RESUMO
Resumen Introducción: Las fístulas carótido cavernosas son malformaciones vasculares infrecuentes que generan un shunt arteriovenoso patológico que compromete el funcionamiento ocular. El diagnóstico definitivo se establece a través de una arteriografía cerebral. Sin embargo, su carácter invasivo limita su uso en el seguimiento. El objetivo de este trabajo es ilustrar el valor del estudio con ultrasonido doppler transcraneal para el diagnóstico y describir los parámetros de flujo que pudieran modificarse. Pacientes: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de los pacientes atendidos con diagnóstico de fistula carótido cavernosa en la unidad de ictus del Hospital CQ Hermanos Ameijeiras de La Habana, entre enero de 2005 y mayo de 2014. Se recogieron variables demográficas y de la enfermedad, así como los resultados de los estudios de imagen y ultrasonido. Resultados: Se describen las características clínicas e imagenológicas de tres enfermos en los que se confirmó el diagnóstico. En los dos pacientes con comunicaciones directas, se registró un aumento de la velocidad media de flujo en la vena oftálmica, arterializada, con disminución de la pulsatilidad; sumado a aumento en la velocidad de pico diastólico en la arteria carótida interna ipsilateral a la fístula. En el paciente con la fístula indirecta los cambios fueron menos marcados. Conclusión: El estudio con ultrasonido fue de utilidad en el diagnóstico de las fístulas carótido cavernosa. Mostró diferencias en parámetros de flujo que pueden servir para clasificar las fistulas.
Abstract Introduction: Carotid cavernous fistulas are infrequent vascular malformations that generate a pathological arteriovenous shunt, which compromises ocular function. The definitive diagnosis is established by cerebral arteriography. However, its invasive nature limits its use in follow-up. The aim of this work is to illustrate the value of the study with transcranial doppler ultrasound for the diagnosis of cavernous carotid fistulas and to describe the flow parameters that could be modified. Patients: A retrospective review of the clinical histories of the patients treated with a diagnosis of cavernous carotid fistula was carried out in the stroke unit of the Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital in Havana, between January 2005 and May 2014. Demographic and disease variables were collected, as well as the results of imaging and ultrasound studies. Results: We describe the clinical and imaging characteristics of three patients in whom carotid cavernous fistula was confirmed. In the two patients with direct communications, an increase of the mean flow velocity in the ophthalmic vein, arterialized, with decrease in pulsatility were registered; in addition to an increase in the diastolic peak velocity in the internal carotid artery ipsilateral to the fistula. In the patient with the indirect fistula the changes were less marked. Conclusion: The ultrasound study was useful in the diagnosis of carotid cavernous fistulas, showing differences in the flow parameters that can be used to classify the fistulas.
RESUMO
Introducción: La cirugía de la hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática (HSA) realizada en las primeras 72 horas es beneficiosa. Cuando los casos arriban transcurrido este período el mejor momento quirúrgico es controversial. Objetivo. Evaluar la influencia sobre los resultados de la cirugía en la HSA de un protocolo para decidir el momento quirúrgico apoyado en el monitoreo con Doppler transcraneal (DTC). Material y Método: Se comparan los resultados quirúrgicos al alta y al año de seguimiento según la escala de Glasgow para resultados (EGR), en una serie de 233 casos con HSA rotos operados Enero de 2006 - Diciembre de 2010 y seguidos hasta Enero de 2012, en los que la cirugía en el período intermedio se decidió teniendo en cuenta las velocidades de flujo de los segmentos proximales del polígono de Willis registradas por DTC, con los de un grupo control histórico operado Diciembre de 1983 - Diciembre de 2005 sin la ayuda de dicho monitoreo. Resultados: La mortalidad al alta y al año en la serie de estudio fue de 4,3 y 4,5 por ciento y en el grupo control 7 y 7,7 por ciento respectivamente. Se observaron resultados satisfactorios (grados 4 y 5 en EGR) en el 93,1 al alta y 92,8 por ciento al año en la serie de estudio. Entre los controles históricos estos índices fueron 85,6 y 88,1 por ciento respectivamente (p = 0,004 y p = 0,036). Conclusiones: Los resultados del tratamiento microquirúrgico de la HSA se benefician con la atención protocolizada y la consideración de los resultados del DTC para seleccionar el momento quirúrgico.
