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PURPOSE: To identify the best internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS), comparing different instrument structures (structural validity) and correlating the scores of the versions (criterion validity). METHODS: We included Brazilian volunteers, aged ≥ 18 years, with patellofemoral pain (PFP) for at least 3 months. We used the confirmatory factor analysis and considered the following fit indices: chi-square/degrees of freedom (DF), comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). We considered the structure with the lowest values of the Akaike information criterion (AIC), sample size adjusted Bayesian information criterion (SABIC), and assessed criterion validity using Pearson correlation coefficient (r) to correlate the long and short versions. RESULTS: The study included 101 participants, mostly women (65.3%), young adults (~ 31 years old), overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2), incomplete higher education (37.6%), and physically active (64.4%). The original 1-domain, 13-item structure showed adequate fit indices (chi-square/GL < 3.00, TLI and CFI > 0.90, and RMSEA < 0, 08). However, items 11 and 12 had a factorial load of less than 0.23. Therefore, we excluded items 11 and 12 and found adequate fit indices (chi-square/GL < 3.00, TLI and CFI > 0.90, and RMSEA < 0, 08) and lower AIC and SABIC values. We observed a correlation coefficient above the acceptable cutoff of 0.70 (r = 0.966, p-value < 0.001) between the versions. CONCLUSION: The 11-item AKPS (without items 11 and 12) is the version with the most adequate internal structure and correlates satisfactorily with the long version of the instrument.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the intra- and inter-examiner reliability of the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) captured by a Polar cardio frequency meter in individuals with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Methods: The study included 35 individuals with nonspecific low back pain, both sexes, aged 18 to 45. We used a Polar V800 cardio frequency meter to capture HRV in individuals in different positions, and we calculated the reliability through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: Regarding intra-examiner reliability, we found excellent reliability of HRV analysis in the supine position (ICC ranging from 0.89 to 1.00) and in the standing position (ICC ranging from 0.95 to 0.99). In addition, for inter-examiner reliability, we found substantial to excellent reliability of the HRV analysis in the supine position (ICC ranging from 0.76 to 0.98) and moderate to excellent reliability in the standing position (ICC ranging from 0.73 to 0.99). Conclusion: The HRV analysis captured by a Polar cardio frequency meter presented adequate reliability when considering different times and different examiners.

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BACKGROUND: Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire for general pain (RMDQ-g) is an instrument adapted to assess disability in patients with pain in any region of the body. OBJECTIVE: To perform the structural and criterion validity of the RMDQ-g in Brazilian patients with chronic pain. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: We included native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, of both sexes, aged ≥18 years, with pain for at least 3 months in any region of the body. Participants eligible for the study responded to an online form containing personal and clinical data, and assessment instruments. We used the confirmatory factor analysis and considered the following fit indices: chi-square/degree of freedom (DF), comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). In the comparison between models, we considered the structure with the lowest values of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and sample-size adjusted Bayesian information criterion (SABIC). We assessed criterion validity via Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho) to correlate the long and short versions. RESULTS: The study consisted of 297 participants with chronic pain. The main sites of pain were the lumbar region (40.7%), thoracic (21.5%), and neck (19.5%). Mean pain intensity was greater than 5 points. The 24-item long version and the 15-item short version had adequate fit indices (chi-square/DF ≤ 1.77, CFI ≥0.97, TLI ≥0.96, and RMSEA ≤0.05). However, when comparing structures, the short version was the most appropriate because it had the lowest values of AIC (2562.05) and SABIC (2577.72). Criterion validity was acceptable (rho = 0.94) and internal consistency as well (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87). CONCLUSION: The structural validity and criterion validity of the RMDQ-g with one domain and 15 items is the most appropriate version and should be considered in the clinical environment and in research for measuring disability in patients with chronic pain in any region of the body.

