TENS to the abdomens of pregnant mice did not cause any deleterious or major teratogenic effects.

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Metacercarias do gênero Austrodiplostomum (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) são frequentemente encontradas parasitando olhos de peixes de água doce devido a sua ampla distribuição geográfica e baixa especificidade. No entanto, a simples identificação morfológica de espécie não é aconselhável devido à alta similaridade interespecífica. Sabidamente os digenéticos utilizam-se dos peixes como hospedeiros intermediários, concluindo seu ciclo de vida geralmente em aves piscívoras. A parasitose ocular provoca alterações patológicas que afetam a visão do peixe, fazendo com que este fique mais tempo na superfície da coluna de água, facilitando, assim, sua predação. Objetivou-se com este trabalho relatar a ocorrência de metacercárias de Austrodiplostomum sp. em 80% dos 10 espécimes de Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) coletados no reservatório de Bariri localizado no rio Tietê no Estado de São Paulo em Setembro de 2014 e identificados no Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária da FAEF em Garça. Os índices parasitários encontrados para estes peixes coletados foram: intensidade média, 15,25; abundância média 12,2 e amplitude 4-21. Na região de coleta foram encontrados muitos animais piscívoros que podem se alimentar de P. squamosissimus, mesmo esta espécie sendo exótica neste ambiente. Este registro parasitológico aumenta a distribuição geográfica do parasi

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A aquicultura é definida como a criação de organismos aquáticos. Atualmente, é uma atividade que vem se desenvolvendo, a cada ano, por ser uma alternativa de produção de alimentos, além das finalidades esportivas e de ornamentação. Entretanto, alguns parasitos que se alojam no tecido cutâneo do hospedeiro podem prejudicar o desempenho zootécnico do peixe bem como sua atratividade, podendo ocorrer alteração de coloração, inflamação e até escoriações no animal. Os protozoários ectoparasitos podem causar doenças quando condições nutricionais, limnológicas e zootécnicas da criação desfavorecem o equilíbrio provocando estresse aos peixes. Devido a isso, estudos sobre parasitofauna de peixes tornam-se importantes. O estudo realizado na Faculdade de Ensino Superior e Formação Integral FAEF analisou amostras de raspado cutâneo de 30 espécimes. Foram utilizados sete peixes de cada espécies sendo elas: Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, 1846, Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachne, 1882), Astyanas spp (Linnaeus, 1758), Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840) e dois Leporinus friderici (Block, 1794) coletados em loja de aquarismo e as duas últimas espécies em ambiente natural no município de Garça - SP. Os peixes de cada espécie foram submetidos a raspagens da superfície corpórea, com exceção da cabeça, no sentido crânio-caudal e de ambos os lados do corpo. O material coletado foi depositado em lâm

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Metacercarias do gênero Austrodiplostomum (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) são frequentemente encontradas parasitando olhos de peixes de água doce devido a sua ampla distribuição geográfica e baixa especificidade. No entanto, a simples identificação morfológica de espécie não é aconselhável devido à alta similaridade interespecífica. Sabidamente os digenéticos utilizam-se dos peixes como hospedeiros intermediários, concluindo seu ciclo de vida geralmente em aves piscívoras. A parasitose ocular provoca alterações patológicas que afetam a visão do peixe, fazendo com que este fique mais tempo na superfície da coluna de água, facilitando, assim, sua predação. Objetivou-se com este trabalho relatar a ocorrência de metacercárias de Austrodiplostomum sp. em 80% dos 10 espécimes de Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) coletados no reservatório de Bariri localizado no rio Tietê no Estado de São Paulo em Setembro de 2014 e identificados no Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária da FAEF em Garça. Os índices parasitários encontrados para estes peixes coletados foram: intensidade média, 15,25; abundância média 12,2 e amplitude 4-21. Na região de coleta foram encontrados muitos animais piscívoros que podem se alimentar de P. squamosissimus, mesmo esta espécie sendo exótica neste ambiente. Este registro parasitológico aumenta a distribuição geográfica do parasi