Background: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) surgery, practiced in the first 72 hours is beneficial. The optimal surgical timing, for microsurgical clipping of ruptured intracranial aneurysms, remains controversial when patients arrive between 4 and 14 days. Some surgeons favor a prompt operation regardless the timing. Other ones prefer to wait 2 weeks. Most patients in developing countries are taken to neurosurgical attention late, which not permit an early surgery. Object. To evaluate the surgical outcome in a series of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) managed according to a dynamic protocol. Methods: The authors evaluated surgical outcome by means of Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score in a series of 233 patients with SAH who received neurosurgical clipping in the years 2006-2010 and were followed until January 2012, whose surgical timing was decided according to transcranial Doppler (TD) monitoring. These outcomes were compared with results in a series of 445 historic controls operated 1983-2005. Results: Series mortality at the discharge and at the year were 4.3 and 4.5 percent, and 7 and 7.7 percent in the control group respectively. Series show good outcomes (grade 4 and grade 5 in GOS score) in 93.1 at the discharge and 92.8 percent at the year. Among the historic controls cases with good outcome were 85.6 and 88.1 percent respectively (p = 0.004 y p = 0.036). Conclusions: Surgical outcomes of SAH can be favored by the impact of protocolized attention and TD to decide the best surgical timing in SAH.
Assuntos
Humanos , Aneurisma Roto , Aneurisma Intracraniano/cirurgia , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/cirurgia , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea , Fatores de Tempo , Ultrassonografia Doppler Transcraniana/métodos , Círculo Arterial do Cérebro , Escala de Resultado de GlasgowRESUMO
A patient assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) methodology, beginning just after the completion of brain death (BD) diagnosis, showed remaining very low frequency (VLF) waves for approximately 10â min. A time-varying spectral analysis showed that during the first 550â s, a significant power spectral density remained in the high-frequency (HF), low-frequency (LF) and VLF bands. From 550 to 675â s, the HF oscillations totally vanished, and a marked progressive decay of the LF and VLF power density occurred. After 700 s the VLF undulations stopped and remaining small amplitude oscillations at 0.2 Hz coincided with the ventilator frequency. The VLF oscillations recorded in our case might be related to residual sympathetic vasomotor activity that progressively disappeared due to the extension of necrosis affecting the nervous centres of the lower part of the medulla and the first 2-3 cervical spine segments.
Assuntos
Morte Encefálica , Vasoespasmo Coronário/fisiopatologia , Diabetes Insípido/fisiopatologia , Frequência Cardíaca , Sistema Vasomotor/fisiopatologia , Eletrocardiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por ComputadorRESUMO
Methods. "Ameijeiras Brother's" and "Cmdt. Manuel Fajardo" Hospitals enrolled 64 patients (multicentre retrospective cohort) with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and rebleeding. The patients were admitted to the Stroke Unit (SU) between January 1, 2006, and December 1, 2013. Demographic, clinical, and radiological variables were examined in logistic regression to evaluate independent factors for increasing the risk of death. Results. Patients with systolic blood pressure >160 mmHg (P = 0.02), serum glucose >7 mmol/L (P = 0.02), aneurysm location in artery communicant anterior (P = 0.03), and black/mixed race (P = 0.008) were significant related to death in univariate analysis. Risk factors (HTA, smoke, alcohol consumption, and DM), complication, multiplex rebleeding and stage of WFNS, and Fisher's scale were not related to mortality. Patients with three or more complications had a higher mortality rate (P = 0.002). The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that race (black/mixed, P = 0.00, OR 4.62, and 95% IC 1.40-16.26), systolic blood pressure (>160 mmHg, P = 0.05, OR 2.54, and 95% IC 1.01-3.13), and serum glucose (>7.0 mmol/L, P = 0.05, OR 1.82, and 95% IC 1.27-2.67) were independent risk factors for death. Conclusions. The black/mixed race, SBP, and serum glucose were independent predictors of mortality. Three or more complications were associated with increasing the probability to death. Further investigation is necessary to validate these findings.
RESUMO
Objetivo: estimar el impacto de la atención a pacientes con grados buenos de hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática (HSA-A). Métodos: estudio prospectivo y descriptivo de una cohorte de pacientes con grados buenos de HSA-A ingresados en la Unidad de Ictus Agudo del Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras de La Habana, durante el período octubre, 2005-diciembre, 2009. La información fue procesada de forma automatizada (SPSS versión 11.5). Resultados: se estudiaron 165 pacientes con edad media de 49,7 años y predominio femenino (66,7 por ciento). Se logró aislar el aneurisma cerebral en 141, en 131 por cirugía y en 10, por vía endovascular. El tratamiento fue realizado antes del tercer día de evolución en 21 casos. Las principales complicaciones observadas fueron: resangrado (18,8 por ciento), vasospasmo sintomático (15,2 por ciento), hidrocefalia (23 por ciento), hiponatremia (11,5 por ciento) y neumonía (10,3 por ciento). El promedio de estadía hospitalaria fue 17,1 d. Egresaron con secuelas discapacitantes 20 pacientes y fallecieron 27. Las variables relacionadas con malos resultados en el momento del egreso fueron: intensidad de las manifestaciones clínicas al ingreso, magnitud del sangrado en la TAC, resangrado, vasospasmo sintomático y neumonía. Conclusiones: la atención especializada centrada en la Unidad de Ictus, parece ser una organización asistencial apropiada para la atención a pacientes con grados buenos de HSA-A...
