RESUMO
In this work, the results of a survey for species of Fluda Peckham & Peckham, 1892 in primary forest in five Bolivian forest ecoregions are reported. Fluda dauca sp. nov. is described from Southwest Amazon forest and F. thuruampara sp. nov. from Bolivian Yungas forest. Fluda perdita (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) is reported from Bolivia for the first time. Both new species exhibited polymorphic mimicry; dark females of both species resembled the turtle ant Cephalotes pusillus (Klug, 1824) and dark males of F. thuruampara sp. nov. the carpenter ant Camponotus sanctaefidei Dalla Torre, 1892. Orange males and females of F. dauca sp. nov. are likely mimics of Camponotus latangulus Roger, 1863. Males of Fluda may compensate lower mimetic accuracy by the broadened femora I, resembling an ant head in lateral view and ant mandibles when moving the face towards a potential threat. As in other Simonellini, the turnover of Fluda species between the South American superregions suggests that significant shifts in seasonality and related conditions are major factors triggering speciation in the tribe Simonellini.
Assuntos
Formigas , Aranhas , Feminino , Masculino , Animais , Bolívia , Florestas , Distribuição AnimalRESUMO
A new species of ant-resembling sac spider of the subfamily Castianeirinae, Grismadox elsneri sp. nov., is described from the Sub-Andean area of the Bolivian orocline. The species was collected from savanna grass along the edges of the Chiquitano forest and is a putative mimic of the carpenter ants Camponotus cf. crassus or C. cf. blandus.
Assuntos
Formigas , Aranhas , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Bolívia , Tamanho do ÓrgãoRESUMO
A new ant-like spider species of the subfamily Castianeirinae, Mazax akephaloi sp. nov., representing the second species of Mazax recorded from South America, is described from the Bolivian orocline and the Paraguayan Chaco region. The new species superficially resembles Mazax ramirezi Rubio Daniman, 2014, but can be distinguished from this species and all other congeners by a combination of the following characters: feathery setae on the carapace, a tibia I spine formula of 54 in males and 55 in females, the embolus sub-apical with a spatulate extension, the lung-shaped spermathecae II and slightly undulating copulatory ducts. Adults of M. akephaloi sp. nov. were observed foraging in association with workers of the ant Ectatomma permagnum Forel, 1908 on the ground or leaf litter along forest edges. Although the spiders were lacking a structure imitating the head of the ants, they shared several characters (dark brown integument with distinct, coarse wrinkles and shiny reflections, abdomen anteriorly with dorsally pointing process and distinct median constriction) that increased the species-specific similarity to their potential ant models.
Assuntos
Formigas , Aranhas , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais , Animais , Feminino , Florestas , MasculinoRESUMO
A new species of ant resembling sac spider of the subfamily Castianeirinae, Myrmecotypus haddadi sp. nov. is described from the Sub-Andean area at the Bolivian orocline. The species was collected from low herbaceous vegetation along the edges of the Chiquitano and Cerradao forest.
Assuntos
Formigas/classificação , Aranhas , Animais , Bolívia , FlorestasRESUMO
Two Neotropical species of the subfamily Castianeirinae are treated herein. Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leito, 1945 was described from a single female specimen; we provide a redescription of the female and the male is described for the first time. The species is newly recorded from Paraguay and Bolivia. Also, Myrmecotypus rubioi sp. nov. is described from the Bolivian Moxos plains, a tropical savanna ecoregion of the Beni department of northern Bolivia. The new species can be distinguished from others in the genus by having tibia I spination 3-2, coxa II whitish (the remainder dark), and a unique male palpal embolus with two broad embolic discs basal to the embolus tip.
Assuntos
Aranhas , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais , Animais , Bolívia , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
Myrmecotypus tahyinandu sp. n. is described from the Bolivian Chiquitano forest, and M. niger Chickering, 1937 is recorded from Bolivia for the first time. The morphological differentiation among the closely related M. tahyinandu sp. n. and M. iguazu Rubio Arbino, 2009 is likely attributable to the selection for specific ant mimicry. Adults of M. tahyinandu sp. n. are accurate mimics of the ant Camponotus crassus Mayr, 1862, M. iguazu of C. sericeiventris (Guérin-Méneville, 1838), and M. niger of Dolichoderus bispinosus (Olivier, 1792). This study is the first to identify ant models for morphologically closely related Castianeirinae, providing a promising starting point for future research on ant mimicry.