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Parasitos, de modo geral, não causam a morte, porém provocam alterações no desempenho produtivo de seus hospedeiros. Frequentemente, em criações de pequenos ruminantes ocorrem surtos de parasitoses gastrointestinais, em especial provocadas por Nematodas da Ordem Strogylida. Estes agentes potencialmente patogênicos não são eliminados e sim controlados. Para o controle da situação parasitária do rebanho de pequenos ruminantes da FAEF, foi realizado, em Julho de 2015, exames coproparasitológicos quantitativos (OPG) de 20 ovinos e 20 caprinos adultos, para observação de ovos tipo Strongylida. Esta etapa foi denominada Momento Zero (MZ). Repetiu-se o exame dos mesmos animais cinco dias após a administração de Closantel 7,5 g Via Oral na dose de 1 mL para cada 10 Kg. No MZ, foram encontradas prevalências de 75% dos ovinos e 100% dos caprinos com ovos tipo Strongylida e as infecções foram classificadas em moderada (>500 OPG) e alta (>1000 OPG), sendo que 93,3 % dos ovinos e 70% dos caprinos parasitados apresentavam infestação alta . Após o tratamento, as infecções encontradas foram leves (

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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors are overexpressed in most neoplastic cell lines and provide a mechanism for the internalization and concentration of drug-laden nanoemulsions that bind to these receptors. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the administration of standard chemotherapeutic schemes can alter the expression of LDL and LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) receptors in breast carcinoma. Fragments of tumoral and normal breast tissue from 16 consecutive volunteer women with breast cancer in stage II or III were obtained from biopsies before the beginning of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and after chemotherapy, from fragments excised during mastectomy. Tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for both receptors. Because complete response to treatment was achieved in 4 patients, only the tumors from 12 were analyzed. Before chemotherapy, there was overexpression of LDL receptor in the tumoral tissue compared to normal breast tissue in 8 of these patients. LRP-1 receptor overexpression was observed in tumors of 4 patients. After chemotherapy, expression of both receptors decreased in the tumors of 6 patients, increased in 4 and was unchanged in 2. Nonetheless, even when chemotherapy reduced receptors expression, the expression was still above normal. The fact that chemotherapy does not impair LDL receptors expression supports the use of drug carrier systems that target neoplastic cells by the LDL receptor endocytic pathway in patients on conventional chemotherapy.

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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors are overexpressed in most neoplastic cell lines and provide a mechanism for the internalization and concentration of drug-laden nanoemulsions that bind to these receptors. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the administration of standard chemotherapeutic schemes can alter the expression of LDL and LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) receptors in breast carcinoma. Fragments of tumoral and normal breast tissue from 16 consecutive volunteer women with breast cancer in stage II or III were obtained from biopsies before the beginning of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and after chemotherapy, from fragments excised during mastectomy. Tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for both receptors. Because complete response to treatment was achieved in 4 patients, only the tumors from 12 were analyzed. Before chemotherapy, there was overexpression of LDL receptor in the tumoral tissue compared to normal breast tissue in 8 of these patients. LRP-1 receptor overexpression was observed in tumors of 4 patients. After chemotherapy, expression of both receptors decreased in the tumors of 6 patients, increased in 4 and was unchanged in 2. Nonetheless, even when chemotherapy reduced receptors expression, the expression was still above normal. The fact that chemotherapy does not impair LDL receptors expression supports the use of drug carrier systems that target neoplastic cells by the LDL receptor endocytic pathway in patients on conventional chemotherapy.

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The germination response of Ocotea pulchella (Nees) Mez seeds to light, temperature, water level and pulp presence is introduced. The laboratory assays were carried out in germination chambers and thermal-gradient apparatus, whereas the field assays were performed in environments with distinct light, temperature and soil moisture conditions within a permanent parcel of Restinga forest of the Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, São Paulo. The seeds do not exhibit dormancy, they are non photoblastic, and a loss of viability in dry stored seeds can be related to a decrease in water content of the seed. The presence of the pulp and the flooded substratum influenced negatively the germination of O. pulchella seeds tested in the laboratory. Otherwise, light and temperature probably are not limiting factors of the germination of O. pulchella seeds in the natural environment of Restinga. The optimum temperature range for germination of Ocotea pulchella seeds was 20 to 32 degrees C, the minimum or base temperature estimated was 11 degrees C and the maximum ranged between 33 and 42 degrees C. The isotherms exhibited a sigmoidal pattern well described by the Weibull model in the sub-optimal temperature range. The germinability of O. pulchella seeds in the understorey, both in wet and dry soil, was higher than in gaps. Germination was not affected by fluctuations in soil moisture content in the understorey environment, whereas in gaps, germination was higher in wet soils. Thus, the germination of this species involves the interaction of two or more factors and it cannot be explained by a single factor.