Objective: estimate the impact of care to patients with good grades of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (ASH-A) . Methods: a prospective descriptive study was conducted of a cohort of patients with good grades of ASH-A admitted to the Stroke Unit at Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital in Havana from October 2005 to December 2009. Data was processed with the statistical software SPSS version 15.0. Results: 165 patients were studied. Mean age was 49.7 and female sex predominated (66.7 percent). The cerebral aneurysm could be isolated in 141 cases: 131 by surgery and 10 by endovascular procedure. In 21 cases treatment was performed before the third day of evolution. The main complications observed were rebleeding (18.8 percent), symptomatic vasospasm (15.2 percent), hydrocephaly (23 percent), hyponatremia (11.5 percent) and pneumonia (10.3 percent). Average hospital stay was 17.1 days. 20 patients were discharged with disabling sequelae; 27 died. The variables associated with a bad outcome at discharge were intensity of clinical manifestations at admission, magnitude of bleeding on CT brain scans, rebleeding, symptomatic vasospasm and pneumonia. Conclusions: stroke Unit specialized care seems to be appropriate for patients with good grades of ASH-A...
Assuntos
Humanos , Hemorragia Cerebral , Aneurisma Intracraniano , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Hemorragia SubaracnóideaRESUMO
Objetivo: determinar las características clínicas de hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática (HSA-A). Métodos: estudio descriptivo basado en serie prospectiva de 204 pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea espontánea admitidos de forma consecutiva en la Unidad de Ictus del Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras de La Habana, entre octubre de 2005 y diciembre de 2009. Resultados: 165 pacientes tenían aneurismas cerebrales, 157 identificados por angiografía (155 en primer estudio y 2, en segundo) y 8 por necropsia. En 39 casos la causa fue no aneurismática. En 8 pacientes se reconocieron las causas: moya moya (2 casos), angioma venoso cerebral (2 casos), malformación arteriovenosa (MAV) espinal, MAV dural, disección arterial del sistema vertebro-basilar y apoplejía pituitaria. En 31 enfermos (15,2 por ciento) la hemorragia fue criptogénica, se encontraron variantes anómalas de drenaje venoso en 4 de ellos. La HSA-NA se asoció a menor frecuencia de hipertensión (p= 0,029) y tabaquismo (p= 0,025). Se observó vasospasmo angiográfico en 55 casos (33,3 por ciento) con aneurismas y en 1 con HSA-NA (2,6 por ciento) (p< 0,001), vasospasmo sintomático en 25 casos con aneurismas (15,2 por ciento) y en ninguno con HSA-NA (p= 0,063). Hubo resangrado en 31 casos (18,8 por ciento) con HSA-A y solo en 1 con HSA-NA (2,6 por ciento) (p= 0,024). El resultado final al egreso medido por la escala de Rankin modificada fue mejor en la HSA-NA (p= 0,002). Hubo 25 fallecidos (15,2 por ciento) con aneurismas y ninguno con HSA-NA (p= 0,02). Conclusiones: la HSA-NA tiene buen pronóstico. Las investigaciones neurovasculares no permiten identificar su causa en la mayoría de los casos...
Objective: determine the clinical characteristics of nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (ASH-A). Methods: a descriptive study was conducted of a prospective series of 204 patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage consecutively admitted to the Stroke Unit at Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital in Havana from October 2005 to December 2009. Results: 165 patients had cerebral aneurysms, of which 157 were identified by angiography (155 in the first study and 2 in the second), and 8 by necropsy. In 39 cases the cause was non-aneurysmatic. The following causes were identified in 8 patients: moyamoya disease (2 cases), cerebral venous angioma (2 cases), spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM), dural AVM, artery dissection of the vertebrobasilar system and pituitary apoplexy. 31 patients (15.2 percent) had cryptogenic hemorrhage, and four presented anomalous venous drainage. NA-SAH was associated with a lower frequency of hypertension (p= 0.029) and smoking (p= 0.025). Angiographic vasospasm was observed in 55 cases with aneurysms (33.3 percent) and in one case with NA-SAH (2.6 percent) (p< 0.001). Symptomatic vasospasm was observed in 25 cases with aneurysms (15.2 percent) and in none with NA-SAH (p= 0.063). There was rebleeding in 31 cases with A-SAH (18.8 percent) and in only one case with NA-SAH (2.6 percent) (p= 0.024). The final outcome at discharge measured with the modified Rankin scale was better for NA-SAH (p= 0.002). There were 25 deaths with aneurysms (15.2 percent) and none with NA-SAH (p= 0.02). Conclusions: NA-SAH has a good prognosis. In most cases neurovascular research is unable to identify its cause...
