RESUMO
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a cause of invasive diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and other serious infections among children and adults in Paraguay. This study was conducted to establish S. pneumoniae baseline prevalence, serotype distribution, and antibiotic resistance patterns in healthy children aged 2 to 59 months and adults ≥60 years of age prior to the introduction of PCV10 in the national childhood immunization program in Paraguay. Between April and July 2012, a total of 1444 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected, 718 from children aged 2 to 59 months and 726 from adults ≥60 years of age. The pneumococcal isolation, serotyping, and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using standard tests. Pneumococcal colonization prevalence was 34.1% (245/718) in children and 3.3% (24/726) in adults. The most frequent pneumococcal vaccine-types (VT) detected in the children were 6B (42/245), 19F (32/245), 14 (17/245), and 23F (20/245). Carriage prevalence with PCV10 serotypes was 50.6% (124/245) and PCV13 was 59.5% (146/245). Among colonized adults, prevalence of PCV10 and PCV13 serotypes were 29.1% (7/24) and 41.6% (10/24), respectively. Colonized children were more likely to share a bedroom, have a history of respiratory infection or pneumococcal infection compared to non-colonized children. no associations were found in adults. However, no significant associations were found in children and neither in adults. Vaccine-type pneumococcal colonization was highly prevalent in children and rare in adults in Paraguay prior to vaccine introduction, supporting the introduction of PCV10 in the country in 2012. These data will be useful to evaluate the impact of PCV introduction in the country.
Assuntos
Infecções Pneumocócicas , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Humanos , Criança , Adulto , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vacinas Conjugadas/uso terapêutico , Paraguai/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/uso terapêutico , Sorogrupo , NasofaringeRESUMO
Incremental technique for resin composite restorations requires multiple physical contacts between spatulas, tooth cavities and the restorative material recipient. Thus, the decontamination of the tip's of spatula by chemical agents between each resin composite increment placement is important to reduce chances of potential cross-contamination. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of different solutions for decontamination of tips of spatula used in restorative procedures and to establish a decontamination standard protocol. Material and Methods: Spatulas were sterilized in autoclave at 127°C for 20 minutes and then contaminated with: 1) a suspension of half 1.0 MacFarland scale turbidity of different microorganisms, 2) the pool of equal amounts of these microorganisms; except for the control group. Decontamination techniques consisted of rubbing the tip of the spatulas (1 to 5 consecutive times) using a 2ml 70% ethanol or 2% glutaraldehyde embedded gauze. After decontamination, spatulas were immersed in thioglycolate broth and incubated for 48 hours at 37°C. Broth with visible microbial detection was submitted to bacterial identification by Gram stain. Results: Low uniformity of rubbings number was observed to eliminate different microorganisms due to different tested disinfectant agents. Four or five rubbings were needed to decontamination of the tested microorganisms using 70% ethanol. Three rubbings using 2% glutaraldehyde were able to eliminate tested microorganisms. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that 70% ethanol by friction, counting four or five rubbings, was effective to decontaminate spatula's tip.
