RESUMO
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most common malignant cutaneous tumors in dogs, and they present extremely variable biological behavior. The interaction between RANK, RANK-L, and immune checkpoints is frequently detected in the tumor microenvironment, and, together, they participate in every stage of cancer development. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the molecular profiles of PD-L1, CTLA-4, RANK/RANK-L signaling pathway, and IFN-γ in primary tumors and lymph node metastases. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded slides of MCTs and metastatic lymph nodes of ten dogs were submitted to immunohistochemical investigations. The results demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment of the high-grade mast cell tumors showed moderate or intense immunolabeling of all proteins, and the lymph node metastases also showed moderate or intense immunolabeling of checkpoint proteins. In addition, MCTs larger than 3 cm were associated with intensified PD-L1 (p = 0.03) in metastatic lymph nodes and RANK-L (p = 0.049) immunoreactivity in the tumor. Furthermore, dogs with a survival time of less than 6 months showed higher PD-L1 immunoreactivity (p = 0.042). In conclusion, high-grade MCT is associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment that exhibits elevated RANK/RANK-L signaling and enhanced immune checkpoint immunoreactivity, potentially facilitating intratumorally immune escape. These biomarkers show promise as clinical indicators of disease progression and might response to immunotherapy in dogs with high-grade MCTs, thus emphasizing their importance for guiding treatment decisions and improving outcomes.
RESUMO
Hepatic biopsy was realized through laparoscopy with simultaneous cauterization in the present study, whose principal aim was to evaluate the efficacy of the applied method and to study its effects in the liver of healthy dogs. Furthermore, we tried to verify the main hematological and chemistry profile alterations related to the hepatic function, and to investigate the viability of the fragments collected by histopathology. To attain this objective, 21 clinically healthy dogs, weighing between 10 and 15kg were submitted to hepatic biopsy with forceps connected to the cautery. Cautery was performed by applying radiofrequency energy at 45 watts. Forty-two hepatic biopsies through laparoscopy were conducted in the animals. At group I one hepatic fragment per animal was collected, at group II two hepatic fragments per animal were collected, and at group III three fragments were collected. Hematocrit and alanine-aminotransferase measurements were employed to evaluate the animals at the pre-operative period, at four and six hour post-operative, and at day 30 post-operative. The results revealed that the procedure was safe and effective for hepatic biopsy in dogs. There were no clinical alterations related to the technique. The fragments collected were viable for histopathology. Hepatic biopsy through laparoscopy with simultaneous cauterization is an effective and usefull method in dogs.
Este estudo visou avaliar a eficácia do método de biópsia hepática laparoscópica por cauterização e estudar os seus efeitos no fígado de cães sadios. Além disso, procurou-se verificar as principais alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas-séricas relacionadas às funções hepáticas e averiguar a viabilidade dos fragmentos colhidos por exame de histopatologia. Para tanto, 21 cães clinicamente sadios pesando entre 10 e 15kg, foram separados em três grupos de sete animais cada grupo. As amostras foram retiradas da borda no lobo lateral esquerdo, utilizando-se pinça de biópsia conectada a eletrocautério na freqüência de 45W. Foram realizadas 42 biópsias hepáticas por laparoscopia nos 21 animais supra- referidos. No grupo I, colheu-se um fragmento hepático por animal. No grupo II, colheram-se dois fragmentos e no grupo III, colheram-se três fragmentos por animal. Os cães foram avaliados nos períodos pré, pós-operatório (tempos 4h e 6h) e aos 30 dias de evolução. Os resutados obtidos revelaram que não houve alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas e histopatológicas relacionadas à técnica. Não foram observadas alterações significativas nos parâmetros estudados, sugerindo que não ocorreram alterações hepáticas que comprometessem a função do órgão.
RESUMO
A limb-sparing surgery can be an alternative treatment to amputation for dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was the development of this surgical technique, similar to the original, described by Straw¹, with changes in the procedure of the allografts preservation, and in the bone cement chose to be used intramedullary. METHODS: The surgery was performed in six health dogs, with the osteotomy of one-third of the radio and ulna, section of the distal margin in the radio-carpal joint and reconstruction using a cortical allograft preserved in 98% glycerin. The allograft's medullar channel was filled with a polymer extracted from castor oil (Ricinus communis) and a long dynamic compression plate were used to fix this allograft on the radio, carpal joint and 3rd metacarpal bone, with the arthrodesis of the carpal joint. A medio-lateral radiographs was performed immediately posteoperatively and with 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after surgery, to evaluate the allograft incorporation. The histopatological evaluation was done with 90, 120 and 150 days after surgery. RESULTS: Was notice a bone callus formation on the radiogrhphs exams by 60 days after surgery and bone bridges were closing the interfragmentary space, with remodeling by 90 days. We have noticed resorption of the grapht, with formation of a connective tissue and new bone around the polymer on the histophatological evaluation. A neovascularization and inflammatory cells in the connective tissue was noticed with a decreased in the inflammatory process with the time. CONCLUSIONS: The polymer extracted from castor oil showed to be a good substitute for the bone cement originally used in the limb-sparing surgery, increasing the graft resistance with no foreign body reaction or osteointegration. The allograft preserved in glycerin presented onteoinduction and osteocondution actions, with new bone formation, and no signs of rejection, then, the glycerin showed to be a good alternative preservation procedure. Therefore, the modified technique can be considered an alternative to the original limb-sparing surgery and to amputation for dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma, studies still deserve to be done with sick animals.