Assuntos
Humanos , Aneurisma Intracraniano , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Hemorragia SubaracnóideaAssuntos
Lesões das Artérias Carótidas/complicações , Artéria Carótida Primitiva , Angiografia Cerebral/efeitos adversos , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/cirurgia , Embolia Intracraniana/terapia , Trombólise Mecânica/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ultrassônicos , Dissecção Aórtica/etiologia , Afasia/etiologia , Hemorragia Cerebral/etiologia , Humanos , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/etiologia , Malformações Arteriovenosas Intracranianas/complicações , Malformações Arteriovenosas Intracranianas/diagnóstico por imagem , Embolia Intracraniana/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ultrassônicos/instrumentação , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Introducción: la neuralgia amiotrófica o síndrome de Parsonage-Turner se asocia a vacunaciones en 15 por ciento de los casos. No existen reportes que vinculen esta condición con la vacuna contra la leptospirosis humana. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas de un paciente que presentó una plexopatía braquial aguda posterior a la inmunización contra la leptospirosis humana. Presentación del caso: un varón de 31 años de edad, obrero agrícola en 2008 recibió una dosis de la vacuna cubana contra la leptospirosis humana (vax-Spiral); 3 semanas después presentó dolor intenso localizado en ambos hombros, a la semana siguiente aparece debilidad muscular y posteriormente atrofia del músculo deltoides derecho. La evaluación neurológica era compatible con afección aguda asimétrica de la porción superior del plexo braquial, con mayor intensidad en el lado derecho, en el cual también estaba involucrado el diafragma. Se comprobó el compromiso de la porción superior del plexo braquial con estudios de neuroconducción y electromiografía. El paciente es tratado con analgésicos y fisioterapia, evolucionando de modo favorable. Conclusiones: el evento ocurrido en este caso sugiere que la vacuna cubana contra leptospirosis humana pudiera producir inmunorreactividad cruzada contra antígenos del sistema nervioso periférico
Introduction: neuralgic amyotrophy or Parsonage-Turner syndrome is associated with vaccination in 15 percent of cases. There are no reports linking this condition to the vaccine against human leptospirosis. Objective: describe the clinical characteristics of a patient who developed acute brachial plexopathy after vaccination against human leptospirosis. Case presentation: a male 31 year-old agricultural worker received a dose of the Cuban vaccine against human leptospirosis (vax-SPIRAL) in 2008. Three weeks later he presented intense pain in both shoulders. The following week he had muscular weakness, and then atrophy of the right deltoid muscle. Neurological evaluation showed acute asymmetric damage to the upper brachial plexus, with greater intensity on the right side, and involvement of the diaphragm. Nerve conduction examination and electromyography revealed involvement of the upper brachial plexus. The patient was treated with analgesics and physical therapy, and was found to evolve favorably. Conclusions: the events described suggest that the Cuban vaccine against human leptospirosis might produce immunological cross-reactivity against antigens of the peripheral nervous system
Assuntos
Humanos , Leptospirose/prevenção & controle , Neurite do Plexo Braquial/diagnóstico , Neurite do Plexo Braquial/tratamento farmacológico , Neurite do Plexo Braquial/reabilitação , Vacinação/efeitos adversos , Vacinação/métodosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine drug used for the therapy of insomnia, which has selectivity for stimulating the effect of GABA-A receptors. Recently, a paradoxical arousing effect of zolpidem in patients with severe brain damage has been repeatedly reported. METHODS: A placebo-controlled magnetic resonance study was conducted to evaluate its effect on BOLD and metabolites spectral signals in a patient with severe brain injuries and an age-matched healthy volunteer. A multi-modal analysis was used to assess aspects in the pharmacologically-induced changes in the resting-state brain metabolism. RESULTS: A significantly increased BOLD signal was transiently localized in the left frontal cortices, bilateral anterior cingulated areas, left thalamus and right head of the caudate nucleus. The healthy subject showed a deactivation of the frontal, parietal and temporal cortices. BOLD signal changes were found to significantly correlate with concentrations of extravascular metabolites in the left frontal cortex. It is discussed that, when zolpidem attaches to modified GABA receptors of neurodormant brain cells, brain activation is induced. This might explain the significant correlations of BOLD signal changes and proton-MRS metabolites in this patient after zolpidem. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that proton-MRS and BOLD signal assessment could be used to study zolpidem-induced metabolic modulation in a resting state.
