RESUMO
PURPOSE: This study seeks to develop an understanding that can guide development of programs to improve health and care for individuals with Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in La Paz, Bolivia, where NCDs are prevalent and primary care systems are weak. This exploratory investigation examines the characteristics of chronic disease patients in the region, key health related behaviors, and their perceptions of the care that they receive. The longer-term goal is to lay groundwork for interventional studies based on the principles of the Chronic Care Model (CCM). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study is based on two surveys of adults (> 18 years old) administered in 2014 in La Paz, Bolivia. A total of 1165 adult patients participated in the first screening survey. A post-screening second survey, administered only on those who qualified based on Survey 1, collected more detailed information about the subjects' general health and health related personal circumstances, several health behaviors, health literacy, and their perceptions of care received. A final data set of 651 merged records were used for analysis. RESULTS: Characteristic of a low-income country, the majority of participants had low levels of education, income, health literacy and high rates of under/unemployment. Nearly 50% of participants reported 2 or more NCDs. Seventy-four percent (74%) of respondents reported low levels of medication adherence and 26% of the population was found to have an undiagnosed depressive disorder. Overall, the perception of care quality was low (60%), particularly in those under the age of 45. Significant relationships emerged between several sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and perceptions that have major implications for improving NCD care in this population. CONCLUSIONS: These findings illustrate some of the challenges facing low-income countries where reversing the tide of NCDs is of great importance. The prevalence of NCDs coupled with challenging social determinants of health, poor medication adherence, low health literacy, and perceptions of low quality of healthcare highlight several areas of opportunity for intervention.
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Doença Crônica/epidemiologia , Idoso , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cooperação do PacienteRESUMO
Objective We assessed the validity and reliability of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) short form and the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) (two measures of depressive symptoms) among urban, low-income patients from a heavily indigenous area of Andean Latin America. This is a patient population that is in many ways culturally distinct from the populations that have been included in previous Spanish language validation studies of these instruments. Methods We administered the CES-D Yale version short form and the PHQ-8 to 107 outpatients at public hospitals in La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia. We conducted exploratory factor analysis, checked internal reliability, and examined concordance between the two measures in identifying patients with clinically significant depressive symptoms. Results Internal reliability was high for both scales: PHQ-8 (Cronbach's α = 0.808) and CES-D (α = 0.825). A one-factor solution for the PHQ-8 was maintained after the removal of one poorly loading item. The CES-D showed a two-factor solution, with items for somatic symptoms and interpersonal problems loading on the same factor as negative affect. Using both the cutoff for depression recommended in prior studies and a sample specific cutoff of ≥1 standard deviation above the mean, the two scales demonstrated only moderate agreement (κ = 0.481-0.486). Conclusions The PHQ may be more appropriate for clinical use in the Andean region, given its greater specificity; however, lower than expected agreement between the scales suggests that they also measure different elements of depression. Irregularities with the factor structure of both scales suggest that further research with this population is needed to better understand depressive symptomology and improve screening in the region.
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Depressão/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo/diagnóstico , Idoso , Bolívia , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Hospitais Públicos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pacientes Ambulatoriais , Questionário de Saúde do Paciente , Pobreza , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
El ámbito de las tecnologías móviles aplicadas a la salud (mSalud) es una tendencia en auge a nivel mundial que ha generado enormes expectativas para paliar los problemas de prestación de servicios médicos y de salud pública ocasionados por la escasez de recursos y el reducido número de especialistas. Las numerosas posibilidades que aportan las tecnologías móviles, junto con su facilidad de uso, han atraído el interés tanto de los gobiernos políticos como el de las universidades. Es el caso de la Red Iberoamericana de Tecnologías Móviles y Salud (Red CYTED-RITMOS). Como resultado del primer año de actividad de la Red, en octubre de 2015 tuvo lugar en Barcelona el Internacional Workshop RITMOS con el objeto de presentar las áreas prioritarias de América Latina donde podrían desarrollarse proyectos de investigación, desarrollo e innovación (I+D+i) en salud móvil y posibles soluciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar las potencialidades y la aplicabilidad de la mSalud en la región de las Américas.