A técnica de preservação de membro é uma alternativa à amputação em cães com osteossarcoma do esqueleto apendicular. OBJETIVO: O desenvolvimento da técnica preservadora aos moldes da original descrita por Straw¹. MÉTODOS: O procedimento cirúrgico foi realizado com modificações, substituindo-se o método de conservação dos implantes pela glicerina e o cimento ósseo utilizado no preenchimento do canal medular do implante pela poliuretana de mamona, e para avaliação da incorporação do implante foram feitos exames clínico, radiográfico e histopatológico em diferentes tempos pós-operatórios. RESULTADOS: Observada a boa função do membro no pós-operatório, a formação de calo ósseo e fechamento das linhas de interfaces com remodelação óssea em avaliação radiográfica e ao exame histopatológico foi notada a reabsorção do implante ósseo com sua substituição por tecido conjuntivo fibroso e tecido ósseo compacto, neovascularização e presença de infiltrado inflamatório plasmocitário. CONCLUSÕES: A poliuretana de mamona mostrou-se uma boa substituta ao cimento originalmente utilizado, aumentando a resistência do implante, sem causar reações do tipo corpo estranho e sem sua osteointegração. O implante ósseo conservado em glicerina apresentou ação osteoindutora e osteocondutora, sem sinais de rejeição; desta forma, a glicerina mostrou ser uma meio alternativo viável. Portanto, a técnica de preservação do membro, com suas modificações, caracterizou-se como alternativa à técnica original e à amputação do membro para cães com osteossarcoma de esqueleto apendicular.
RESUMO
Hepatic biopsy was realized through laparoscopy with simultaneous cauterization in the present study, whose principal aim was to evaluate the efficacy of the applied method and to study its effects in the liver of healthy dogs. Furthermore, we tried to verify the main hematological and chemistry profile alterations related to the hepatic function, and to investigate the viability of the fragments collected by histopathology. To attain this objective, 21 clinically healthy dogs, weighing between 10 and 15kg were submitted to hepatic biopsy with forceps connected to the cautery. Cautery was performed by applying radiofrequency energy at 45 watts. Forty-two hepatic biopsies through laparoscopy were conducted in the animals. At group I one hepatic fragment per animal was collected, at group II two hepatic fragments per animal were collected, and at group III three fragments were collected. Hematocrit and alanine-aminotransferase measurements were employed to evaluate the animals at the pre-operative period, at four and six hour post-operative, and at day 30 post-operative. The results revealed that the procedure was safe and effective for hepatic biopsy in dogs. There were no clinical alterations related to the technique. The fragments collected were viable for histopathology. Hepatic biopsy through laparoscopy with simultaneous cauterization is an effective and usefull method in dogs.
Este estudo visou avaliar a eficácia do método de biópsia hepática laparoscópica por cauterização e estudar os seus efeitos no fígado de cães sadios. Além disso, procurou-se verificar as principais alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas-séricas relacionadas às funções hepáticas e averiguar a viabilidade dos fragmentos colhidos por exame de histopatologia. Para tanto, 21 cães clinicamente sadios pesando entre 10 e 15kg, foram separados em três grupos de sete animais cada grupo. As amostras foram retiradas da borda no lobo lateral esquerdo, utilizando-se pinça de biópsia conectada a eletrocautério na freqüência de 45W. Foram realizadas 42 biópsias hepáticas por laparoscopia nos 21 animais supra- referidos. No grupo I, colheu-se um fragmento hepático por animal. No grupo II, colheram-se dois fragmentos e no grupo III, colheram-se três fragmentos por animal. Os cães foram avaliados nos períodos pré, pós-operatório (tempos 4h e 6h) e aos 30 dias de evolução. Os resutados obtidos revelaram que não houve alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas e histopatológicas relacionadas à técnica. Não foram observadas alterações significativas nos parâmetros estudados, sugerindo que não ocorreram alterações hepáticas que comprometessem a função do órgão.