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Abstract The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of two different types of resistance training programming (linear and daily undulating) on submaximal strength and functional capacity in elderly women. Twenty-two participants (64 ± 3 years) were randomly assigned to 2 training groups: linear programming (LP; n=12) and daily undulating programming (DUP; n =10). Functional capacity and submaximal strength (10RM) were analyzed before and after 12 weeks of resistance training. The results demonstrated improvement on strength and functional capacity after the resistance training period (p ≤ 0.05), except for the Bench Press (p = 0.30), for both groups DUP and LP. The Effect Size was, respectively, high for DUP (timed up and go test = -2.07, and timed sit test= 4.69), and high for LP (horizontal leg press = 2.35). For all other results, the effect size was trivial or small. No statistical difference was observed between programming models. The LP and DUP trainnings have similar results in increasing submaximal muscle strength in elderly women inexperienced in RT after 12 weeks of intervention (p ≤ 0,05). However, DUP appears to be more effective in increasing functional capacity. In practice, the professional can use both the LP and the DUP to improve the level of fitness in the early stages of training in this population. However, when the goal of programming is to increase functional capacity, DUP can be prioritized.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o efeito de dois tipos diferentes de programação do treinamento de força (linear e ondulatório diário) na força submáxima e na capacidade funcional de mulheres idosas. Vinte e duas participantes (64 ± 3 anos) foram randomizados em 2 grupos experimentais: programação linear (PL; n=12) e programação ondulatória diária (POD; n=10). A capacidade funcional e a força submáxima (10RM) foram avaliadas antes e depois das 12 semanas de treinamento de força. Os resultados demonstraram melhora da força submáxima e da capacidade funcional após o período de treinamento (p ≤ 0,05), exceto para o exercício supino (p = 0,30), para ambos os grupos POD e PL. Foi encontrado um tamanho de efeito grande para a POD nos testes de sentar e caminhar = -2,07 e teste de sentar e levantar = 4,69, bem como na PL para o exercício leg press horizontal = 2,35. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os modelos de programação. As programações LP e DUP têm resultados semelhantes no aumento da força muscular submáxima em mulheres idosas inexperientes em TR após 12 semanas de intervenção (p ≤ 0,05). No entanto, o DUP parece ser mais eficaz para aumentar a capacidade funcional. Na prática, o profissional pode usar tanto o LP quanto o DUP para melhorar o nível de condicionamento físico nos estágios iniciais do treinamento nessa população. Porém, quando o objetivo da programação é aumentar a capacidade funcional, o DUP pode ser priorizado.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare heart rate variability (HRV) between patients with chronic neck pain and patients with chronic low back pain and to correlate the chronic pain variables with heart rate variability indices. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. We divided the sample into two groups: neck pain (n=30) and low back pain (n=30). We used the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Neck Disability Index, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. For heart rate variability analysis, we used the following indices: mean RR, standard deviation of all RR intervals, mean heart rate, root mean square differences of successive RR intervals, triangular index, triangular interpolation of the interval histogram, low-frequency band in arbitrary units and in absolute values, high-frequency band in arbitrary units and in absolute values, standard deviation of the instantaneous beat-to-beat variability (standard deviation 1), long-term standard deviation of continuous RR intervals (standard deviation 2), and Stress Index. We used Student's t-test for comparisons and Spearman's coefficient for correlations. RESULTS: We observe insignificant values in the differences between the groups. Disability and self-efficacy were correlated with heart rate variability only in patients with chronic neck pain, whereas catastrophizing and kinesiophobia showed greater correlations with heart rate variability in patients with chronic low back pain. CONCLUSIONS: Autonomic dysfunction of individuals with chronic neck pain, when compared to patients with chronic low back pain, does present insignificant differences.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare heart rate variability (HRV) between patients with chronic neck pain and patients with chronic low back pain and to correlate the chronic pain variables with heart rate variability indices. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. We divided the sample into two groups: neck pain (n=30) and low back pain (n=30). We used the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Neck Disability Index, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. For heart rate variability analysis, we used the following indices: mean RR, standard deviation of all RR intervals, mean heart rate, root mean square differences of successive RR intervals, triangular index, triangular interpolation of the interval histogram, low-frequency band in arbitrary units and in absolute values, high-frequency band in arbitrary units and in absolute values, standard deviation of the instantaneous beat-to-beat variability (standard deviation 1), long-term standard deviation of continuous RR intervals (standard deviation 2), and Stress Index. We used Student's t-test for comparisons and Spearman's coefficient for correlations. RESULTS: We observe insignificant values in the differences between the groups. Disability and self-efficacy were correlated with heart rate variability only in patients with chronic neck pain, whereas catastrophizing and kinesiophobia showed greater correlations with heart rate variability in patients with chronic low back pain. CONCLUSIONS: Autonomic dysfunction of individuals with chronic neck pain, when compared to patients with chronic low back pain, does present insignificant differences.