O âmbito das tecnologias móveis aplicadas à saúde (mSaúde) é uma tendência crescente a nível mundial que tem gerado enormes expectativas, com a promessa de mitigar os problemas na prestação de serviços médicos e de saúde pública ocasionados pela escassez de recursos e pelo baixo número de especialistas. O grande número de possibilidades geradas pelas tecnologias móveis, juntamente com sua facilidade de uso, têm atraído o interesse tanto de governos como de universidades. É o caso da Rede Ibero- Americana de Tecnologias Móveis e Saúde (Rede CYTED-RITMOS). Como resultado do primeiro ano de atividade da Rede, em outubro de 2015 foi realizado em Barcelona o Seminário Internacional RITMOS, com o objetivo de apresentar as áreas prioritárias da América Latina onde poderiam ser desenvolvidos projetos de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação (P&D+i) em saúde móvel e possíveis soluções. O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar os potenciais e a aplicabilidade da mSaúde na Região das Américas.
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Populações Vulneráveis , Telemedicina , Tecnologia Biomédica , América Latina , Tecnologia Biomédica , Populações VulneráveisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients' engagement in mobile health (m-health) interventions using interactive voice response (IVR) calls is less in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than in industrialized ones. We conducted a study to determine whether automated telephone feedback to informal caregivers ("CarePartners") increased engagement in m-health support among diabetes and hypertension patients in Bolivia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with diabetes and/or hypertension were identified through ambulatory clinics affiliated with four hospitals. All patients enrolled with a CarePartner. Patients were randomized to weekly IVR calls including self-management questions and self-care education either alone ("standard m-health") or with automated feedback about health and self-care needs sent to their CarePartner after each IVR call ("m-health+CP"). RESULTS: The 72 participants included 39 with diabetes and 53 with hypertension, of whom 19 had ≤6 years of education. After 1,225 patient-weeks of attempted IVR assessments, the call completion rate was higher among patients randomized to m-health+CP compared with standard m-health (62.0% versus 44.9%; p < 0.047). CarePartner feedback more than tripled call completion rates among indigenous patients and patients with low literacy (p < 0.001 for both). M-health+CP patients were more likely to report excellent health via IVR (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07, 6.32) and less likely to report days in bed due to illness (AOR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.19, 0.91). CONCLUSIONS: In this study we found that caregiver feedback increased engagement in m-health and may improve patients' health status relative to standard approaches. M-health+CP represents a scalable strategy for increasing the reach of self-management support in LMICs.
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Cuidadores , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Feedback Formativo , Hipertensão/terapia , Autocuidado , Telemedicina/métodos , Idoso , Bolívia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Etnicidade , Feminino , Letramento em Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Adesão à Medicação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto/métodos , TelefoneRESUMO
BACKGROUND: While global momentum supporting mobile health (mHealth) research and development is increasing, it is imperative to assess the potential fit of mHealth programs in local settings. We describe the penetration of mobile technologies among Bolivian patients with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) to inform research on mHealth interventions for the Andean region as well as low- and middle-income countries more generally. METHODS: Five-hundred and fifty-nine NCD patients were identified from outpatient clinics affiliated with four hospitals in the cities of La Paz and El Alto. Respondents completed surveys about their use of standard mobile phones and smartphones. Respondents also provided information about their sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and access to care. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression to understand the variation in mobile phone use across groups defined by patient characteristics associated with health service access and socioeconomic vulnerability. RESULTS: Respondents were on average 52 years of age, 33% had at most a sixth grade education, and 30% spoke an indigenous language in their home. Eighty-six percent owned a mobile phone and 13% owned a smartphone. Fifty-eight percent of mobile phone users sent or received a text message at least once a week. Some mobile phone owners reported connectivity problems, such as lacking mobile signal (9%) or credit to make a call (17%). Younger age, male gender, high health literacy, more years of education, and having fewer previously diagnosed NCDs were positively related to mobile phone ownership. Among mobile phone users, respondents with lower education and other indicators of vulnerability were less likely than their counterparts to report frequent usage of texting services. CONCLUSIONS: Mobile phones have high penetration among NCD patients in La Paz, Bolivia, including among those who are older, less educated, and who have other socioeconomic risk factors. Smartphone use is still relatively uncommon, even among patients who are younger and more educated. While certain patient characteristics such as age or education impact patients' use of text messaging, mobile phone-based mHealth interventions are feasible strategies for increasing NCD patients' access to self-management support between face-to-face clinical encounters.