A técnica incremental para restaurações de resina composta requer vários contatos físicos entre as espátulas, o preparo cavitário e a embalagem do material restaurador. Assim, a descontaminação da ponta da espátula por meio de agentes químicos entre cada inserção de um novo incremento de resina composta é importante para reduzir as chances de uma potencial de contaminação cruzada. Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia de diferentes soluções para descontaminação das pontas das espátulas utilizadas em procedimentos restauradores e estabelecer um protocolo padrão de descontaminação. Material e Métodos: espátulas foram esterilizadas em autoclave a 127 °C durante 20 minutos e, em seguida, contaminadas com: 1) uma suspensão de diferentes microorganismos com turbidez equivalente ao padrão 1,0 da escala de McFarland, 2) pool de quantidades iguais destes microrganismos; exceto para o grupo de controle. As técnicas de descontaminação consistiram em esfregar a ponta das espátulas (1 a 5 vezes consecutivas) utilizando 2 ml de álcool 70% ou 2% de glutaraldeído embebidos em gazes. Após a descontaminação, as espátulas foram imersas em caldo de tioglicolato e incubadas durante 48 horas a 37 °C. O caldo com visível detecção microbiana foi submetido à identificação bacteriana pela coloração de Gram. Resultados: Baixa uniformidade do esfregaço foi observada para a eliminação de diferentes microrganismos, devido aos diferentes agentes desinfetantes testados. Quatro ou cinco esfregaços foram necessários para a descontaminação dos microrganismos testados usando álcool 70%. Três esfregaços na espátula usando glutaraldeído a 2% foram capazes de eliminar os microrganismos testados. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram que o álcool 70% por fricção, contando quatro ou cinco esfregaços na espátula com gazes embebida nas soluções desinfetantes, foi eficaz para descontaminar a ponta da espátula.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: 10-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine/PCV10 was introduced in the Brazilian National Immunization Program along the year of 2010. We assessed the direct effectiveness of PCV10 vaccination in preventing nasopharyngeal/NP pneumococcal carriage in infants. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based household survey was conducted in Goiania Brazil, from December/2010-February/2011 targeting children aged 7-11 m and 15-18 m. Participants were selected using a systematic sampling. NP swabs, demographic data, and vaccination status were collected from 1,287 children during home visits. Main outcome and exposure of interest were PCV10 vaccine-type carriage and dosing schedules (3p+0, 2p+0, and one catch-up dose), respectively. Pneumococcal carriage was defined by a positive culture and serotyping was performed by Quellung reaction. Rate ratio/RR was calculated as the ratio between the prevalence of vaccine-types carriage in children exposed to different schedules and unvaccinated for PCV10. Adjusted RR was estimated using Poisson regression. PCV10 effectiveness/VE on vaccine-type carriage was calculated as 1-RR*100. RESULTS: The prevalence of pneumococcal carriage was 41.0% (95%CI: 38.4-43.7). Serotypes covered by PCV10 and PCV13 were 35.2% and 53.0%, respectively. Vaccine serotypes 6B (11.6%), 23F (7.8%), 14 (6.8%), and 19F (6.6%) were the most frequently observed. After adjusted for confounders, children who had received 2p+0 or 3p+0 dosing schedule presented a significant reduction in pneumococcal vaccine-type carriage, with PCV10 VE equal to 35.9% (95%CI: 4.2-57.1; p = 0.030) and 44.0% (95%CI: 14.-63.5; p = 0.008), respectively, when compared with unvaccinated children. For children who received one catch-up dose, no significant VE was detected (p = 0.905). CONCLUSION: PCV10 was associated with high protection against vaccine-type carriage with 2p+0 and 3p+0 doses for children vaccinated before the second semester of life. The continuous evaluation of carriage serotypes distribution is likely to be useful for evaluating the long-term effectiveness and impact of pneumococcal vaccination on serotypes reduction.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/imunologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Vacinação , Distribuição por Idade , Brasil , Criança , Relação Dose-Resposta Imunológica , Humanos , Lactente , Nasofaringe/imunologia , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologiaAssuntos
Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Variação Genética , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Sorotipagem/métodos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genética , Brasil , Pré-Escolar , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage isolates recovered from Brazilian children attending day-care centres in 2005 were assessed for serotype, genotype and penicillin susceptibility phenotype. As 124 of the 253 isolates (49â%) were characterized previously with respect to serotype and penicillin susceptibility, the primary objectives were to examine clonal associations and penicillin susceptibility within major serotypes and to assess the suitability of conventional multiplex PCR for deducing carriage serotypes within this population. Using a combination of PCR-based serotyping and the Quellung reaction, serotypes were identified for 81â% (205/253) of the isolates, with serogroups or types 14, 6, 23F, 19F and 18 being predominant. Included within the 205 isolates successfully serotyped by PCR were 28 isolates that had become non-viable. Forty-eight isolates were non-typable using both the PCR method and the Quellung reaction. Penicillin non-susceptibility was observed within 16 of the 18 multilocus sequence types detected. Thus, this study provides further evidence from a diverse collection of pneumococcal clones that PCR-based serotype deduction is useful for providing supportive evidence for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Creches , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Penicilinas/farmacologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Sorotipagem , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genéticaRESUMO