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OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the structural validity of the Brazilian version of the Japanese Orthopedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ). METHODS: Individuals with chronic low back pain were included. The data collection of the study occurred by means of online platform. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The theoretical version proposed for the JOABPEQ with five domains was tested. The following indices were considered to verify the fit of the model: comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and chi-square/degrees of freedom (DF). RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 175 volunteers, mostly women (68%), adults (mean age of 28.98 years), lean (mean body mass index of 25 kg/m2), with incomplete higher education, single, with mean of pain chronicity of 61.50 months and mean of pain intensity of 6.78 points on the Numeric Pain Scale. Regarding the structure of the JOABPEQ, the original version with five domains was adequate: chi-square/DF=1.52, CFI=0.954, TLI=0.948, and RMSEA=0.055. The factorial load ranges from 0.41 to 0.90. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the structure of JOABPEQ with 5 domains (low back pain, lumbar function, walking ability, social life function, and mental health) and 25 items in individuals with chronic low back pain.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the structural validity of the Brazilian version of the Japanese Orthopedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ). METHODS: Individuals with chronic low back pain were included. The data collection of the study occurred by means of online platform. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The theoretical version proposed for the JOABPEQ with five domains was tested. The following indices were considered to verify the fit of the model: comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and chi-square/degrees of freedom (DF). RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 175 volunteers, mostly women (68%), adults (mean age of 28.98 years), lean (mean body mass index of 25 kg/m2), with incomplete higher education, single, with mean of pain chronicity of 61.50 months and mean of pain intensity of 6.78 points on the Numeric Pain Scale. Regarding the structure of the JOABPEQ, the original version with five domains was adequate: chi-square/DF=1.52, CFI=0.954, TLI=0.948, and RMSEA=0.055. The factorial load ranges from 0.41 to 0.90. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the structure of JOABPEQ with 5 domains (low back pain, lumbar function, walking ability, social life function, and mental health) and 25 items in individuals with chronic low back pain.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze cardiac autonomic modulation response and functional capacity in physically active older women. Methods: Seventy-five older women (60-70 years) from the community were divided into the following groups: sedentary (n=19), hydro-gymnastics (n=18), pilates (n=19), and dance (n=19). Blood pressure, body composition, heart rate variability, and functional capacity were assessed for the characterization of the groups at rest and 48 hours after the last physical exercise session. Results: The sedentary group presented higher waist-to-hip ratio, diastolic blood pressure, and resting heart rate compared to the other groups (p<0.05). It was also observed that the dance group presented better functional capacity and VO2peak scores (all p<0.05). Regarding cardiac autonomic modulation, both dance and pilates groups demonstrated better RMSSD (26.71 ± 9.07 and 29.82 ± 7.16, respectively; p<0.05), LF (45.79 ± 14.81 and 45.95 ± 15.16 n.u., respectively; p<0.05), and LF/HF (0.92 ± 0.56 and 0.58 ± 0.26, respectively; p<0.05) scores. In the symbolic analysis, the dance group had a greater predominance of parasympathetic autonomic modulation than the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results conclude that physically active elderly women, practicing hydro-gymnastics, pilates or dance, presented physiological benefits, such as better functional capacity and improvements in hemodynamic variables and autonomic cardiac modulation. In addition, the group that practiced dance presented greater parasympathetic modulation, as well as greater functional capacity, when compared to the other modalities. Level of evidence: I; STARD: studies of diagnostic accuracy.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la respuesta de la modulación autonómica cardíaca y la capacidad funcional en mujeres mayores físicamente activas. Métodos: Setenta y cinco mujeres mayores (60 a 70 años) de la comunidad fueron divididas en los siguientes grupos: sedentaria (n = 19), hidrogimnasia (n = 18), pilates (n = 19) y danza (n = 19). La presión arterial, la composición corporal, la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca y la capacidad funcional fueron evaluadas para la caracterización de los grupos en reposo y 48 horas después de la última sesión de ejercicio físico. Resultados: El grupo sedentario presentó mayor relación cintura-cadera, presión arterial diastólica y frecuencia cardíaca en reposo cuando comparado a los otros grupos (p <0,05). Se observó que el grupo de danza presentó mejores puntajes de capacidad funcional y VO2Pico (todos p <0,05). Con relación a la modulación autonómica cardíaca, los grupos de danza y pilates demostraron mejores puntajes para RMSSD (26,71 ± 9,07 y 29,82 ± 7,16, respectivamente; p <0,05), LF (45,79 ± 14,81 y 45,95 ± 15,16 nu, respectivamente; p <0,05), y LF/HF (0,92 ± 0,56 y 0,58 ± 0,26, respectivamente; p <0,05). En el análisis simbólico, el grupo de danza presentó mayor predominancia de la modulación autonómica parasimpática que los demás grupos (p <0,05). Conclusión: Esos resultados concluyen que las mujeres mayores físicamente activas, practicantes de hidrogimnasia, pilates o danza, tienen beneficios fisiológicos, como mejor capacidad funcional y mejora de las variables hemodinámicas y de la modulación cardíaca autonómica. Además, el grupo que practicaba danza tuvo mayor modulación parasimpática y mayor capacidad funcional cuando comparado con las otras modalidades. Nivel de evidencia: I; STARD: estudios de precisión diagnóstica.