Assuntos
Agonistas de Receptores de GABA-A/uso terapêutico , Oxigênio/sangue , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/sangue , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/fisiopatologia , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/sangue , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Vigília/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Feminino , Agonistas de Receptores de GABA-A/farmacocinética , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/tratamento farmacológico , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Resultado do Tratamento , ZolpidemRESUMO
The term persistent vegetative state (PVS) refers to the only circumstance in which an apparent dissociation of both components of consciousness is found, characterized by preservation of wakefulness with an apparent loss of awareness. Several authors have recently demonstrated by functional neuroimaging studies that a small subset of unresponsive "vegetative" patients may show unambiguous signs of consciousness and command following that is inaccessible to clinical examination at the bedside. The term "estado vegetativo" used in Spanish to describe the PVS syndrome by physicians came from the English-Spanish translation. The Spanish term "vegetativo" is related to unconscious vital functions, and "vegetal" is relative to plants. According to our experience, when a physician informs to patients' relatives that his/her family member's diagnosis is a "estado vegetativo", they understand the he/she is no more a human being, that there is no hope of recovery. The European Task Force on Disorders of Consciousness has recently proposed a new term, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), to assist society in avoiding the depreciatory term vegetative state. Our group has embraced the use of the new term UWS and might suggest that we change our concept and use of the term MCS to minimally responsive wakefulness state (MRWS), or minimally aware wakefulness state (MAWS). Medical terms must be current and avoid any pejorative description of patients, which will promote our abilities to serve humankind and challenge neuroscientists to offer society new and realistic hopes for neurorehabilitation.
Assuntos
Estado Vegetativo Persistente/diagnóstico , Terminologia como Assunto , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Estado de Consciência/fisiologia , Humanos , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The Cuban Group for Study of Disorders of Consciousness is developing several research protocols to search for possible preservation of residual brain and autonomic functions in cases of persistent vegetative and minimally conscious states. We present examples showing the importance of 3D anatomic reconstruction of brain structures and MRI tractography for assessing white matter connectivity. We also present results of use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to follow up cognitive recovery in persistent vegetative state patients transitioning to minimally conscious state. We have demonstrated recognition of a mother's voice with emotional content after zolpidem administration, indicating high-level residual linguistic processing and brain activation despite the patient's apparent inability to communicate. Hence we differ with current thinking that, by definition, subjects in persistent vegetative state are isolated from the outside world and cannot experience pain and suffering. We also consider "vegetative state" a pejorative term that should be replaced. KEYWORDS Persistent vegetative state, minimally conscious state, consciousness disorders, magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, heart rate variability.
Assuntos
Estado Vegetativo Persistente/terapia , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Tronco Encefálico/patologia , Tronco Encefálico/fisiopatologia , Cuba , Eletroencefalografia , Humanos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/uso terapêutico , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Neuroimagem , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/tratamento farmacológico , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/patologia , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/fisiopatologia , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , ZolpidemRESUMO
This review summarizes the usefulness of transcranial Doppler (TCD) for the assessment of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the setting of a stroke unit. The basic hemodynamic principles are presented. We discuss the accuracy, the advantages and limitations of the TCD and the interpretation methods.
Esta revisión resume la utilidad del Doppler transcraneal (DTC) para la evaluación de la hemorragia subaracnoidea en instalaciones de una unidad de tratamiento de accidente vascular. Se presentan los principios hemodinámicos básicos. Se discute la eficiencia, las ventajas y las limitaciones del DTC y los métodos de interpretación.
Assuntos
Humanos , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/complicações , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea , Ultrassonografia Doppler Transcraniana , Hidrocefalia/etiologia , Hidrocefalia , Vasoespasmo Intracraniano/etiologia , Vasoespasmo IntracranianoAssuntos
Nível de Alerta/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ondas Encefálicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/tratamento farmacológico , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/fisiopatologia , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Eletroencefalografia/métodos , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Análise Espectral , Adulto Jovem , ZolpidemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Functional neuroimaging has provided new insights for assessing cerebral function in persistent vegetative state patients (PVS). Compared to controls, positron emission tomography and single photon emission tomography have shown a substantial reduction of global brain cerebral glucose metabolism and perfusion in PVS. Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) assesses local blood flow velocity and direction in the proximal portions of large intracranial arteries; it is a noninvasive technique, and it can be carried out at the bedside. To date, few studies have applied TCD to study PVS. METHODS: We assessed intracranial circulation by TCD in five PVS patients. The cause of brain insult was hypoxic encephalopathy in four cases, and the other suffered an embolic cerebral infarct causing a top of the basilar artery syndrome. The sample volume was set at 12 mm; power output and gain settings were maximized as needed. The temporal bone acoustic window was not suitable for intracranial vessel insonation in all patients. As an alternative, the internal carotid artery siphon was assessed by orbital insonation between 55-70 mm. RESULTS: Systolic velocity was within a normal range, between 44 and 62 cm/second in all cases. However, the diastolic amplitude was reduced, as well as the end diastolic velocity, and the pulsatility index was increased in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that TCD diastolic velocity decrement and PI augmentation in our cases might be related to uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate, arising from reduced cerebral glucose consumption and oxygen uptake, after extensive brain injury.