Assuntos
Telefone Celular/estatística & dados numéricos , Doença Crônica , Pesquisa , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Bolívia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mobile health (m-health) work in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) mainly consists of small pilot programs with an unclear path to scaling and dissemination. We describe the deployment and testing of an m-health platform for non-communicable disease (NCD) self-management support in Bolivia. METHODS: Three hundred sixty-four primary care patients in La Paz with diabetes or hypertension completed surveys about their use of mobile phones, health and access to care. One hundred sixty-five of those patients then participated in a 12-week demonstration of automated telephone monitoring and self-management support. Weekly interactive voice response (IVR) calls were made from a platform established at a university in La Paz, under the direction of the regional health ministry. RESULTS: Thirty-seven percent of survey respondents spoke indigenous languages at home and 38% had six or fewer years of education. Eighty-two percent had a mobile phone, 45% used text messaging with a standard phone, and 9% had a smartphone. Smartphones were least common among patients who were older, spoke indigenous languages, or had less education. IVR program participants completed 1007 self-management support calls with an overall response rate of 51%. IVR call completion was lower among older adults, but was not related to patients' ethnicity, health status, or healthcare access. IVR health and self-care reports were consistent with information reported during in-person baseline interviews. Patients' likelihood of reporting excellent, very good, or good health (versus fair or poor health) via IVR increased during program participation and was associated with better medication adherence. Patients completing follow-up interviews were satisfied with the program, with 19/20 (95%) reporting that they would recommend it to a friend. CONCLUSION: By collaborating with LMICs, m-health programs can be transferred from higher-resource centers to LMICs and implemented in ways that improve access to self-management support among people with NCDs.
RESUMO
We measured Spanish-speaking patients' engagement in Interactive Voice Response (IVR) calls using data from self-management support studies in Honduras, Mexico and the US. A total of 268 patients with diabetes or hypertension participated in 6-12 weeks of weekly IVR follow-up. Participants had an average of 6.1 years of education, and 73% of them were women. After 2443 person-weeks of follow-up, patients had completed 1494 IVR assessments. The call completion rates were higher in the US (75%) than in Honduras (59%) or Mexico (61%; P < 0.001). Patients participating with an informal caregiver were more likely to complete calls (adjusted odds ratio 1.5; P = 0.03) while patients reporting fair or poor health at enrolment were less likely (adjusted odds ratio 0.59; P = 0.02). Satisfaction rates were high, with 98% of patients reporting that the system was easy to use, and 86% reporting that the calls helped them a great deal in managing their health problems. IVR self-management support is feasible among Spanish-speaking patients with chronic disease, including those living in less-developed countries. Involving informal caregivers may increase patient engagement.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Hipertensão/terapia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Interface para o Reconhecimento da Fala , Telemedicina/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino , Honduras , Humanos , Idioma , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Satisfação do Paciente , Análise de Regressão , Sistemas de Alerta/estatística & dados numéricos , Autocuidado , Telemedicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Telefone , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Hypertension and other noncommunicable diseases represent a growing threat to low/middle-income countries (LMICs). Mobile health technologies may improve noncommunicable disease outcomes, but LMICs lack resources to provide these services. We evaluated the efficacy of a cloud computing model using automated self-management calls plus home blood pressure (BP) monitoring as a strategy for improving systolic BPs (SBPs) and other outcomes of hypertensive patients in two LMICs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This was a randomized trial with a 6-week follow-up. Participants with high SBPs (≥140 mm Hg if nondiabetic and ≥130 mm Hg if diabetic) were enrolled from clinics in Honduras and Mexico. Intervention patients received weekly automated monitoring and behavior change telephone calls sent from a server in the United States, plus a home BP monitor. At baseline, control patients received BP results, hypertension information, and usual healthcare. The primary outcome, SBP, was examined for all patients in addition to a preplanned subgroup with low literacy or high hypertension information needs. Secondary outcomes included perceived health status and medication-related problems. RESULTS: Of the 200 patients recruited, 181 (90%) completed follow-up, and 117 of 181 had low literacy or high hypertension information needs. The median annual income was $2,900 USD, and average educational attainment was 6.5 years. At follow-up intervention patients' SBPs decreased 4.2 mm Hg relative to controls (95% confidence interval -9.1, 0.7; p=0.09). In the subgroup with high information needs, intervention patients' average SBPs decreased 8.8 mm Hg (-14.2, -3.4, p=0.002). Compared with controls, intervention patients at follow-up reported fewer depressive symptoms (p=0.004), fewer medication problems (p<0.0001), better general health (p<0.0001), and greater satisfaction with care (p≤0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Automated telephone care management plus home BP monitors can improve outcomes for hypertensive patients in LMICs. A cloud computing model within regional telecommunication centers could make these services available in areas with limited infrastructure for patient-focused informatics support.