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a resposta da modulação autonômica cardíaca e a capacidade funcional em idosas fisicamente ativas. Métodos: Setenta e cinco mulheres idosas (60 a 70 anos) da comunidade foram divididas nos seguintes grupos: sedentária (n = 19), hidroginástica (n = 18), pilates (n = 19) e dança (n = 19). A pressão arterial, a composição corporal, a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e a capacidade funcional foram avaliadas para a caracterização dos grupos em repouso e 48 horas depois da última sessão de exercício físico. Resultados: O grupo sedentário apresentou maior relação cintura-quadril, pressão arterial diastólica e frequência cardíaca em repouso quando comparado aos outros grupos (p <0,05). Observou-se também que o grupo da dança apresentou melhores escores de capacidade funcional e VO2pico (todos p < 0,05). Com relação à modulação autonômica cardíaca, os grupos de dança e pilates demonstraram melhores escores para RMSSD (26,71 ± 9,07 e 29,82 ± 7,16, respectivamente; p < 0,05), LF (45,79 ± 14,81 e 45,95 ± 15,16 nu, respectivamente; p<0,05) e LF/HF (0,92 ± 0,56 e 0,58 ± 0,26, respectivamente; p < 0,05). Na análise simbólica, o grupo da dança apresentou maior predominância da modulação autonômica parassimpática do que os demais grupos (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Esses resultados concluem que idosas fisicamente ativas praticantes de hidroginástica, pilates ou dança, têm benefícios fisiológicos, como melhor capacidade funcional e melhora das variáveis hemodinâmicas e da modulação cardíaca autonômica. Além disso, o grupo que praticava dança teve maior modulação parassimpática e maior capacidade funcional quando comparado com outras modalidades. Nível de evidência: I; STARD: estudos de precisão diagnóstica.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intrarater and interrater reliability of the 2-minute step test (2MST) in active and sedentary lean adults and to identify the test cutoff point to differentiate active from sedentary individuals. METHODS: This observational study involved 4 mixed-sex groups (each with 50 lean participants): group 1, sedentary and aged 18 to 24 years; group 2, active and aged 18 to 24 years; group 3, sedentary and aged 25 to 44 years; and group 4, active and aged 25 to 44 years. The 2MST was administered independently by 2 examiners (with 3 months' training) at 2 different times, with a 7-day interval. Habitual physical activity was evaluated by means of the Baecke Questionnaire (BQ). In statistical analysis, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to verify the correlation between the 2MST and BQ; intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,3) were used to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of the 2MST; and the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to identify the accuracy of the 2MST. RESULTS: Excellent intrarater and interrater reliability were found for all 4 groups (intraclass correlation coefficients ≥ 0.83). Correlating the 2MST score with the BQ score, a significant, positive, weak correlation was observed (r = 0.344, P < .001). For differentiating active from sedentary individuals, the 2MST showed low accuracy (area under the curve = 0.671), with 61% sensitivity and 67% specificity. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the 2MST is a reliable test with a low amount of inherent error. There was a significant correlation between the 2MST and usual physical activity measured, and slight accuracy in differentiating active from sedentary individuals.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to measure the reliability, internal consistency, construct validity, and floor and ceiling effects of the Brazilian version of the Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain (SEFIP-dance) instrument. METHODS: This was a questionnaire validation study. Both professional dancers and those who use dance as a recreational activity were included in the study. For test-retest reliability, SEFIP-dance was administered to the same dancer at 2 different times, with an interval of 7 days between the moments. For construct validity, Spearman's correlation coefficient (r s) was used to determine the magnitude of the correlations between SEFIP-dance and the Numerical Rating Scale, the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire for general pain, and the Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 111 dancers were recruited and included in the study. From this total sample, a subsample of 31 was used for the calculations of test-retest reliability: when considering each item of SEFIP-dance, we observed adequate κ values (κ ≥ 0.52); considering the total score, we observed excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.94). In addition, we identified adequate values for internal consistency (Cronbach's α ≥ 0.80). We observed significant correlations of the SEFIP-dance total score with the Numerical Rating Scale, 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, the Roland-Morris questionnaire, and the Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire (r s varying between 0.248 and 0.489). Ceiling and floor effects were not observed. CONCLUSION: This study found that the Brazilian Portuguese version of SEFIP-dance has psychometric properties suitable for its use in dancers.