RESUMO
We evaluated the use of an allogenous tunica vaginalis conserved in 98% glycerine for lamellar keratoplasty in dogs. Sevendogs were submitted to keratoplasty and clinically evaluated during the initial (1 to 15 days), intermediate (16 to 30 days) and late(31 to 120 days) postoperative periods. The corneas were evaluated by light microscopy at 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60 and 120 days aftersurgery. Photophobia, epiphora, blepharospasm, corneal edema, ocular secretion and chemosis were observed during theinitial periods, and tended to disappear during the intermediate periods. Vascular neoformation started around the 4th day, witha maximum intensity on the 25th day and a gradual regression thereafter, and tended to disappear between the 60th and 120thday. The graft itself and adjacent areas showed a tendency towards the reestablishment of transparency during the latepostoperative periods. With respect to morphology, an inflammatory infiltrate characterized by the invasion of polymorphonuclearand mononuclear leukocytes was observed which disappeared by the 60th postoperative day, when the graft was found to beincorporated and the stroma returned to normal. The present results led us to conclude that the allogenous tunica vaginalisconserved in 98% glycerine was feasible and efficient for lamellar keratoplasty in dogs.
RESUMO
We evaluated the use of an allogenous tunica vaginalis conserved in 98% glycerine for lamellar keratoplasty in dogs. Sevendogs were submitted to keratoplasty and clinically evaluated during the initial (1 to 15 days), intermediate (16 to 30 days) and late(31 to 120 days) postoperative periods. The corneas were evaluated by light microscopy at 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60 and 120 days aftersurgery. Photophobia, epiphora, blepharospasm, corneal edema, ocular secretion and chemosis were observed during theinitial periods, and tended to disappear during the intermediate periods. Vascular neoformation started around the 4th day, witha maximum intensity on the 25th day and a gradual regression thereafter, and tended to disappear between the 60th and 120thday. The graft itself and adjacent areas showed a tendency towards the reestablishment of transparency during the latepostoperative periods. With respect to morphology, an inflammatory infiltrate characterized by the invasion of polymorphonuclearand mononuclear leukocytes was observed which disappeared by the 60th postoperative day, when the graft was found to beincorporated and the stroma returned to normal. The present results led us to conclude that the allogenous tunica vaginalisconserved in 98% glycerine was feasible and efficient for lamellar keratoplasty in dogs.
RESUMO
The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of acepromazine as pre-treatment to tiletamine/zolazepam association. Twenty male and female healthy adult mixed breed dogs were used. The dogs were allocated in two groups of 10 animals each (G1 and G2). To G1 was administered 0.1 ml/kg of saline at 0.9 % (placebo), followed by 10 mg/kg of tiletamine/zolazepam 20 minutes later, both intravenously. Immediately before the pre-anesthetic medication (M1), before the anesthetics application (M2) and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after the administration of tiletamine/zolazepam association (M3 to M6, respectively), measurements of heart rate (HR), systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures (SBP, DBP e MBP, respectively), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), systolic volume (SV), electrocardiogram (ECG), respiratory rate (RR), end tidal CO2 (ETCO2), oxihemoglobin saturation (SpO2) and body temperature (T0) were realized. For G2 the same methodology was used, replacing the placebo by acepromazine, at 0.2 mg/kg. The numeric data were submitted to analysis of profile that demonstrated cardiovascular stability and an increase of the anesthetic period with the use of acepromazine, and it was also observed, in G2, that, in spite of the decrease of RR, the SpO2 and ETCO2 values didnt have significant alterations, allowing to conclude that the use of acepromazine presents advantages in the
Avaliou-se o uso da acepromazina como pré-tratamento à associação de tiletamina/zolazepam. Para tanto, utilizaram-se 20 animais da espécie canina, machos e fêmeas, adultos, hígidos, divididos em 2 grupos de igual número. O grupo 1 (controle) foi pré-tratado com 0,1 ml/kg de solução salina a 0,9 % e o grupo 2 com 0,2 mg/kg de acepromazina, ambos por via intravenosa. Decorridos 20 minutos, todos os animais receberam, pela mesma via, 10 mg/kg da associação tiletamina/zolazepam. Imediatamente antes da medicação pré-anestésica (M1), antes da aplicação da associação (M2) e aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos após a administração da tiletamina/zolazepam, realizou-se mensuração de: freqüência cardíaca (FC); pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM); débito (DC) e índice cardíaco (IC); volume sistólico (VS); eletrocardiograma (ECG); freqüência respiratória (FR); CO2 ao final da expiração (ETCO2); saturação da oxiemoglobina (SpO2); e temperatura retal (T0). Observou-se estabilidade cardiovascular, miorrelaxamento e aumento do período hábil anestésico com o uso da acepromazina na medicação pré-anestésica. O tratamento estatístco dos valores numéricos pela análise de perfil mostrou que a acepromazina diminuiu a FR; entretanto, a SpO2 e ETCO2 não sofreram alterações estatisticamente significativas, permitindo concluir que o emprego da fenotiazina apresenta vantagens sobre o u