Assuntos
Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial/métodos , Cardiologia , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Renda , Telemedicina/organização & administração , Pressão Sanguínea , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Simulação por Computador , Intervalos de Confiança , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Honduras , Humanos , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Seleção de Pacientes , Pobreza , Psicometria , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Telemedicina/métodosRESUMO
The U.S. financial crisis has affected employment opportunities for Latino immigrants, and this could affect their ability to send financial assistance, or "remittances", to chronically ill family members in their home country. In a cross-sectional survey of 624 chronically ill adults conducted in Honduras between June and August 2009, respondents reported their receipt of remittances, health service use, and cost-related access barriers. Fifty-four percent of respondents reported relatives living outside the country, and of this group, 66 percent (37% of the overall sample) received remittances. Seventy-four percent of respondents receiving remittances reported a decrease over the prior year, mostly due to job losses among their relatives abroad. Respondents reporting reductions in remittances received significantly less per month, on average, than those without a reduction (US $170 vs. $234; p = 0.01). In multivariate models, respondents experiencing a reduction in remittances used fewer health services and medications due to cost concerns. Remittance payments from relatives resident in the United States are a major source of income for chronically ill individuals in Latin America. Most recipients of remittances reported a reduction during the financial downturn that affected their access to care.
Assuntos
Doença Crônica/economia , Doença Crônica/terapia , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/economia , Serviços de Saúde/economia , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Reembolso de Seguro de Saúde/economia , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Recessão Econômica , Economia/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Honduras , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pobreza/estatística & dados numéricos , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/economia , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although interactive voice response (IVR) calls can be an effective tool for chronic disease management, many regions of the world lack the infrastructure to provide these services. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the feasibility and potential impact of an IVR program using a cloud-computing model to improve diabetes management in Honduras. METHODS: A single-group, pre-post study was conducted between June and August 2010. The telecommunications infrastructure was maintained on a U.S. server, and calls were directed to patients' cell phones using VoIP. Eighty-five diabetes patients in Honduras received weekly IVR disease management calls for 6 weeks, with automated follow-up e-mails to clinicians, and voicemail reports to family caregivers. Patients completed interviews at enrollment and a 6-week follow-up. Other measures included patients' glycemic control (HbA1c) and data from the IVR calling system. RESULTS: A total of 53% of participants completed at least half of their IVR calls and 23% of participants completed 80% or more. Higher baseline blood pressures, greater diabetes burden, greater distance from the clinic, and better medication adherence were related to higher call completion rates. Nearly all participants (98%) reported that because of the program, they improved in aspects of diabetes management such as glycemic control (56%) or foot care (89%). Mean HbA1c's decreased from 10.0% at baseline to 8.9% at follow-up (p<0.01). Most participants (92%) said that if the service were available in their clinic they would use it again. CONCLUSIONS: Cloud computing is a feasible strategy for providing IVR services globally. IVR self-care support may improve self-care and glycemic control for patients in underdeveloped countries.
Assuntos
Telefone Celular , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Autocuidado/métodos , Interface Usuário-Computador , Adulto , Idoso , Glicemia , Doença Crônica , Países em Desenvolvimento , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Honduras , Humanos , Masculino , Adesão à Medicação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Telecomunicações , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To survey a large sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Mexico City to determine if patient experience, access to basic services, treatment, and outcomes differed between those with social security coverage and those without. METHODS: From 2001-2007 a total of 1 000 individuals with T2DM were surveyed in outpatient clinics of the three largest public ophthalmology hospitals in Mexico City. Patients reported information about their health status and receipt of basic diabetes services, such as laboratory glycemic monitoring and diabetes education. Rates were compared between those with (n = 461) and without (n = 539) social security. RESULTS: Almost half of the patients (46 percent) in these public facilities were social security patients that were unable to access other services and had to pay out-of-pocket for care. Half of respondents were originally identified as potentially diabetic based on symptom complaints (51 percent), including 11 percent with visual impairment. Most patients (87.9 percent) reported that their glycemic level was being monitored exclusively via fasting blood glucose testing or random capillary blood glucose tests; only 5.3 percent reported ever having a glycated hemoglobin test. While nearly all respondents reported an individual physician encounter ever, only 39 percent reported ever receiving nutrition counseling and only 21 percent reported attending one or more sessions of diabetes education in their lifetime. Processes of care and outcomes were no different in patients with and those without social security coverage. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, the quality of diabetes care is poor. Despite receiving social security, many patients still have to pay out-of-pocket to access needed care. Without policy changes that address these barriers to comprehensive diabetes management, scientific achievements in diagnosis and pharmacotherapy will have limited impact.
