RESUMO
RESUMEN Se ha descrito que una mayor duración de lactancia materna, parece estar asociada a hábitos alimentarios saludables en la primera infancia. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre duración de lactancia materna y consumo de productos ultra-procesados (PUP) y bebidas azucaradas (BA) en menores de 4 años, considerando seguridad alimentaria y contexto educativo. Adicionalmente se analizó ingesta de otros alimentos. Se analizaron transversalmente 3.077 niños de la Primera Encuesta Nacional de Salud, Nutrición y Desarrollo Infantil de Uruguay. Se aplicaron cuestionarios a la madre u otro adulto responsable. Se realizaron modelos de regresión logística crudos y ajustados por: edad materna, índice de masa corporal materna al momento de la entrevista, seguridad alimentaria y asistencia a centro educativo. Se consideraron significativos valores de p<0.05. En modelos ajustados no se encontró asociación entre duración de lactancia materna y PUP, ni BA (p≥0.31) en ningún grupo etario. En el total de niños ≥6 meses se encontró asociación significativa directa entre inseguridad alimentaria y consumo de PUP y BA (p<0.046). En niños ≥24 meses, se observó asociación inversa entre asistencia a centro educativo y BA (p= 0.002). Los ≥24 meses en la categoría menos saludable (BA SI+0-4 alimentos saludables), nunca recibieron lactancia (p= 0.001); y en la más saludable (BA NO+4-8 alimentos saludables) el 72.4% había tenido lactancia ≥6 meses (p= 0.001). En conclusión, queda en evidencia que la inseguridad alimentaria explica en gran medida el consumo tanto de alimentos ultra-procesados como de bebidas azucaradas.
ABSTRACT Longer duration of breastfeeding seems to be associated with healthier eating habits in children. The aim of this study was to determine the association between breastfeeding duration and the consumption of ultra-processed products and sweetened beverages (SB) among Uruguayan children under 4, considering food security and educational context. Additionally, the intake of other foods was analyzed. Data used in this cross-sectional study were obtained in the First National Survey of Child Health, Nutrition and Development of Uruguay (n=3,077). Adult participants answered a qualitative survey. Crude regression models were tested, and adjusted for maternal age, maternal body mass index, food security and school attendance; p-value 0.046). In children ≥24 months, an inverse association was observed between school attendance and SB (p= 0.002). Those ≥24 months in the less healthy category (SB yes +0-4 healthy foods), never received breastfeeding (p= 0.001); and in the healthiest one (SB no + 4-8 healthy foods), 72.4% had been breastfeeding for 6 months or more (p= 0.001). In conclusion, food insecurity could explain ultra-processed foods and sweetened beverages consumption.
RESUMO
Consuming fruits and vegetables is known to lower blood pressure. However, it is unclear how much should be consumed in order to achieve this effect. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and blood pressure. A cross-sectional study was conducted among a random sample of 777 adults between the ages of 32 and 38 from the Region of Valparaiso, Chile. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured, and a survey was carried out to quantify consumption trends over the past month. The fruit and vegetable intake was divided into three groups: less than 200 g, 200-400 g, and more than 400 g. In the analysis, multiple linear regression models were used and were adjusted for sex, BMI, physical activity, socioeconomic status, smoking, and sodium intake. It was observed that increasing intake of fruits and vegetables lowers the systolic blood pressure (ß = -3.37 , 95% CI : -6.45 to -0.29; for consumption between 200 and 400 g ) (ß = -4.02, 95% CI: -7.06 to -0.98; for consumption great than 400 g), while an effect on diastolic pressure is only seen in those who meet the WHO recommendation of consuming more than 400 g per day (ß -2.87, CI = -5.17 to -0.57). In conclusion, consuming fruits and vegetables in amounts larger than 400 g per day, provides a protective effect against increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Frutas , Verduras , Adulto , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Se ha descrito que consumir frutas y verduras disminuye la presión arterial. Sin embargo, no está clara la magnitud del efecto según la cantidad consumida. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre consumo de frutas y verduras, y presión arterial. Se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra aleatoria de 777 adultos entre 32 y 38 años de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile. Se midió presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD), y se aplicó una encuesta de tendencia de consumo cuantificada del último mes. La ingesta de frutas y verduras se dividió en tres grupos: menor a 200 g, 200 a 400 g, mayor a 400 g. Para el análisis se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple ajustados por sexo, IMC, actividad física, nivel socioeconómico, tabaquismo e ingesta de sodio. Se observó que a medida que aumenta la ingesta de frutas y verduras disminuye la presión arterial sistólica(β=-3,37; IC 95%: -6,45 a -0,29; en consumo entre 200 y 400 g) (β=- 4,02; IC 95%: -7,06 a -0,98; en consumo mayor a 400 g), mientras que en la presión diastólica solamente se ve el efecto en los que cumplen la recomendación de la OMS de consumir más de 400 g al día (β-2,87; IC=-5,17 a -0,57). Se concluye que consumir frutas y verduras en cantidades mayores a 400 g, tiene un efecto protector en el aumento de la presión arterial tanto sistólica como diastólica.
Consuming fruits and vegetables is known to lower blood pressure. However, it is unclear how much should be consumed in order to achieve this effect. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and blood pressure. A cross-sectional study was conducted among a random sample of 777 adults between the ages of 32 and 38 from the Region of Valparaiso, Chile. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured, and a survey was carried out to quantify consumption trends over the past month. The fruit and vegetable intake was divided into three groups: less than 200 g, 200-400 g, and more than 400 g. In the analysis, multiple linear regression models were used and were adjusted for sex, BMI, physical activity, socioeconomic status, smoking, and sodium intake. It was observed that increasing intake of fruits and vegetables lowers the systolic blood pressure (β = -3.37 , 95% CI : -6.45 to -0.29; for consumption between 200 and 400 g ) (β =-4.02 , 95% CI: -7.06 to -0.98; for consumption great than 400 g), while an effect on diastolic pressure is only seen in those who meet the WHO recommendation of consuming more than 400 g per day (β -2,87, CI = -5.17 to -0.57). In conclusion, consuming fruits and vegetables in amounts larger than 400 g per day, provides a protective effect against increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.