RESUMO

Wheat blast (WB) is a destructive disease in South America and its first outbreak in Bangladesh in 2016 posed a great risk to food security of South Asian countries. A genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on a diverse panel of 184 wheat genotypes from South Asia and CIMMYT. Phenotyping was conducted in eight field experiments in Bolivia and Bangladesh and a greenhouse experiment in the United States. Genotypic data included 11,401 SNP markers of the Illumina Infinium 15K BeadChip and four additional STS markers on the 2NS/2AS translocation region. Accessions with stable WB resistance across experiments were identified, which were all 2NS carriers. Nevertheless, a dozen moderately resistant 2AS lines were identified, exhibiting big variation among experiments. Significant marker-trait associations (MTA) were detected on chromosomes 1BS, 2AS, 6BS, and 7BL; but only MTAs on 2AS at the 2NS/2AS translocation region were consistently significant across experiments. The resistant accessions identified in this study could be used in production in South Asian countries as a preemptive strategy to prevent WB outbreak.

RESUMO

Wheat head blast (WHB), caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype triticum, is a devastating disease affecting South America and South Asia. Despite 30 years of intensive effort, the 2NVS translocation from Aegilops ventricosa contains the only useful source of resistance to WHB effective against M. oryzae triticum isolates. The objective of this study was to identify non-2NVS sources of resistance to WHB among elite cultivars, breeding lines, landraces, and wild-relative accessions. Over 780 accessions were evaluated under field and greenhouse conditions in Bolivia, greenhouse conditions in Brazil, and at two biosafety level-3 laboratories in the United States. The M. oryzae triticum isolates B-71 (2012), 008 (2015), and 16MoT001 (2016) were used for controlled experiments, while isolate 008 was used for field experiments. Resistant and susceptible checks were included in all experiments. Under field conditions, susceptible spreaders were inoculated at the tillering stage to guarantee sufficient inoculum. Disease incidence and severity were evaluated as the average rating for each 1-m-row plot. Under controlled conditions, heads were inoculated after full emergence and individually rated for percentage of diseased spikelets. The diagnostic marker Ventriup-LN2 was used to test for the presence of the 2NVS translocation. Four non-2NVS spring wheat International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center breeding lines (CM22, CM49, CM52, and CM61) and four wheat wild-relatives (A. tauschii TA10142, TA1624, TA1667, and TA10140) were identified as resistant (<5% of severity) or moderately resistant (5 to <25% severity) to WHB. Experiments conducted at the seedling stage showed little correlation with disease severity at the head stage. M. oryzae triticum isolate 16MoT001 was significantly more aggressive against 2NVS-based varieties. The low frequency of WHB resistance and the increase in aggressiveness of newer M. oryzae triticum isolates highlight the threat that the disease poses to wheat production worldwide and the urgent need to identify and characterize new resistance genes that can be used in breeding for durably resistant varieties.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The paper reviews the current National Policy of Social Welfare in Brazil and the work developed with families within the Brazilian social protection approach. It describes the Unified System of Social Welfare and explores the relationship of the Basic Social Protection to the Bolsa Família Program, the Brazilian program of conditional cash transfer to vulnerable families. It discusses the principles of the methodology for working with vulnerable families in the Unified System of Social Welfare and analyzes examples of social interventions. It argues that the work developed with families must be based on participatory and dialogical approaches, including follow-up methods, group dynamics, action-research, and other interventions. The paper concludes with questions regarding the use of a socio-educational methodology as a component of policies for vulnerability reduction, social development and the promotion of citizenship...

O documento analisa a atual Política Nacional de Assistência Social no Brasil e o trabalho desenvolvido com as famílias dentro da abordagem brasileira de proteção social. Descreve o Sistema Único de Assistência Social e explora a relação da Proteção Social Básica para o Programa Bolsa Família, o programa brasileiro de transferência condicional de renda para famílias vulneráveis. Ele discute os princípios da metodologia de trabalho com famílias vulneráveis do Sistema Único de Assistência Social e analisa exemplos de intervenções sociais. Argumentase que o trabalho desenvolvido com as famílias deve ser baseado em abordagens participativas e dialógicas, incluindo os métodos de acompanhamento, dinâmicas de grupo, pesquisa-ação e outras intervenções. O artigo conclui com perguntas sobre o uso de uma metodologia sócio-educativa como um componente de políticas de redução da vulnerabilidade, desenvolvimento social e da promoção da cidadania...