OBJETIVO: Determinar si hay diferencias en cuanto a las experiencias de atención de la diabetes, el acceso a los servicios básicos, el tratamiento y la evolución clínica entre las personas que disponen o no de seguro social de salud mediante la encuesta de una muestra amplia de pacientes que padecen diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en la Ciudad de México. MÉTODOS: Se encuestó a 1 000 pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 en la consulta externa de los tres hospitales públicos de oftalmología más importantes de la Ciudad de México. Los pacientes proporcionaron información acerca de su estado de salud y su experiencia respecto de la atención básica de diabetes; por ejemplo, el control de la glucemia mediante análisis de laboratorio y la información que recibieron acerca de la enfermedad. Se compararon los datos estadísticos entre quienes disponían de un seguro social de salud (n = 461) y quienes carecían de este tipo de seguro (n = 539). RESULTADOS: Casi la mitad de los pacientes (46 por ciento) que se atienden en estos hospitales públicos disponen de seguro social de salud, pero no pudieron acceder a otros servicios y debieron pagar de su bolsillo para recibir atención. La mitad de los entrevistados (51 por ciento) eran pacientes que habían sido considerados presuntos diabéticos a partir de los síntomas que habían referido, de los cuales 11 por ciento presentaron discapacidad visual. La mayoría de los pacientes (87,9 por ciento) refirieron que solo se controlaban mediante análisis glucemia en ayunas o análisis aleatorios (sin ayunar) de una muestra de sangre capilar; solo 5,3 por ciento refirieron que alguna vez se habían efectuado el análisis de glucohemoglobina (HbA1c). Si bien prácticamente la totalidad de los encuestados refirieron haber tenido alguna consulta médica, solo 39 por ciento informaron haber recibido orientación nutricional en alguna ocasión y solo 21 por ciento refirieron haber asistido a una o más sesiones informativas sobre la diabetes. ...
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , /tratamento farmacológico , Retinopatia Diabética/tratamento farmacológico , Hospitais Especializados/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais Urbanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Oftalmologia , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Glicemia/análise , Aconselhamento/estatística & dados numéricos , /sangue , /diagnóstico , /economia , /epidemiologia , Retinopatia Diabética/economia , Retinopatia Diabética/epidemiologia , Gastos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Hospitais Especializados/economia , Hospitais Urbanos/economia , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Insulina/uso terapêutico , México/epidemiologia , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Previdência Social/economia , Previdência Social/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: patients in underdeveloped countries may be left behind by advances in telehealthcare. We surveyed chronically ill patients with low incomes in Honduras to measure their use of mobile technologies and willingness to participate in mobile disease management support. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 624 chronically ill primary care patients in Honduras were surveyed. We examined variation in telephone access across groups defined by patients' sociodemographic characteristics, diagnoses, and access to care. Logistic regression was used to identify independent correlates of patients' interest in automated telephonic support for disease management. RESULTS: participants had limited education (mean 4.8 years), and 65% were unemployed. Eighty-four percent had telephone access, and 78% had cell phones. Most respondents had voicemail (61%) and text messaging (58%). Mobile technologies were particularly common among patients who had to forego clinic visits and medications due to cost concerns (each p < 0.05). Most patients (>80%) reported that they would be willing to receive automated calls focused on appointment reminders, medication adherence, health status monitoring, and self-care education. Patients were more likely to be willing to participate in automated telemedicine services if they had to cancel a clinic appointment due to transportation problems or forego medication due to cost pressures. CONCLUSIONS: even in this poor region of Honduras, most chronically ill patients have access to mobile technology, and most are willing to participate in automated telephone disease management support. Given barriers to in-person care, new models of mobile healthcare should be developed for chronically ill patients in developing countries.