Assuntos
Artéria Carótida Interna/diagnóstico por imagem , Diástole/fisiologia , Estado Vegetativo Persistente , Fluxo Pulsátil/fisiologia , Ultrassonografia Doppler Transcraniana/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo/fisiologia , Artéria Carótida Interna/fisiopatologia , Angiografia Cerebral/métodos , Circulação Cerebrovascular/fisiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/diagnóstico por imagem , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/patologia , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/fisiopatologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Introducción. El desarrollo científico-técnico del siglo XX hizo posible el surgimiento de una nueva especialidad médica, la terapia intensiva. Este adelanto de la medicina llevó al médico a enfrentar un estado clínico, difícil de imaginar pocos años atrás, en el que los enfermos perdían sus funciones integradas en el encéfalo, mientras otros órganos del cuerpo mantenían su integridad. Surgía así una pregunta: ¿Estos enfermos en los que se asociaba un encéfalo muerto con un cuerpo vivo, estaban vivos o muertos? Así surge el concepto de muerte encefálica (ME), sinónimo de muerte del individuo. Material y Método: Se hace una revisión de las formulaciones de la muerte sobre bases neurológicas, así como de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos para la generación de la conciencia. Resultados. Se demuestra que la conciencia es la función que provee los atributos humanos esenciales de la existencia humana, que hacen que cada individuo sea irrepetible, y establece el nivel más alto de integración del organismo. Se propone una nueva formulación sobre la muerte sobre bases neurológicas que explicar por qué la ME es un estado irreversible, y es un evento que ocurre al final de la desaparición de las funciones integradas en el encéfalo. Conclusiones. Se propone una nueva formulación de la muerte que permite afirmar que la ME es sinónimo de muerte del individuo.
Introduction: The scientific-technical development of XX century allowed a new medical specialty, the intensive therapy. This medicine advance made that the physician faced a clinical state difficult to imagine some times ago, where the ills lost their functions integrate in encephalon, while other body organs maintained integrity. To arised the following question: These ills with an association a dead encephalon with a live body were lives or deaths? Thus appears the concept of encephalic death (ED), synonym of subject death. Material and Methods: Authors made a review of the death formulations with neurologic bases, as well as of physiopathologic mechanisms for the consciousness generation. Results: It is demonstrated that consciousness is the function providing the human attributes essential of human existence where each subject be unique and to establish the higher level of organism integration. We propose a new death formulation on neurologic basis explaining why the ED is an irreversible state and also an event occurring at the end of disappearance of functions integrated in encephalon. Conclusions: Authors propose a new death formulation allows confirming that ED is synonym of subject death.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The anterior cerebral arteries are often affected by vasospasm secondary to subarachnoid haemorrhage. The effectiveness of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to detect this complication has still not been accurately determined. AIM. To assess the usefulness of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography for diagnosing vasospasm of the anterior cerebral arteries in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 56 patients between the 4th and 14th days of their subarachnoid haemorrhage; all of them were submitted to a contrast-enhanced neurovascular study and daily monitoring with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. All the patients had a clinical degree of between 1 and 3 on the World Federation of Neurological Surgeons scale, 46 of them had aneurysms, and bleeding was intense in 20 cases (degree 3-4 on the Fisher scale). RESULTS: The frequency of angiographic vasospasm was 41% in the anterior cerebral arteries. The mean flow velocities in patients with vasospasm were 84.5 cm/s. The maximum peaks of mean blood flow rate were obtained on the tenth day. Sensitivity was 57.9% for flow rates equal to or above 87.5 cm/s, and the predictive positive value was 66.6%. No significant relation was found between the findings of the transcranial Doppler ultrasonography scan, the degree of clinical symptoms and the intensity of bleeding in the computerised axial tomography scan. CONCLUSIONS: The overall precision of the test was good, the specificity and predictive negative value were excellent, but sensitivity was low.