PspA is one of the most well studied pneumococcal proteins and a promising candidate for a future protein-based anti-pneumococcal vaccine. Nevertheless, its structural and serological variability suggests the inclusion of more than one PspA molecule in order to broaden protection. Since different PspAs exhibit variable levels of cross-reactivity, the selection of the protein combination with the highest coverage potential is an essential step for PspA-based vaccine development. This work investigated the level of cross-reactivity within family 1 PspAs, and established a complement based antibody mediated opsonophagocytic assay for measuring the level of cross-protection. Among a panel of ten family 1 PspA molecules, two of them, one belonging to clade 1 and another from clade 2, induced antibodies capable of enhancing complement deposition and mediating the phagocytic killing by mouse peritoneal macrophages of all pneumococci bearing PspA family 1 strains tested, regardless of their serotype. Therefore, we suggest the inclusion of either one in a PspA-based vaccine, as a representative of family 1. Furthermore, our results suggest that opsonophagocytosis by mouse peritoneal cells can be an efficient means of evaluating the induction of protective immune responses in mice across a large number of strains.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Proteínas do Sistema Complemento/imunologia , Proteção Cruzada , Macrófagos Peritoneais/imunologia , Fagocitose , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Feminino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologiaRESUMO
PspA is one of the most well studied pneumococcal proteins and a promising candidate for a future protein-based anti-pneumococcal vaccine. Nevertheless, its structural and serological variability suggests the inclusion of more than one PspA molecule in order to broaden protection. Since different PspAs exhibit variable levels of cross-reactivity, the selection of the protein combination with the highest coverage potential is an essential step for PspA-based vaccine development. This work investigated the level of cross-reactivity within family 1 PspAs, and established a complement based antibody mediated opsonophagocytic assay for measuring the level of cross-protection. Among a panel of ten family 1 PspA molecules, two of them, one belonging to clade 1 and another from clade 2, induced antibodies capable of enhancing complement deposition and mediating the phagocytic killing by mouse peritoneal macrophages of all pneumococci bearing PspA family 1 strains tested, regardless of their serotype. Therefore, we suggest the inclusion of either one in a PspA-based vaccine, as a representative of family 1. Furthermore, our results suggest that opsonophagocytosis by mouse peritoneal cells can be an efficient means of evaluating the induction of protective immune responses in mice across a large number of strains.
Assuntos
Camundongos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genética , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/uso terapêutico , Ativação do Complemento/imunologia , Fatores de Virulência/análise , Fatores de Virulência/imunologia , Lavagem Peritoneal , VirulênciaRESUMO
PspA is an important candidate for a vaccine with serotype-independent immunity against pneumococcal infections. Based on sequence relatedness, PspA has been classified into three families comprising six clades. We have previously addressed the cross-reactivity of antibodies against PspA fragments containing the N-terminal and proline-rich regions of PspA from clades 1 to 5 (PspA1, PspA2, PspA3, PspA4, and PspA5) by Western blot analysis and reported that anti-PspA4 and anti-PspA5 were able to recognize pneumococci expressing PspA proteins from all of the clades analyzed. We have now analyzed the functional capacity of these antibodies to bind and to mediate complement deposition on intact bacteria in vitro. Our results show that both PspA4 and PspA5 elicit antibodies that are able to bind and to mediate complement deposition efficiently on pneumococcal strains bearing PspA proteins from clades 1 to 5. Moreover, mice immunized with PspA4 and PspA5 were protected against an intranasal lethal challenge with strains expressing PspA proteins from the two major families. PspA4 and PspA5 are thus able to induce antibodies with a high degree of cross-reactivity in vitro, which is reflected in cross-protection of mice. We have also analyzed the contribution of the nonproline (NonPro) block within the conserved proline-rich region to the reactivity of anti-PspA antibodies, and the results indicate that N-terminal alpha-helical region, the blocks of proline repeats, and the NonPro region can influence the degree of cross-reactivity of antibodies to PspA.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Proteínas do Sistema Complemento/imunologia , Proteção Cruzada/imunologia , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Animais , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/química , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Streptococcus pneumoniae , VacinaçãoRESUMO
A survey of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin nonsusceptible pneumococcal (PNSp) isolates was conducted among 1192 children attending 62 day care centers in Brazil, where pneumococcal vaccination has not been routinely introduced. Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage was detected in 686 (57.6%) infants, and 178 (25.9%) of them carried PNSp isolates. Being less than 24 months of age, hospitalization in the previous 3 months, and recurrent acute otitis media were independently associated with PNSp. Serotypes 14, 23F, 19A, 6A, 6B and 19F were the most common serotype isolated accounting for 80% of the PNSp. A high proportion (35/332) of non-(sero)typeable isolates was detected, 62.9% of them PNSp. Serotypes coverage projected for the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) 13-valent vaccine (72%) was significantly higher compared with PCV7 (58.4%) and PCV 10-valent vaccine (59.3%).