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The germination response of Ocotea pulchella (Nees) Mez seeds to light, temperature, water level and pulp presence is introduced. The laboratory assays were carried out in germination chambers and thermal-gradient apparatus, whereas the field assays were performed in environments with distinct light, temperature and soil moisture conditions within a permanent parcel of Restinga forest of the Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, São Paulo. The seeds do not exhibit dormancy, they are non photoblastic, and a loss of viability in dry stored seeds can be related to a decrease in water content of the seed. The presence of the pulp and the flooded substratum influenced negatively the germination of O. pulchella seeds tested in the laboratory. Otherwise, light and temperature probably are not limiting factors of the germination of O. pulchella seeds in the natural environment of Restinga. The optimum temperature range for germination of Ocotea pulchella seeds was 20 to 32 ºC, the minimum or base temperature estimated was 11 ºC and the maximum ranged between 33 and 42 ºC. The isotherms exhibited a sigmoidal pattern well described by the Weibull model in the sub-optimal temperature range. The germinability of O. pulchella seeds in the understorey, both in wet and dry soil, was higher than in gaps. Germination was not affected by fluctuations in soil moisture content in the understorey environment, whereas in gaps, germination was higher in wet soils. Thus, the germination of this species involves the interaction of two or more factors and it cannot be explained by a single factor.

É apresentada a germinação de sementes de Ocotea pulchella (Nees) Mez em resposta a: luz, temperatura, nível de água e presença de polpa. Os ensaios de laboratório foram realizados em câmaras de germinação e em equipamento de gradiente térmico, e os de campo, em ambientes com diferentes condições de luz, temperatura e umidade no solo, em uma parcela permanente em floresta de Restinga no Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, São Paulo. As sementes de Ocotea pulchella não possuem dormência, são afotoblásticas, e a perda de viabilidade de sementes armazenadas a seco pode estar relacionada a um decréscimo no seu conteúdo de água. A presença da polpa e o substrato alagado afetaram negativamente a germinação de O. pulchella em laboratório. Luz e temperatura não são provavelmente fatores limitantes da germinação de sementes de O. pulchella no ambiente natural da Restinga. A faixa térmica ótima de germinação foi de 20 a 32 ºC; a temperatura mínima ou base foi estimada em 11 ºC; e a temperatura máxima variou de 33 a 42 ºC. As isotermas na faixa térmica infraótima exibem padrão sigmoidal e foram bem descritas pelo modelo de Weibull. A germinabilidade no sub-bosque, tanto em solo com maior umidade como em solo mais seco, foi maior do que em clareira. No sub-bosque não houve diferença na germinação em relação a variações na umidade do solo, ao passo que em clareiras a germinabilidade foi maior em solo mais úmido. Assim, a germinação dessa espécie deve ser função da interação de fatores, não podendo ser explicada apenas por um único fator.

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Intrasacral meningoceles are rare conditions that can cause symptoms of nerve root compression. We report a case of a 18-year-old female, who presented with urinary incontinence. The neurological and urological evaluation revealed lack of detrusor muscle reflex. This finding supported the hypothesis of spinal disraphism. Magnetic resonance image revealed an intrasacral meningocele. The patient was submitted to surgical excision of the lesion without postoperative complications. In the present paper, the pathogenesis, clinical picture, neuroradiological findings and surgical treatment are discussed.

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Os autores apresentam uma analise dos resultados pos-operatorios de 50 pes operados de hallux valgus com media de 36 meses de seguimento. Usou-se em todos os casos uma tecnica de osteotomia distal do primeiro metatarsiano segundo Hohmann na modificacao de Henning, que acrescentou a fixacao da osteotomia com fio de Kirschner percutaneo. Compararam-se as variacoes pre e pos-operatorias dos angulos intermetatarsico e de valgismo do hallux, da protrusao relativa do primeiro metatarsiano, bem como o grau de deslocamento da cabeca do primeiro metatarsiano e sua angulacao nos planos frontal e sagital. Conclui-se que, com avalicao criteriosa pre-operatoria de cada pe, com aplicacao precisa da tecnica e tratamento pos-operatorio adequado, chega-se a uma percentagem de bons resultados equivalente a melhor estatistica encontrada na literatura, apesar de os criterios de avaliacao deste trabalho terem sido mais rigidos

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