Assuntos
Artéria Cerebral Anterior , Ultrassonografia Doppler Transcraniana , Vasoespasmo Intracraniano/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Idoso , Artéria Cerebral Anterior/diagnóstico por imagem , Artéria Cerebral Anterior/patologia , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo/fisiologia , Circulação Cerebrovascular/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Curva ROC , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional/fisiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Vasoespasmo Intracraniano/patologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
La muerte encefálica se basa en un diagnóstico clínico, y se acepta como sinónimo de muerte del individuo. Se llega a este estado cuando una lesión catastrófica provoca un coma irreversible, con ausencia de reflejos de tronco encefálico y apnea. La muerte encefálica se define como la pérdida irreversible de las funciones de todo el encéfalo, incluyendo los hemisferios cerebrales y el tronco encefálico. Las causas que llevan a la pérdida irreversible de las funciones del encéfalo son las mismas descritas que provocan un coma, las cuales se han agrupado en: estructurales y multifocales-metabólicas-difusas. Las causas estructurales se subdividen en compresivas y destructivas. Las lesiones compresivas causan conflictos de espacio en la cavidad intracraneana dando lugar a un aumento de la presión intracraneana y herniaciones. Las causas destructivas que llevan a la muerte encefálica afectan el diencéfalo, tronco encefálico y hemisferios cerebrales. Las etiologías multifocales-metabólicas-difusas constituyen un grupo muy variado de causas que provocan la pérdida irreversible de las funciones del encéfalo a través de diversos mecanismos bioquímicos y fisiopatológicos. No obstante, las etiologías descritas provocan la ausencia irreversible del flujo sanguíneo cerebral, que es la causa final que da lugar a la destrucción de las estructuras intracraneales. Aunque la muerte encefálica se basa en un diagnóstico clínico, el conocimiento de la fisiopatología de este estado permite estudiar los posibles mecanismos que llevan a que un enfermo evolucione hacia una muerte encefálica, lo que da la certeza acerca de la irreversibilidad de este diagnóstico.
Encephalic death is bases on a clinical diagnosis and it is accepted like a synonym of subject death. The person arrives to this stage when a catastrophic lesion provokes an irreversible coma with a lack of reflexes from the encephalic trunk and apnea. The encephalic death is defined like an irreversible loss of all encephalon including the brain hemispheres and the encephalic trunk. The different causes of irreversible loss of encephalon functions are the same described provoking a coma, which are grouped in: structural and diffuse-metabolic multifocal. The structural causes are subdivided in compressive and destructives. The compressive ones cause space problems in intracranial cavity leading to an increase of intracranial pressure and herniations. The destructive ones leading to encephalic death affect the diencephalon, the encephalic trunk and brain hemispheres. Diffuse-metabolic multifocal etiologies are a very varied group of causes provoking the irreversible loss of encephalon functions through diverse biochemical and physiopathologic mechanisms. However, the etiologies described provoke the irreversible lack of brain blood flux the final cause leading to destruction of intracranial structures. Although the encephalic death is based on a clinical diagnosis, knowledge of physiopathology of this status allows to study the potential mechanisms leading to a patient evolve to an encephalic death and be certain that there is a irreversibility of this diagnosis.
Assuntos
Humanos , Cérebro/irrigação sanguínea , Hipóxia Encefálica , Morte Encefálica/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Se presentan los criterios diagnósticos de la muerte con base legal en nuestro país, según la Resolución 90 del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Se consideraron tres posibles escenarios para diagnosticar la muerte: 1) Fuera de los cuidados intensivos (sin soporte vital). Los médicos aplican los criterios cardiocirculatorios y respiratorios clßsicos; 2) En situaciones forenses. Se aplican los llamados signos cadavéricos; 3) En condiciones de cuidados intensivos (con apoyo vital). Es cuando se aplican los criterios para determinar pérdida irreversible de las funciones encefálicas, o sea, se lleva a cabo el diagnóstico de la muerte encefálica. No obstante, eso no quiere decir que existen distintos tipos de muerte, pues la Comisión Nacional para la determinación y certificación de la muerte concluyó que existe solo una muerte en el ser humano, y es cuando ocurre una pérdida irreversible de las funciones encefálicas. Una parada cardiorrespiratoria solamente conlleva a la muerte cuando la anoxia y la isquemia son lo suficientemente prolongadas para destruir las estructuras intracraneales, teniéndose en cuenta además la posibilidad de que el sujeto esté bajo el efecto o no de neuroprotectores, como es en los casos de hipotermia accidental. En esa Resolución se decidió mostrar al médico los métodos para diagnosticar la muerte agrupados en los llamados signos ciertos de la muerte, como se han considerado en los textos clásicos de medicina forense, resumidos en 9 signos. El signo cierto número 9 se refiere a la pérdida irreversible de las funciones integradas en el encéfalo, o sea el diagnóstico de la muerte encefálica, que se describe en este trabajo.