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Resistência às Penicilinas , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Brasil/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Creches , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Otite Média/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Recidiva , Sorotipagem , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificaçãoRESUMO
Investigations regarding Staphylococcus aureus carriage among Brazilian children are scarce. We evaluated the determinants of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage in infants attending day care centers (DCCs) and the molecular features of the MRSA strains. A total of 1,192 children aged 2 months to 5 years attending 62 DCCs were screened for S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage. MRSA isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, spa typing, staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec typing and the presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene. Logistic regression was performed to determine risk factors associated with S. aureus and MRSA colonization. S. aureus and MRSA carriage were detected in 371 (31.1%) and 14 (1.2%) children, respectively. Variables found to be independently associated with an increased risk for S. aureus carriage included being older than 24 months (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 2.6) and previous DCC attendance (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.2). Having a mother with a high level of education was a protective factor for nasal colonization (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.8). Moreover, we observed that more children carrying MRSA had younger siblings than children not colonized by MRSA. Among the 14 MRSA strains, three SCCmec types (IIIA, IV, and V) were detected, together with a multidrug-resistant dominant MRSA lineage sharing 82.7% genetic similarity with the Brazilian clone (ST239-MRSA-IIIA; ST indicates the sequence type determined by multilocus sequence typing). Although SCCmec type V was recovered from one healthy child who had been exposed to known risk factors for hospital-associated MRSA, its genetic background was compatible with community-related MRSA. Our data suggest that DCC attendees could be contributing to MRSA cross-transmission between health care and community settings.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Creches/estatística & dados numéricos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Epidemiologia Molecular , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Brasil/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/classificação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Nariz , Fatores de Risco , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/classificação , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
A higienização das mãos está associada a prevenção de agravos a saúde e tem sido objeto de pesquisas. Este estudo de revisão bibliográfica de 20 anos das publicações disponíveis na base de dados PubMed teve por objetivo caracterizar os relatos científicos sobre Higienização das Mãos e contextualizar divergências entre a prática e o ideal preconizado. Os resultados evidenciam a interferência do comportamento, do hábito, do ambiente e do contexto assistencial na baixa adesao a essa prática, bem como a necessidade de compreender e transformar a realidade, minimizando as divergências evidenciadas.
Handwashing is related to the prevention of health hazards and has been a research issue. This retrospective, twenty-year literature review of publications -available at PubMed database- aimed to characterize scientific reports on handwashing (HW), and contextualize divergences between practice and theory. The results show behavior, habit and environment interference as well as care context explain the low adherênce to this practice, besides the need to understand and transform reality, minimizing the evidenced divergences.