Assuntos
Formigas , Aranhas , Animais , NígerRESUMO
Fly resemblance in arthropods is much less common than e.g., resemblance to ants or wasps, and has been mainly observed in beetles. Putative fly mimicry in arachnids has been reported only from the jumping spider genus Saitis. However, recent literature has attributed the fly-resembling characteristics in Saitis to sexual signalling during courtship. The lack of observation of fly mimicry in spiders is not surprising as flies belong to the most important prey item group of spiders. In this study, a new fly-resembling species of the jumping spider tribe Huriini, Scoturius dipterioides sp. nov., from the pre-Andean Chiquitano forest at the Bolivian orocline is described and illustrated. The new species was tentatively placed into Scoturius because the epigynum has a single large elliptical opening. Scoturius dipterioides sp. nov. is distinguished from all other species of this tribe by a combination of following characteristics: epigynum with a large anterior elliptical atrium and initial portion of the copulation ducts dilated as a chamber (shared with Urupuyu); relatively joined copulation openings and short copulation ducts; kidney-shaped spermathecae, advanced at the atrium level. Several somatic features, two of them found exclusively in S. dipterioides sp. nov., increase the resemblance to flies. The Huriini are currently the only spider tribe that is suggested to feature fly mimics.
Assuntos
Aranhas/classificação , Animais , Bolívia , Feminino , Masculino , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Aranhas/fisiologiaRESUMO
The Neotropical longhorned beetle tribe Hemilophini has been reviewed by Martins & Galileo (2014a, b) and currently contains 542 species (Monné 2017). Some of the most conspicuous longhorned beetle taxa are found in this tribe, for example species with a pair of cephalic horns (Phoebe Audinet-Serville, 1835), or others that strongly resemble to noxious Lycidae (Coleoptera) (e.g. Apeba Martins & Galileo, 1991, Calocosmus Chevrolat, 1862, or Lycidola Thomson, 1864) (see Lingafelter 2013; Martins & Galileo 2014a, b).
Assuntos
Besouros , Animais , BolíviaRESUMO
The male of Phoebe ornator (Tippmann, 1960) is described. Chromatic gender dimorphism is also reported for the first time in the Hemilophini. In addition, new records are presented for P. ornator for the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Rondônia and São Paulo, and the Bolivian department of La Paz. The biogeography of P. ornator is analyzed.
Assuntos
Besouros , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Brasil , Masculino , Tamanho do ÓrgãoRESUMO
A new calyptrate fly mimicking species of Gymnognathus Schönherr 1826 from the humid Tucuman-Bolivian forest in the southern Bolivian Andes is described. Gymnognathus barclayi sp. nov. is distinguished from the closest related species G. bohlsi Jordan, 1895, by the color and/or distribution of the scales on the pronotum, fourth ventrite and pygidium, the wider pronotum and the development of the spines on the pygidium. The arrangement of the longitudinal stripes on the pronotum suggests that G. barclayi sp. nov. is a mimic of tachinid or muscid flies. The almost exclusive occurrence of Gymnognathus species in tropical moist forests indicates that the presence of G. barclayi sp. nov. in the subtropical realm is fostered by increased humidity at orographic rain barriers. G. barclayi sp. nov. is possibly endemic to the Tucuman-Bolivian forest. Along with the presence of other endemic species, the discovery of G. barclayi sp. nov. highlights the importance of the Tucuman-Bolivian forest as an endemism hotspot for insects and calls for a re-assessment of the conservation status of this spatially restricted and threatened ecoregion.
Assuntos
Besouros/classificação , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais/anatomia & histologia , Estruturas Animais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Bolívia , Besouros/anatomia & histologia , Besouros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ecossistema , Feminino , Masculino , Tamanho do ÓrgãoRESUMO
Compared to other Bolivian ecoregions, the Prepuna and Puna in the Bolivian highlands are distinguished by low precipitation and low biological diversity. These factors have likely contributed to the perception that the Prepuna and Puna are less interesting for entomological studies, and reports of longhorned beetles from these regions remain scarce. Here, the first longhorned beetle record for the Bolivian Prepuna and Potosi Department is reported, an unknown species of Dirocoremia Marques, 1994. Dirocoremia tupizai sp. n. can be distinguished from congeners by its dark-brown to black metatibiae with short and sparse subapical brushes of hairs.
Assuntos
Besouros/classificação , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais/anatomia & histologia , Estruturas Animais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Bolívia , Besouros/anatomia & histologia , Besouros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ecossistema , Feminino , Masculino , Tamanho do ÓrgãoRESUMO
The jewel beetle species Chrysobothrisdesmaresti (Laporte & Gory, 1836) and Hiperanthastempelmanni Berg, 1889, have been recorded in Bolivia for the first time. Both species were collected on xeric Acacia trees. As indicated by their presence on Acacia and previous records, both species may be endemic to the arid intermountain valleys of the Southern Bolivian and Northern Argentinean Andes as well as the Chaco lowland forests.