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Pacientes/psicologia , Autocuidado , Telemedicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Doença Crônica , Coleta de Dados , Feminino , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Honduras , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , PobrezaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Telephone based self-management support may improve the metabolic control of patients with type2 (DM2) diabetes if it is coordinated with primary care centers, if telephone protocols and clinical guidelines are used and if it is provided by nurses trained in motivational interviewing. AIM: To assess the efficacy of a tele-care self-management support model (ATAS) on metabolic control of patients with DM2 attending primary care centers in a low income area in Santiago, Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two primary care centers were randomly assigned to continue with usual care (control group, CG) or to receive additionally 6 telecare self-management support interventions (IG) during a 15 month period. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was used to measure metabolic control of DM2; the "Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities Measure" and the "Spanish Diabetes Self-efficacy" scale were used to measure self-management and self efficacy, respectively. Changes in the use of health services were also evaluated. RESULTS: The IG maintained its HbA1c level (baseline and final levels of 8.3 +/- 2.3% and 8.5 +/- 2.2% respectively) whereas it deteriorated in the CG (baseline and final levels of 7.4 +/- 2.3 and 8.8 +/- 2.3% respectively, p < 0.001). The perception of self-efficacy in the IG improved while remaining unchanged in the CG (p < 0.001). Adherence to medication, physical activity and foot care did not change in either group. In the IG, compliance to clinic visits increased while emergency care visits decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The ATAS intervention, in low income primary care centers, significantly increased the probability of stabilizing the metabolic control of patients with DM2 and improved their use of health services.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/enfermagem , Assistência Centrada no Paciente/métodos , Autocuidado , Telefone , Adulto , Chile , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Pobreza , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate two alternatives to the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test for diabetes screening in Latin America. METHODS: Eight hundred adults without diabetes were recruited in a primary care clinic in Honduras. An equation-based screening formula, incorporating a random capillary glucose test and other risk factors, was used for initial screening. All patients with a screening-based probability of diabetes > 20%, plus one-fifth of those with a probability < 20%, were asked to return for FPG and point-of-care hemoglobin A1c (POC-A1c) tests. An FPG > 126 milligrams per deciliter and a POC-A1c > 6.5% were used as gold standards to assess the performance of the screening equation. The association between the POC-A1c and the FPG tests was examined as were patient factors associated with failure to return for follow-up and variation in diabetes risk across subgroups. RESULTS: The screening equation had excellent test characteristics compared with FPG and POC-A1c. Using the FPG gold standard, the POC-A1c had a sensitivity of 77.8% and a specificity of 84.9%. With an A1c cutoff of 7%, POC-A1c specificity increased to 96.2%. Thirty-four percent of patients asked to return for follow-up testing failed to do so. Those who failed to return were more likely to be men and to have hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Both the screening equation and POC-A1c are reasonable alternatives to an FPG test for identifying patients with diabetes. Given the barriers to currently recommended screening procedures, these options could have important public health benefits in Latin America.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Adulto , Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , Feminino , Honduras , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saúde da População RuralRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate two alternatives to the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test for diabetes screening in Latin America. METHODS: Eight hundred adults without diabetes were recruited in a primary care clinic in Honduras. An equation-based screening formula, incorporating a random capillary glucose test and other risk factors, was used for initial screening. All patients with a screening-based probability of diabetes > 20 percent, plus one-fifth of those with a probability < 20 percent, were asked to return for FPG and point-of-care hemoglobin A1c (POC-A1c) tests. An FPG > 126 milligrams per deciliter and a POC-A1c > 6.5 percent were used as gold standards to assess the performance of the screening equation. The association between the POC-A1c and the FPG tests was examined as were patient factors associated with failure to return for follow-up and variation in diabetes risk across subgroups. RESULTS: The screening equation had excellent test characteristics compared with FPG and POC-A1c. Using the FPG gold standard, the POC-A1c had a sensitivity of 77.8 percent and a specificity of 84.9 percent. With an A1c cutoff of 7 percent, POC-A1c specificity increased to 96.2 percent. Thirty-four percent of patients asked to return for follow-up testing failed to do so. Those who failed to return were more likely to be men and to have hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Both the screening equation and POC-A1c are reasonable alternatives to an FPG test for identifying patients with diabetes. Given the barriers to currently recommended screening procedures, these options could have important public health benefits in Latin America.