La higienización de las manos está asociada a la prevênciójavascript:onClick=Open_DeCS_Server(87)n de daños a la salud y sigue siendo objeto de investigaciones. Este estudio de revisión bibliográfica de 20 años de las publicaciones disponibles en la base de datos PubMed tuvo por objetivo caracterizar los relatos científicos acerca de higienización de las manos y contextualizar divergencias entre la práctica y el ideal preconizado. Los resultados evidencian la interferencia del comportamiento, del hábito, del ambiente y del contexto asistencial en la pequeña adhesión a esa práctica, así como la necesidad de comprender y cambiar la realidad, minimizando las divergências evidenciadas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Desinfecção das Mãos , Cooperação do PacienteRESUMO
The objective of this study was to show which species of flies are responsible for human myiasis in the Brazilian state of Goiás and to determine the frequency of cases. Patients at the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG) were examined, and any fly larvae found in their wounds were collected for taxonomic identification. First instar larvae were observed using light microscopy; second and third instars were examined using stereoscopy. The following screwworm flies were observed, in decreasing order of prevalence: Cochliomyia hominivorax, Sarcodexia lambens, Dermatobia hominis, Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia cuprina, and Eristalis tenax. Myiasis was most frequent in the legs in adults, male patients, elderly people, and people of reproductive age. It was lowest in children, females, and patients with neurologic or psychiatric disorders. Frequency was high in patients living in low socioeconomic conditions with poor personal hygiene. Education and sanitation measures are needed to counteract this situation.
Assuntos
Dípteros/classificação , Miíase/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Clima , Complicações do Diabetes/epidemiologia , Complicações do Diabetes/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Higiene , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Miíase/complicações , Miíase/parasitologia , Prevalência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is an important vaccine candidate against pneumococcal infections, capable of inducing protection in different animal models. Based on its structural diversity, it has been suggested that a PspA-based vaccine should contain at least one fragment from each of the two major families (family 1, comprising clades 1 and 2, and family 2, comprising clades 3, 4 and 5) in order to elicit broad protection. This study analysed the recognition of a panel of 35 pneumococcal isolates bearing different PspAs by antisera raised against the N-terminal regions of PspA clades 1 to 5. The antiserum to PspA clade 4 was found to show the broadest cross-reactivity, being able to recognize pneumococcal strains containing PspAs of all clades in both families. The cross-reactivity of antibodies elicited against a PspA hybrid including the N-terminal region of clade 1 fused to a shorter and more divergent fragment (clade-defining region, or CDR) of clade 4 (PspA1-4) was also tested, and revealed a strong recognition of isolates containing clades 1, 4 and 5, and weaker reactions with clades 2 and 3. The analysis of serum reactivity against different PspA regions further revealed that the complete N-terminal region rather than just the CDR should be included in an anti-pneumococcal vaccine. A PspA-based vaccine is thus proposed to be composed of the whole N-terminal region of clades 1 and 4, which could also be expressed as a hybrid protein.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos de Bactérias/química , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Reações Cruzadas , Feminino , Humanos , Imunização , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Sorotipagem , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The childhood is one of the most propitious period of the life to the occurrence of infection by yeasts of the genus Candida. In children with Down's syndrome, besides the predispose factors to bucal candidiasis; macroglossia, bucal muscular incompetence, frequent respiratory diseases, motor difficulty and immunologic deficit are mentioned as additional elements for this fungus disease. It was verified that the children attacked by this syndrome have much more strains of Candida than other children. The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of phospholipase producer, Candida on the saliva of children with Down's syndrome. Candida albicans was the only identified specie of Candida. The phospholipase production was found in isolated strains from both of study and control. However, the isolated strains of the group of children with Down's syndrome have strongly present phospholipidolitic.