Authors showed the death diagnostic criteria legally based in our country, according the Resolution 90 of the Public Health Ministry. Three possible scenarios were considered to diagnose the death: out of intensive care (without vital support). Physicians apply the classic cardio-circulatory and respiratory criteria; in forensic situations the so-called cadaveric signs are applied; in intensive care conditions (with vital support) it is when the criteria to determine the irreversible loss of brain functions are applied, i.e. a diagnosis of brain death is made. However, that no means that there are different types of death, since the National Commission for death assessment and certification concluded that there is only a death in the human being, and it is when happen a irreversible loss of brain functions. A cardio-respiratory arrest only leads to death when anoxia and ischemia are enough prolonged to destroy the intracranial structures, considering also the possibility that subject be or not under the neuroprotection effect, like in the cases of accidental hypothermia. In such Resolution the physicians may to see the methods to diagnose the death grouped in the so called true signs of death considered in the classic texts of forensic medicine, summarized in 9 signs. The true sign nomber 9 is to refer to the irreversible loss the brain functions, i.e. brain death diagnosis, described in this paper.
Assuntos
Humanos , Morte Encefálica/legislação & jurisprudência , Resoluções/ética , Resoluções/legislação & jurisprudência , CubaRESUMO
Se hizo una revisión sobre la aplicación de los potenciales evocados multimodales (PEM) para la neuromonitorización del coma, y como pruebas confirmatorias, en el diagnóstico de la muerte encefálica (ME). Los resultados presentados demuestran el valor de los PEM en la predicción del curso evolutivo del paciente comatoso, al predecir el deterioro de la función encefálica, lo que permite que el médico pueda tomar medidas terapéuticas tempranas, antes de que se establezcan lesiones encefálicas irreversibles. La alta resolución temporal de estas pruebas, capaces de detectar cambios funcionales del encéfalo en milisegundos, las hace idóneas para la neuromonitorización de pacientes críticos. En relación con la aplicación de los PEM y el electrorretinograma (ERG) como pruebas confirmatorias en el diagnóstico de la ME, se encontraron patrones electrofisiológicos característicos que indican la ausencia de la conducción sensorial en 3 vías diferentes, dentro de la cavidad craneana. No obstante, al considerarse una batería de pruebas confirmatorias y no como técnicas aisladas, permite optimizar el estudio electrofisiológico, y aumentar la confiabilidad diagnóstica. Por otro lado, por la resistencia de los PEM y del ERG a la hipotermia, al empleo de barbitúricos, anestésicos, a intoxicaciones por diferentes fármacos, a la anoxia, etc., permite aplicar dicha batería de pruebas para reducir el tiempo de observación requerido para establecer el diagnóstico definitivo de la ME, y confirmar dicho diagnóstico en situaciones que dificulten ese proceder.
Authors reviewed on application of multimodality evoked potentials (MEP) for coma neuromonitoring and as confirmatory tests in brain death (BD) diagnosis. Results presented demonstrate the MEPs value in forecast of evolution course of comatose patients, allowing prediction of brain function deterioration and thus, physician may take early therapeutic measures before establishment of irreversible brain lesions. The high time resolution of these tests allows an early detection of bran function changes, making them suitable for neuromonitoring of critical patients. In relation to MEPs and the electroretinogram (ERG) application, as confirmatory tests in the diagnosis of BD, characteristic electrophysiological patterns are found showing a lack of sensorial conduction in three different pathways within the skull. However, when considering a confirmatory test battery but not as isolated techniques, it is possible to optimize the electrophysiological study and to increase diagnostic reliability. By other hand, due to MEPs and ERG resistance to hypothermia, to use of barbiturates, to anesthetics, to intoxications from different drugs, to anoxia, etc, it is possible to apply such test battery in decreasing observation time required to establish the definite diagnosis of BD, and to confirm this diagnosis in clinical circumstances that make difficult this diagnostic procedure.
Assuntos
Humanos , Potenciais Evocados , Eletrorretinografia/métodos , Morte Encefálica/diagnósticoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Malignant MCA infarction results in significant space occupying effect and intracranial pressure (ICP) increment. Due to the high mortality rate in such patients, the term malignant MCA infarction was coined. METHODS: We studied a patient who developed a sudden onset of slurred speech, right hemiplegia, and decreased level of arousal. Two days later CT scan showed a massive cerebral infarct, involving the left MCA territory. RESULTS: A transcranial Doppler exam showed a normal flow pattern in the right hemisphere, but in the left hemisphere systolic spikes without diastolic flow were observed in internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, as well as in the MCA. CONCLUSIONS: The pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to BD might asymmetrically begin in cerebral hemispheres in malignant MCA infarcts.