OBJETIVO: Evaluar dos alternativas a la prueba de glucemia en ayunas para el tamizaje de la diabetes en América Latina. MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron 800 adultos sin diabetes que acudían a un dispensario de atención primaria en Honduras. Para el tamizaje inicial se utilizó una fórmula de tamizaje mediante la aplicación de ecuaciones, que incluía una prueba aleatoria de la concentración de glucosa capilar y otros factores de riesgo. A todos los pacientes cuyos tamizajes revelaron una probabilidad de diabetes > 20 por ciento, y a una quinta parte de los pacientes con una probabilidad < 20 por ciento, se les solicitó que regresaran para un examen de glucemia en ayunas y para una de glucohemoglobina (HbA1c) en el lugar de atención. Se utilizaron los siguientes criterios de referencia para evaluar el desempeño de la ecuación del tamizaje: glucemia en ayunas > 126 mg por decilitro y HbA1c > 6,5 por ciento. Se analizó la asociación entre las prueba de HbA1c y la de glucemia en ayunas, así como los factores de los pacientes asociados con faltas a las citas de seguimiento y la variación del riesgo de diabetes a través de los subgrupos. RESULTADOS: La ecuación de tamizaje presentó excelentes características de análisis en comparación con el examen de glucosa en ayunas y con la prueba de HbA1c. Usando el criterio de referencia del examen de glucosa en ayunas, el HbA1c mostró una sensibilidad de 77,8 por ciento y una especificidad de 84,9 por ciento. Con un límite de A1c de 7 por ciento, la especificidad de la prueba de HbA1c aumentó a 96,2 por ciento. No se presentaron para el seguimiento de la prueba 34 por ciento de los pacientes a quienes se les solicitó que regresaran. La probabilidad de no regresar para el seguimiento fue mayor en hombres y que tenían hipertensión. CONCLUSIONES: Tanto la ecuación de tamizaje como la prueba HbA1c son alternativas razonables al examen de glucosa en ayunas. Teniendo en cuenta las barreras actuales a la aplicación de los procedimientos de tamizaje recomendados, estas opciones podrían representar beneficios importantes para la salud pública en América Latina.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , /diagnóstico , Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , Honduras , Saúde da População RuralRESUMO
Background: Telephone based self-management support may improve the metabolic control of patients with type 2 (DM2) diabetes if it is coordinated with primary care centers, if telephone protocols and clinical guidelines are used and if it is provided by nurses trained in motivational interviewing. Aim: To assess the efficacy ofi a tele-care self-management support model (ATAS) on metabolic control of patients with DM2 attending primary care centers in a low income area in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: Two primary care centers were randomly assigned to continue with usual care (control group, CG) or to receive additionally 6 telecare self-management support interventions (IG) during a 15 month period. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was used to measure metabolic control of DM2; the Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities Measure and the Spanish Diabetes Self-efficacy scale were used to measure self-management and self efficacy, respectively. Changes in the use of health services were also evaluated. Results: The IG maintained its HbA1c level (baseline and final levels of 8.3 ± 2.3 percent and 8.5 ± 2.2 percent respectively) whereas it deteriorated in the CG (baseline and final levels of 7.4 ± 2.3 and 8.8 ± 2.3 percent respectively, p < 0.001). The perception of self-efficacy in the IG improved while remaining unchanged in the CG (p < 0.001). Adherence to medication, physical activity and foot care did not change in either group. In the IG, compliance to clinic visits increased while emergency care visits decreased. Conclusions: The ATAS intervention, in low income primary care centers, significantly increased the probability of stabilizing the metabolic control of patients with DM2 and improved their use of health services.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , /enfermagem , Assistência Centrada no Paciente/métodos , Autocuidado , Telefone , Chile , /sangue , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Pobreza , Atenção Primária à SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To identify innovative strategies for improved care and self-care of patients with chronic diseases (CD) in Latin America and to explore interest in creating a Latin American network of professionals in this field. METHODS: A descriptive study based on a survey of key experts with recognized national or regional leadership in CD patient care. The 25-question questionnaire sought information on their experiences with care and self-care initiatives for CD patients, descriptions of successful initiatives, the perceived ability of countries to innovate in this area, their interest in participating in a network of Latin American professionals in this field, and more. Content analysis was performed to develop recommendations for the Region. RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 17 (37.8%) of the 45 experts approached; 82.4% confirmed their knowledge of of involvement with an innovative initiative related to the subject. Initial development does exist in each of the three innovative strategy types: peer care, informal caregivers, and telenursing, the latter being the least explored. There is real interest in forming a Latin American network that focuses on development of innovative self-care strategies for CD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Support for a joint network is promising. Priorities are building skills in this area and developing innovative proposals for improved CD patient care in the Region. Innovative measures should be complementary and adapted to the specific context of each scenario.
Assuntos
Doença Crônica/terapia , Autocuidado/métodos , Terapias em Estudo , Cuidadores , Doença Crônica/epidemiologia , Doença Crônica/enfermagem , Coleta de Dados , Administradores de Instituições de Saúde/psicologia , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Grupo Associado , Grupos de Autoajuda , Apoio Social , Inquéritos e Questionários , Telenfermagem/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
OBJETIVOS: Identificar estrategias innovadoras dirigidas a mejorar el cuidado y el autocuidado de los pacientes con enfermedades crónicas (EC) en América Latina y explorar el interés en crear una red latinoamericana de profesionales en ese campo. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo exploratorio basado en una encuesta aplicada a expertos clave con reconocido liderazgo nacional o regional en la atención de pacientes con EC. El cuestionario de 25 preguntas recababa información sobre su experiencia en iniciativas de cuidado y autocuidado de pacientes con EC, la descripción de las iniciativas exitosas, la percepción de la capacidad de los países para innovar en este ámbito y el interés en participar en una red de profesionales latinoamericanos en ese campo, entre otras. Se realizó un análisis de contenidos para elaborar recomendaciones para la Región. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo respuesta de 17 (37,8 por ciento) de los 45 expertos invitados; 82,4 por ciento afirmó conocer o participar en alguna iniciativa innovadora en el tema planteado. Existe un incipiente desarrollo de los tres tipos de estrategias innovadoras: cuidado por pares, cuidadores informales y telecuidado, esta última es la menos explorada. Hay un real interés en conformar una red latinoamericana para el desarrollo de estrategias innovadoras dirigidas al autocuidado de pacientes con EC. CONCLUSIONES: Las bases para una red de trabajo conjunto son promisorias y es prioritario fortalecer las competencias en esta área y desarrollar propuestas innovadoras para mejorar la atención de los pacientes con EC en la Región. Las medidas innovadoras deben ser complementarias y se deben ajustar al contexto específico de cada escenario.