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OBJECTIVE: To measure the intra- and interrater reliability of the seated single-arm shot-put test (SSPT) in the functional performance of the upper limbs of regular physical exercise practitioners with shoulder pain. METHODS: This is a reliability study. Thirty individuals regularly practicing any sports modality that uses the upper limb effectively for at least 6 months, both sexes, ages between 18 and 30 years, with chronic shoulder pain were included. Chronic shoulder pain was measured by means of the shoulder pain and disability index, numerical rating scale, and catastrophic thoughts about pain scale. Functional performance of the upper limbs was measured by means of SSPT. RESULTS: Excellent intrarater reliability was found, with intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.93, standard error of the measurement values ≤4.63%, and minimum detectable change values for absolute and normalized score of 45.11 cm and 9.97, respectively. Excellent interrater reliability was found, with intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.96, standard error of the measurement values ≤3.55%, and minimum detectable change values for absolute and normalized score of 32.29 cm and 7.70, respectively. CONCLUSION: SSPT is a reliable tool for measuring the functional performance of the upper limbs in regular exercise practitioners with chronic shoulder pain.

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BACKGROUND: Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain (SEFIP) is a questionnaire specifically designed to measure musculoskeletal pain or discomfort. OBJECTIVE: To perform translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SEFIP for dancers (SEFIP-dance), for use in Brazilian Portuguese. In addition, as a secondary objective, we adapted the translated version of SEFIP-dance for use among athletes or exercise practitioners (SEFIP-sport). DESIGN AND SETTING: Questionnaire translation and cross-cultural adaptation study conducted at a public university. METHODS: The Brazilian version of the SEFIP-dance questionnaire was developed following the processes of translation (involving two translators with Brazilian Portuguese as their mother tongue and fluency in English), backtranslation (involving two translators with English as their mother tongue and fluency in Brazilian Portuguese), committee review and pre-testing. SEFIP-sport was developed following the processes of content and face validation. RESULTS: SEFIP-dance was applied to 30 dancers, of mean age 22.38 years (standard deviation [SD] = 3.41), among whom 14 were men (46.66%). The participants understood 100% of the SEFIP-dance items and alternatives. SEFIP-sport was applied to 30 athletes or physical exercise practitioners, of mean age 25.09 years (SD = 8.93), among whom 25 were men (86.33%). The participants understood 100% of the -SEFIP-sport items and alternatives. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese versions of SEFIP-dance, translated and cross-culturally adapted for dancers, and SEFIP-sport, adapted for athletes or physical exercise practitioners, were shown to have adequate levels of understanding.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain (SEFIP) is a questionnaire specifically designed to measure musculoskeletal pain or discomfort. OBJECTIVE: To perform translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SEFIP for dancers (SEFIP-dance), for use in Brazilian Portuguese. In addition, as a secondary objective, we adapted the translated version of SEFIP-dance for use among athletes or exercise practitioners (SEFIP-sport). DESIGN AND SETTING: Questionnaire translation and cross-cultural adaptation study conducted at a public university. METHODS: The Brazilian version of the SEFIP-dance questionnaire was developed following the processes of translation (involving two translators with Brazilian Portuguese as their mother tongue and fluency in English), backtranslation (involving two translators with English as their mother tongue and fluency in Brazilian Portuguese), committee review and pre-testing. SEFIP-sport was developed following the processes of content and face validation. RESULTS: SEFIP-dance was applied to 30 dancers, of mean age 22.38 years (standard deviation [SD] = 3.41), among whom 14 were men (46.66%). The participants understood 100% of the SEFIP-dance items and alternatives. SEFIP-sport was applied to 30 athletes or physical exercise practitioners, of mean age 25.09 years (SD = 8.93), among whom 25 were men (86.33%). The participants understood 100% of the ­SEFIP-sport items and alternatives. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese versions of SEFIP-dance, translated and cross-culturally adapted for dancers, and SEFIP-sport, adapted for athletes or physical exercise practitioners, were shown to have adequate levels of understanding.