Assuntos
Candida albicans/enzimologia , Síndrome de Down/microbiologia , Fosfolipases/metabolismo , Saliva/microbiologia , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , LactenteRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To isolate and identify microorganisms from cockroaches that were captured in a public hospital and to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of these microorganisms. METHODS: Cockroaches were captured in the morning and at night. They were placed in flasks rinsed with 70% alcohol, transferred to sterilized flasks, and then taken to the laboratory. Only cockroaches captured whole and live were utilized for the study. After being immobilized at 0 degree C, each cockroach was placed in a test tube with sterile saline solution (0.8%) and then homogenized. The resulting solution was then placed in the following five culture media: MacConkey agar, nutrient broth, brain-heart infusion agar, Sabouraud agar, and mannitol. The cultures were examined using a stereomicroscope, and colony-forming units were counted. The disk diffusion test was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. RESULTS: We found a 56% prevalence of enterobacteria and an 18% prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Fifteen species of enterobacteria were identified. The most frequent were Klebsiella pneumoniae (17%), Enterobacter aerogenes (14%), Serratia marcescens (13%), Hafnia alvei (12%), Enterobacter gergoviae and Enterobacter cloacae (each 9%), and Serratia spp. (6%). Both the enterobacteria and the coagulase-negative staphylococci showed significant resistance to antimicrobials, including oxacillin. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from Periplaneta americana cockroaches in the studied hospital reflects the weakness of the measures adopted both for vector control and for antimicrobial use. The results show the need to implement effective health-institution programs focusing on hygiene and the rational use of antimicrobials.
Assuntos
Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Periplaneta/microbiologia , Animais , Brasil , HospitaisRESUMO
Objetivo. Isolar e identificar microrganismos em baratas capturadas em um hospital público e determinar o seu perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana. Métodos. As baratas foram capturadas nos períodos matutino e noturno, colocadas em frascos desinfetados com álcool a 70%, transferidas para um frasco estéril e levadas ao laboratório. Consideraram-se as baratas íntegras e vivas, as quais foram colocadas em solução salina estéril (0,8%) e homogeneizadas. Essa solução foi semeada nos meios de cultura ágar MacConkey, caldo nutriente, infusão de cérebro e coração (ágar BHI), ágar Sabouraud e ágar manitol. As culturas foram examinadas em um estereomicroscópio para a contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias. Para a determinação do perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana utilizou-se o teste de difusão de disco. Resultados. Detectou-se prevalência de 56% de enterobactérias e de 18% de estafilococos coagulase negativos. Identificaram-se 15 espécies de enterobactérias. As mais freqüentes foram Klebsiella pneumoniae (17%); Enterobacter aerogenes (14%); Serratia marcescens (13%); Hafnia alvei (12%); Enterobacter gergoviae e Enterobacter cloacae (9%); e Serratia spp. (6%). Tanto as enterobactérias quanto os estafilococos coagulase negativos apresentaram uma resistência significativa aos antimicrobianos, inclusive à oxacilina. Conclusões. A prevalência de bactérias enteropatogênicas e de estafilococos coagulase negativos isolados de baratas Periplaneta americana no hospital estudado demonstra a fragilidade das condutas adotadas tanto para o controle de vetores quanto para o uso dos antimicrobianos. Os resultados demonstram a necessidade da implementação de um programa efetivo de saneamento ambiental e do uso racional dos antimicrobianos dentro das instituições de saúde.
Objective. To isolate and identify microorganisms from cockroaches that were captured in a public hospital and to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of these microorganisms. Methods. Cockroaches were captured in the morning and at night. They were placed in flasks rinsed with 70% alcohol, transferred to sterilized flasks, and then taken to the laboratory. Only cockroaches captured whole and live were utilized for the study. After being immobilized at 0 degrees C, each cockroach was placed in a test tube with sterile saline solution (0.8%) and then homogenized. The resulting solution was then placed in the following five culture media: MacConkey agar, nutrient broth, brain-heart infusion agar, Sabouraud agar, and mannitol. The cultures were examined using a stereomicroscope, and colony-forming units were counted. The disk diffusion test was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. Results. We found a 56% prevalence of enterobacteria and an 18% prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Fifteen species of enterobacteria were identified. The most frequent were Klebsiella pneumoniae (17%), Enterobacter aerogenes (14%), Serratia marcescens (13%), Hafnia alvei (12%), Enterobacter gergoviae and Enterobacter cloacae (each 9%), and Serratia spp. (6%). Both the enterobacteria and the coagulase-negative staphylococci showed significant resistance to antimicrobials, including oxacillin. Conclusions. The prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from Periplaneta americana cockroaches in the studied hospital reflects the weakness of the measures adopted both for vector control and for antimicrobial use. The results show the need to implement effective health-institution programs focusing on hygiene and the rational use of antimicrobials