OBJECTIVES: To identify innovative strategies for improved care and self-care of patients with chronic diseases (CD) in Latin America and to explore interest in creating a Latin American network of professionals in this field. METHODS: A descriptive study based on a survey of key experts with recognized national or regional leadership in CD patient care. The 25-question questionnaire sought information on their experiences with care and self-care initiatives for CD patients, descriptions of successful initiatives, the perceived ability of countries to innovate in this area, their interest in participating in a network of Latin American professionals in this field, and more. Content analysis was performed to develop recommendations for the Region. RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 17 (37.8 percent) of the 45 experts approached; 82.4 percent confirmed their knowledge of of involvement with an innovative initiative related to the subject. Initial development does exist in each of the three innovative strategy types: peer care, informal caregivers, and telenursing, the latter being the least explored. There is real interest in forming a Latin American network that focuses on development of innovative self-care strategies for CD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Support for a joint network is promising. Priorities are building skills in this area and developing innovative proposals for improved CD patient care in the Region. Innovative measures should be complementary and adapted to the specific context of each scenario.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doença Crônica/terapia , Autocuidado/métodos , Terapias em Estudo , Cuidadores , Doença Crônica/epidemiologia , Doença Crônica/enfermagem , Coleta de Dados , Administradores de Instituições de Saúde/psicologia , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , América Latina/epidemiologia , Grupo Associado , Inquéritos e Questionários , Grupos de Autoajuda , Apoio Social , Telenfermagem/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To validate a low-cost tool for identifying diabetic patients in rural areas of Latin America. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A regression equation incorporating postprandial time and a random plasma glucose was used to screen 800 adults in Honduras. Patients with a probability of diabetes of > or =20% were asked to return for a fasting plasma glucose (FPG). A random fifth of those with a screener-based probability of diabetes <20% were also asked to return for follow-up. The gold standard was an FPG > or =126 mg/dl. RESULTS: The screener had very good test characteristics (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.89). Using the screening criterion of > or =0.42, the equation had a sensitivity of 74.1% and specificity of 97.2%. CONCLUSIONS: This screener is a valid measure of diabetes risk in Honduras and could be used to identify diabetic patients in poor clinics in Latin America.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Glicemia/análise , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Jejum , Honduras/epidemiologia , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Pobreza , Probabilidade , Prognóstico , Análise de RegressãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To survey a large sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Mexico City to determine if patient experience, access to basic services, treatment, and outcomes differed between those with social security coverage and those without. METHODS: From 2001-2007 a total of 1 000 individuals with T2DM were surveyed in outpatient clinics of the three largest public ophthalmology hospitals in Mexico City. Patients reported information about their health status and receipt of basic diabetes services, such as laboratory glycemic monitoring and diabetes education. Rates were compared between those with (n = 461) and without (n = 539) social security. RESULTS: Almost half of the patients (46%) in these public facilities were social security patients that were unable to access other services and had to pay out-of-pocket for care. Half of respondents were originally identified as potentially diabetic based on symptom complaints (51%), including 11% with visual impairment. Most patients (87.9%) reported that their glycemic level was being monitored exclusively via fasting blood glucose testing or random capillary blood glucose tests; only 5.3% reported ever having a glycated hemoglobin test. While nearly all respondents reported an individual physician encounter ever, only 39% reported ever receiving nutrition counseling and only 21% reported attending one or more sessions of diabetes education in their lifetime. Processes of care and outcomes were no different in patients with and those without social security coverage. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, the quality of diabetes care is poor. Despite receiving social security, many patients still have to pay out-of-pocket to access needed care. Without policy changes that address these barriers to comprehensive diabetes management, scientific achievements in diagnosis and pharmacotherapy will have limited impact.