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OBJECTIVE: We sought to correlate habitual physical activity with central sensitization, pain intensity, kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, and the severity of chronic myogenous temporomandibular disorder (TMD). METHODS: This was an observational study. Fifty-five individuals, male and female, aged 18 to 45 years, with pain for at least 3 months (chronic) related to myogenous TMD were included in the study. Myogenous TMD was evaluated by means of the Numerical Rating Scale, Catastrophic Thoughts on Pain Scale, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Fonseca Anamnestic Index, Central Sensitization Inventory, and habitual physical activity by means of the Baecke Questionnaire (BQ). The Spearman correlation coefficient (r s) was applied to verify the association of the BQ score with the pain variables. RESULTS: No significant correlations (P > .05) were observed in the total or mean BQ scores (both r s = -0.17 to -0.04), nor in the analyses performed on the occupational (r s = -0.03 to 0.14), sport (r s = -0.16 to 0.01), and leisure domains (r s = -0.16 to -0.02). CONCLUSION: Habitual physical activity as measured by the BQ is not associated with pain intensity, catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, central sensitization, or the severity of chronic myogenous TMD.

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A potência anaeróbia máxima é uma capacidade física presente nos mais diversos gestos esportivos do futsal. Essas ações são realizadas de forma repetitivas o que exige dos jogadores valores importantes no índice de fadiga a fim de manter o desempenho durante a partida. O estudo objetivou traçar o perfil morfológico e neuromotor de uma equipe de futsal feminino e mensurar a potência anaeróbia máxima e o índice de fadiga conforme as posições de jogo. Participaram 17 atletas, idade de 21,8±4,1 anos, estatura 159±0,07cm e massa corporal 56,2±8,2kg. Foram avaliadas medidas antropométricas, composição corporal, neuromotora e da potência anaeróbia máxima. Os dados foram descritos em (média ± desvio padrão, mínimo, máximo e coeficiente de variação). O teste de Shapiro Wilk foi usado para averiguar a normalidade dos dados através do software Stata 14.0 e adotado um valor de α= 5%. Foi observado um índice de fadiga menor das Alas o que mostra melhor resistência ao esforço comparado às outras posições, porém todas foram classificadas com nível "bom". Na potência anaeróbia máxima houve diferenças nos valores entre as posições, porém todas foram classificadas com nível "fraco". Concluiu-se que existem diferenças na potência máxima entre as jogadoras, porém não foi suficiente para classificá-las em níveis aceitáveis para essa capacidade de acordo com a literatura.Diferentemente do IF, mesmo com diferenças entre as posições, todas apresentaram nível classificado como "bom" de acordo com os estudos....(AU)

The maximum anaerobic power is physical capacity present in the most diverse sports gestures of futsal. These actions are carried out repetitively which demand from the players values important in the index of fatigue in order to maintain performance during the match.The study aimed to trace the morphological profile and neuromotor of a famale futsal team and to measure maximum anaerobic power and fatigue index according to the game positions. There were 17 athletes, age of 21.8±4.1 years, stature 159±0.07cm and body mass 56.2±8.2kg. Anthropometric measurements were performed, body composition, neuromotor and maximum naerobic power. The data were described in (average ± standard deviation, minimum, maximum and coefficient of variation). The test of Shapiro Wilk was used to ascertain the normality of the data through State 14.0 software and adopted a value of α= 5%. A lower fatigue index was observed for the Wings, which shows better resistance to stress compared to other positions, but all were classified as "good". In the maximum anaerobic power there were differences in the values between the positions, but all were classified as "weak". It's concluded that there are differences in the maximum power between the players, but it was not enough to classify according to the literature. Unlike the IF, even with differences betweens positions, all presented a level classified as "good" according to the studies....(AU)