RESUMO
In this contribution a new species of the land crab genus Gecarcinus Leach, 1814, from the Neotropical Pacific coast of South America is described and illustrated. In addition to its unique body color, Gecarcinus nobilii sp. n. is distinguished from congeners by a distinctly wider carapace front and differences in the shape of the infraorbital margin. The new species is not isolated from Gecarcinus populations from the Pacific coast of Central America by an insurmountable geographic barrier. Considering the closure of the Panamanian Isthmus as a calibration point for morphological divergence between the trans-isthmian mainland populations of Gecarcinus, the virtual lack of morphological differentiation (other than color) between them and the distinctness of G. nobilii sp. n. suggests that G. nobilii sp. n. evolved from a common ancestor before the Isthmus closed.
RESUMO
The land crab Johngarthiaplanata (Stimpson, 1860) has been reported from the Baja California Peninsula and several oceanic islands in the Eastern Pacific as well as inshore islands of the Mexican, Costa Rican and Colombian coast. However, the species has not been observed on the continental mainland, as it is likely that the high diversity of terrestrial predators/competitors make the establishment of mainland populations nearly impossible. In this contribution, several new records of this species that have been observed in urban areas along the continental Pacific coast of Mexico are reported. These records demonstrate that the presence of humans does not necessarily have a negative impact on land crab species. Indeed, the presence of humans may actually discourage the presence of native crab predators/competitors and hence increase the likelihood of a successful mainland settlement of land crab species that are otherwise island and peninsula restricted. The presence of Johngarthiaplanata is ecologically relevant for coastal forests because gecarcinid crabs significantly influence plant recruitment and Johngarthiaplanata is considerably larger than the mainland species Gecarcinusquadratus.
RESUMO
The genus Oryctophileurus is reviewed and its validity is supported by a combination of the following apomorphic characters: a single cephalic horn with lateral carina, pronotal cavity with ocellate punctures and two teeth or tubercles close behind the anterior pronotal margin. The male of Oryctophileurus varicosus Prell, 1934, is described for the first time. A new species, Oryctophileurus guerrai Perger & Grossi sp. n., from subhumid Tucuman-Bolivian forest in the Southern Bolivian Andes is described. The new species is distinguished from its closest relative, O. armicollis Prell, 1911, by a narrower distance between the inner teeth of the dorsal pronotal protuberances and a reduced area of weakly developed ocellate punctures above the posterolateral pronotal margin. The occurrence of Oryctophileurus species in areas of endemism along the eastern slope of the tropical Andes suggests that these populations represent biogeographic "relicts", and the discovery of Oryctophileurus guerrai sp. n. in the southern Bolivian Andes suggests that this area is underrated with respect to insect diversity and endemism.
ResumenEl género Oryctophileurus es revisado y su validez confirmada por la combinación de los siguientes caracteres apomórficos: un cuerno cefálico con carina lateral, cavidad pronotal con orificios ocelados y dos dientes o tubérculos detrás del margen anterior pronotal. El macho de Oryctophileurus varicosus Prell, 1934, es descrito por primera vez. Una nueva especie Oryctophileurus guerrai Perger & Grossi sp. n. es descrita del bosque subhúmedo Tucumano-Boliviano en el sureste de los Andes. La nueva especie se distingue por su parentesco más cercano a O. armicollis Prell, 1911, por la estrecha distancia entre los dientes interiores de las protuberancias en la región dorsal pronotal y una reducida área con escasos orificios ocelados debajo del margen posterolateral pronotal. Las especies de Oryctophileurus ocurren en áreas de endemismo a lo largo de la Vertiente este de los Andes tropicales y sugieren que estas poblaciones representan relictos biogeográficos, y el descubrimiento de Oryctophileurus guerrai Perger & Grossi sp. n. en el sudeste de los Andes Bolivianos indica que esta área está subestimada en cuanto a la diversidad y endemismo de insectos.
RESUMO
The genera Parandrocephalus Heller, 1916 and Hexamitodera Heller, 1896 are reviewed and redescribed. Based on the combination of chromatic sexual dimorphism, velvety pubescence on the whole dorsal body and distinctly developed carina on the elytra, Parandrocephalus blairi Bentanachs & Vives, 2009 is transferred to Hexamitodera. A new subgenus, Sulcognatha Perger, is instituted to accommodate mandible, head and metasternal modifications in Hexamitodera blairi comb. n. that are lacking in the type species of Hexamitodera, Hexamitodera semivelutina. As indicated by fundamental structural differences in the mandibles of Parandrocephalus and Hexamitodera (Sulcognatha) blairi comb. n., the exaggerated secondary sexual traits and open procoxal cavities in both taxa are presumably the result of convergent evolution. Contrary to Bentanachs & Vives (2009), the presence of the two Parandrocephalus species in Sundaland and the endemism of Hexamitodera on Sulawesi agree well with the zoogeographical separation of both areas by the Wallace line.