RESUMO
PURPOSE: Provide evidence- and expert-based recommendations for optimal use of imaging in advanced prostate cancer. Due to increases in research and utilization of novel imaging for advanced prostate cancer, this guideline is intended to outline techniques available and provide recommendations on appropriate use of imaging for specified patient subgroups. METHODS: An Expert Panel was convened with members from ASCO and the Society of Abdominal Radiology, American College of Radiology, Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, American Urological Association, American Society for Radiation Oncology, and Society of Urologic Oncology to conduct a systematic review of the literature and develop an evidence-based guideline on the optimal use of imaging for advanced prostate cancer. Representative index cases of various prostate cancer disease states are presented, including suspected high-risk disease, newly diagnosed treatment-naïve metastatic disease, suspected recurrent disease after local treatment, and progressive disease while undergoing systemic treatment. A systematic review of the literature from 2013 to August 2018 identified fully published English-language systematic reviews with or without meta-analyses, reports of rigorously conducted phase III randomized controlled trials that compared ≥ 2 imaging modalities, and noncomparative studies that reported on the efficacy of a single imaging modality. RESULTS: A total of 35 studies met inclusion criteria and form the evidence base, including 17 systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis and 18 primary research articles. RECOMMENDATIONS: One or more of these imaging modalities should be used for patients with advanced prostate cancer: conventional imaging (defined as computed tomography [CT], bone scan, and/or prostate magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and/or next-generation imaging (NGI), positron emission tomography [PET], PET/CT, PET/MRI, or whole-body MRI) according to the clinical scenario.
Assuntos
Diagnóstico por Imagem/normas , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/normas , Masculino , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada/normas , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/patologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/normasRESUMO
Petiveria alliacea (PA) have anxiolytic, antidepressant and cognitive effects. In the present paper the effect of PA water infusion and cholinergic drugs on cognitive behavior were studied. For that, 40 male NMRI mice were divided in 4 groups: Control (n=10), Drug Control (n=10), PA (n=10) and PA plus Drug (n=10). PA 1% was administered orally (7.59±1.39 ml/day); while scopolamine (2 mg/Kg), galantamine (1 mg/Kg) and nicotine (0.1 mg/Kg) were administered intraperitoneally. Behavioral tests included: anxiety maze (AM), open field (OF) and marble burying (MB). Habituation cognitive behavior was evaluated in 4 sessions, one week each session. PA had anxiolytic and antidepressant effect effect in AM, combined with nicotine potentiated an anxiogenic effect in AM, galantamine favored habituation in OF. Scopolamine potentiated the habituation in LA and decreased the obsessive-compulsive behavior in OF. In conclusion; PA had an anxiolytic effect and favored deshabituation, combined with nicotine induced an anxiogenic effect, galantamine favored habituation and scopolamine decreased obsessive-compulsive behavior and favored motor habituation indicated a possible anxiolytic effect.
La Petiveria alliacea (PA) está relacionada con efectos ansiolíticos, antidepresivos y cognitivos. El presente trabajo estudió el efecto de la infusión de PA y drogas colinérgicas sobre la habituación. 40 ratones NMRI machos fueron divididos en 4 grupos: Control (n=10), Control Drogas (n=10), PA (n=10) y PA plus Drogas (n=10). La PA (1%) fue administrada vía oral (7.59±1.39 ml/día); escopolamina (2 mg/Kg), galantamina (1 mg/Kg) y nicotina (0.1 mg/Kg) fueron administrados vía intraperitoneal. Los ensayos conductuales incluyeron: laberinto de ansiedad (LA), campo abierto (CA) y enterramiento aversivo (EA). La habituación fue evaluada en 4 sesiones con duración de una semana cada una. PA mostró un efecto ansiolítico en el LA, combinada con nicotina potenció un efecto ansiogénico en el LA. Galantamina favoreció la habituación en CA, y escopolamina potenció el fenómeno de habituación en LA y disminuyó la conducta obsesivo-compulsiva en CA. En conclusión, la PA mostró un efecto ansiolítico y antidepresivo que potencia la deshabituación, combinada con nicotina indujo un efecto ansiogénico, galantamina favoreció la habituación y escopolamina disminuyó la conducta obsesivo compulsiva y favoreció la habituación motora indicando un posible efecto ansiolítico.