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PURPOSE: The present study aimed to investigate the association between hypertension and physical/functional capacities in community-dwelling older females. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Older female volunteers were dichotomized in two groups: hypertensive (n = 134) and normotensive (n = 244). Volunteers had their medical records reviewed and underwent evaluations of anthropometric data (weight, height and body mass index) and of physical and functional capacities. RESULTS: The results showed that hypertensive older females presented higher values for age, weight, body mass index, and resting diastolic blood pressure than normotensive older females. Normotensive older females showed a higher performance in the one-leg stand test and six-minute walk test compared with hypertensive older females. Age, body mass index, maximal walking speed, performance in the Time Up and Go and six-minute walk test, and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type II were factors associated with hypertension using the chi-square test. However, the multivariate regression analysis indicated that performance in the six-minute walk test was the only factor associated with hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with higher scores in the six-minute walk test, which is associated with aerobic capacity, show less odds to have clinical diagnosis of hypertension. However, hypertension was not associated with poor physical and functional capacity.

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Este objetivou avaliar os efeitos do método da Reeducação Postural Global (RPG) sobre as alterações posturais e dos sintomas da incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE), em mulheres menopausadas. Treze pacientes (59,2 ± 8,9 anos de idade) com diagnóstico clínico de IUE foram submetidos à análise urodinâmica, avaliação da função dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (MAP) e avaliação postural, pré e pós programa de RPG. A análise da qualidade de vida também foi obtida pré e pós intervenção com RPG (questionário ICIQ-SF). O tratamento com RPG foi composto por 12 sessões de 30 minutos de duração, frequência semanal de uma vez por semana, com a realização da postura "rã no chão". Em adição, alongamento da musculatura anterior do corpo e assoalho pélvico também foi realizada. Após a intervenção observou-se a diminuição da quantidade e frequência de perda de urina, sendo que a maioria das pacientes reportou episódios diários de perda urinária antes da intervenção. Perdas urinárias menores que uma vez por semana foram reportadas ao final do tratamento. Reduções nos sintomas da IUE foram acompanhadas por melhora da função urinária e aumento da força dos MAP. Ademais, o programa com exercícios de RPG melhorou os índices da avaliação postural, quando dados individuais foram analisados; grande parte das pacientes estudadas melhorou o índice da curvatura cifótica e o alinhamento do quadril após intervenção. Os exercícios de RPG podem ser um meio eficaz para o tratamento dos sintomas da IUE, pois melhora a função contrátil do assoalho pélvico, proporcionalmente a uma melhora na postura da pelve e redução dos sintomas de IUE (AU).

This study aimed to evaluate the global postural reeducation effects on the stress urinary incontinence(SUI)symptoms. Thirteen menopaused women (59.2 ± 8.9 years old) with diagnosis for SUI undertake urodynamic analysis, pelvic floor muscles (PFM) function and postural indexes evaluation pre and post12-sessions GPR program, consisted of 30-min sessions once a week. A life style quality evaluation (questionnaire ICIQ-SF) was further obtained pre and post GPR intervention. The sessions of GPR exercises included "frog on the ground" type-exercises. After GPR intervention there were reductions in the quantity and frequency of urine loss; most patients reported daily episodes of urine loss before the GPR program, however urine loss was lower than once a week at the end of the GPR program. Reductions of the SUI symptoms occurred together with improvements in urinary function and PFM performance. The GPR program improved postural indexes when individual data were analyzed, as several patients improved the kyphosis curvature index and hip alignment. Improvements in UIE symptoms and postural indexes occurred together with an improved life style quality reported by patients. These results suggest that GPR may be an alternative for the SUI treatment in menopaused women (AU).