Assuntos

RESUMO

The paper reviews the current National Policy of Social Welfare in Brazil and the work developed with families within the Brazilian social protection approach. It describes the Unified System of Social Welfare and explores the relationship of the Basic Social Protection to the Bolsa Família Program, the Brazilian program of conditional cash transfer to vulnerable families. It discusses the principles of the methodology for working with vulnerable families in the Unified System of Social Welfare and analyzes examples of social interventions. It argues that the work developed with families must be based on participatory and dialogical approaches, including follow-up methods, group dynamics, action-research, and other interventions. The paper concludes with questions regarding the use of a socio-educational methodology as a component of policies for vulnerability reduction, social development and the promotion of citizenship.(AU)

O documento analisa a atual Política Nacional de Assistência Social no Brasil e o trabalho desenvolvido com as famílias dentro da abordagem brasileira de proteção social. Descreve o Sistema Único de Assistência Social e explora a relação da Proteção Social Básica para o Programa Bolsa Família, o programa brasileiro de transferência condicional de renda para famílias vulneráveis. Ele discute os princípios da metodologia de trabalho com famílias vulneráveis do Sistema Único de Assistência Social e analisa exemplos de intervenções sociais. Argumentase que o trabalho desenvolvido com as famílias deve ser baseado em abordagens participativas e dialógicas, incluindo os métodos de acompanhamento, dinâmicas de grupo, pesquisa-ação e outras intervenções. O artigo conclui com perguntas sobre o uso de uma metodologia sócio-educativa como um componente de políticas de redução da vulnerabilidade, desenvolvimento social e da promoção da cidadania.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Todos os pais experimentam algum grau de stress mas focalizar a situação dos pais em grupos de migrantes/imigrantes é imperativo uma vez que pesquisa-ação e intervenções psicossociais podem não ser meios reconhecidos em sua cultura e não prover as suas necessidades. O stress parental e da família decorre de vários fatores: a magnitude dos estressores, os recursos disponíveis e o valor que os pais dão, individual ou coletivamente, a dadas situações. A literatura aponta a importância dos recursos e valores para que as famílias construam estratégias efetivas de manejo do stress. Prover recursos válidos dentro da cultura dos pais no tempo apropriado e de forma eficiente é um mecanismo para apoiá-los e orientá-los. Este artigo apresenta os modelos MRM (Magnitude, Recursos e Sentidos) de manejo do stress familiar e CRSRP (Provimento de recursos específicos e culturalmente significantes) que podem orientar intervenções para prevenir ou reduzir o stress parental. A intervenção em discussão é da Educação para a vida em família, que pode ser novidade para alguns leitores. (AU)

All parents experience some level of parental stress, but focusing on parents in migrant/immigrant groups is imperative because action research and interventions might not be culturally relevant and fail to meet the needs of this population. Family/parental stress is a function of several factors, notably the magnitude of stressors, the resources available, and the appraisals given by parents individually and conjointly to the situation. An implication from current literature is that resources and appraisals are important determinates of the extent of family, and thus parental, stress experienced. Resource shortfalls influence the extent and intensity of resources available to families and thus hinder development of effective stress management strategies or appropriate parental responses to youth. Providing culturally relevant resources in a timely and efficient manner is a mechanism to help parents feel supported and less pressured by stress and distress. This paper presents the MRM(Magnitude, Resources, Meaning) family stress model and the CRSRP (Culturally Relevant and Specific Resource Provision) intervention model to guide the creation of appropriate interventions to prevent and/or reduce parental stress. An intervention discussed is Family Life Education, an intervention that might be novel for some readers. (AU)