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RESUMO

O modelo tradicional de fisiologia do exercício assume que existe um limite periférico (muscular) em todo exercício aeróbio máximo, devido à hipóxia severa causada pela oferta inadequada de oxigênio ao músculo esquelético. Este evento seria coincidente com o recrutamento de todas as unidades motoras disponíveis no músculo ativo, no mesmo instante. Entretanto, evidências recentes não se ajustam a estas predições. Pelo contrário, um modelo de regulação central do esforço defende a existência de reserva neurofisiológica em todo exercício aeróbio máximo. Nessa nova interpretação, o sistema nervoso central (SNC) modularia o recrutamento muscular para impedir a ativação de todas as unidades motoras ao mesmo tempo, e evitar o excesso de dano à matriz celular. Tal modulação realizada pelo SNC seria um mecanismo natural de defesa do organismo contra a falha catastrófica e o rigor mortis. Alguns resultados obtidos pelo Grupo de Estudo em Psicofisiologia do Exercício poderiam ser interpretados de acordo com a presença de uma reserva neurofisiológica, pois a potência mecânica máxima (WMAX) num teste incremental máximo foi aumentada após ingestão de cafeína e placebo percebido como cafeína, porém, sem alteração no consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2MAX), sugerindo não haver limitação periférica. Entretanto, estudos devem ser desenhados para responder essa questão de forma mais consistente, incluindo medidas metabólicas e de excitabilidade dos músculos esqueléticos, mas também do SNC, durante exercício.

The traditional model of exercise physiology assumes that there would be a peripheral (muscular) limit in maximal aerobic exercises due to severe hypoxia derived from inadequate oxygen supply to the skeletal muscles. This event is to be coincident with the total recruitment of available motor units in the active muscles. However, recent evidence does not agree with these predictions. Rather, a centrally-regulated effort model argues that there is a neurophysiological reserve in all maximal aerobic exercises. In this new interpretation the central nervous system (CNS) would modulate the muscle recruitment to prevent the recruitment of all available motor units at the same time in order to avoid excessive harm in cellular matrixes. Such modulation performed by the CNS would be a natural mechanism to defend the body against catastrophic failure and rigor mortis. Some results obtained by the Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group may be interpreted according to this neurophysiological reserve as the peak power output (WPEAK) in a maximum incremental test was increased after caffeine and placebo perceived as caffeine ingestion, but without change in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2MAX), suggesting no peripheral limitation. Yet, studies including measures of metabolic and skeletal muscle excitability in addition to the CNS function during exercise may answer this question closer.

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RESUMO

Apesar da percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) ser utilizada para a avaliação e prescrição de exercícios em idosos, alguns indivíduos podem apresentar dificuldades de entendimento a escala de Borg. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do estudo foi verificar se mulheres idosas percebem, associam e relatam alterações no esforço físico por meio da PSE, em resposta a um teste de esforço máximo, bem como se é possível predizer o ponto de compensação respiratória (PCR) pela escala de Borg. Vinte e seis mulheres idosas realizaram uma avaliação de esforço máximo em esteira com análise ergoespirométrica, eletrocardiográfica e PSE em protocolo de rampa. As respostas de PSE entre diferentes zonas de intensidade baixa, moderada e alta foram consideradas para avaliar a percepção, associação e relato de alterações no esforço. Oito voluntárias (30,77%) não perceberam, associaram e relataram alterações no esforço por meio da PSE. Naquelas que perceberam, associaram e relataram alterações no esforço, o percentual da potência máxima no momento da PSE 13 (69,92 ± 10,30) e 14 (78,90 ± 11,00) não diferiu significativamente do momento do PCR (75,45 ± 9,65). Por fim, conclui-se que mulheres idosas podem apresentar dificuldades em perceber, associar e relatar alterações no esforço por meio da escala de Borg. Contudo, naquelas que percebem, associam e relatam alterações no esforço por meio da escala de Borg, as PSE 13 e 14 coincidem com o PCR.

Although the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is used in the evaluation and prescription of physical activity for the elderly, some subjects might find it hard tounderstand the Borg scale. This study aimed to verify whether elderly women could notice, associate, and report changes in physical effort using the perceived exertion scale in response to a stress test. We also aimed to verify the possibility of predicting a respiratory compensation point (RCP) using the Borg scale. Twenty six elderly women took a stress test on a treadmill, with ergospirometry and ECG monitoring and RPE in a ramp protocol. Based on the RPEs for different exercise intensities (low, moderate, high), we assessed the women's perception, association, and report of changes in physical effort. Eight subjects (30.77%) did not notice, associate or report changes in effort using RPE. For those who did, the percentage of maximum workload at the moment of RPE 13 (69.92 ± 10,30) and 14 (78.90 ± 11,00) did not differ significantly from the one at the moment of RCP (75.45 ± 9.65). We conclude that some elderly women may have difficulties noticing, associating and reporting changes in physical effort using the Borg scale. However, for those who do not have any difficulty, RPE 13 and 14 coincide with the RCP.