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Com a introdução do sevoflurano, do propofol e dos análogos do fentanil, em particular deste último e do remifentanil, na prática clínica, várias técnicas anestésicas têm sido propostas para permitir intubação traqueal segura e em condições ideais sem o uso dos bloqueadores neuromusculares, possibilitando alternativa confiável quando essas drogas são indesejáveis ou contraindicadas. A intubação traqueal sem bloqueio neuromuscular vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada no mundo todo, permitindo que se evitem os efeitos adversos dos bloqueadores neuromusculares, tais como a curarização residual pós-operatória e as reações de hipersensibilidade. Com essa finalidade, a técnica inalatória com sevoflurano tem sido a mais utilizada, isoladamente ou em associação com hipnóticos ou opioides. A escolha pela técnica sem o uso de bloqueadores neuromusculares geralmente requer anestesia mais profunda e altas doses de analgésicos e hipnóticos, sendo mais bem tolerada por pacientes que não apresentam comorbidades. No entanto, a intubação traqueal sem bloqueadores neuromusculares é possível na maioria dos pacientes pediátricos e deve fazer parte do repertório detécnicas de todo anestesiologista.

With the introduction of sevoflurane, propofol and fentanyl analogues, in particular alfentanil and remifentanil in clinical practice, several anesthetic techniques have been proposed to allow a safe tracheal intubation under ideal conditions without the use of neuromuscular blockers, allowing a safe alternative when such drugs are undesirable or contraindicated. Tracheal intubation without neuromuscular blockade is being increasinglyused worldwide, allowing them to avoid the adverse effects of neuromuscular blockers such as postoperative residual curarization and hypersensitivity reactions. For this purpose, the technique with sevoflurane has been the most used, alone or in combination with hypnotics or opioids. The choice of technique without the use of neuromuscular blockers, often requires a deeper anesthesia and the use of higher doses of analgesics and hypnotics, being better tolerated by patients without comorbidities. However, tracheal intubation without neuromuscular blockers is possible in most pediatric patients and should be part of the repertoire of techniques for all anesthesiologists.

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UNLABELLED: Remifentanil is a relatively new ultrashort action synthetic opioid. Studies on the use of remifentanil in neonatology have emerged demonstrating its effectiveness and safety in neonates. The present study describes the use of remifentanil in both full-term and premature newborns, highlighting the theoretical benefits for this population in terms of both neonatal intensive care and anaesthesia. A Medline search was undertaken of all reviews and reports about the use of remifentanil in neonates published between 1996 and 2009 using MeSH search terms 'remifentanil', 'analgesia', 'anaesthesia', 'newborn' and 'neonate'. The review points that remifentanil has been used with advantages in newborns including preterm neonates and even for foetal anaesthesia. It proved to be a good option to attenuate the hemodynamic/endocrine markers of stress related to surgery. Owing to its unique pharmacokinetic profile, shorter extubation times can be achieved what makes the drug also a good option for short duration invasive procedures in NICUs (InSurE). A concern on its use is that the hemodynamic response (hypotension) may become significant when the drug is associated to other drugs like sevoflurane. CONCLUSION: Remifentanil seems to be an effective and safely used opioid for neonatal intensive care and anaesthesia practice.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tako-Tsubo syndrome is a rare postoperative complication with a 5% mortality rate. The objective of this report was to present residual neuromuscular blockade as a trigger for this syndrome, discuss this disorder, and call attention to the risks of residual neuromuscular blockade. CASE REPORT: A 61-year old female, physical status ASA I, who underwent general anesthesia associated with paravertebral cervical block for arthroscopic repair of a rotator cuff lesion. Physical exam after extubation detected residual neuromuscular blockade. In the post-anesthetic care unit the patient developed somnolence, tachycardia, hypertension, and severe respiratory acidosis. After reintubation the patient evolved for cardiac arrest with electrical activity without a pulse, which was reverted with the administration of adrenaline and external cardiac massage. In the postoperative period the patient presented elevation of the ST segment, increased troponin, and left ventricular medial-apical akinesia with an estimated ejection fraction of 30%. Cardiac catheterization showed absence of significant atheromatous lesions in the coronary vessels, and severe disruption of the systolic function with inferior and antero-septo-apical akinesia and compensatory basal hypercontractility. The patient had complete functional recovery with the treatment instituted. CONCLUSIONS: Residual neuromuscular blockade associated with diaphragmatic paralysis and possible pulmonary atelectasis leading to respiratory failure, hypercapnia, and adrenergic discharge triggered the Tako-Tsubo syndrome with severe clinical repercussion.

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A embolia por líquido amniótico (ELA) é uma entidade rara, porém associada a elevados índices de mortalidade para o binômio materno-fetal e também à morbidade devido às sequelas neurológicas de longo prazo. Em relação à mortalidade, ela vem decrescendo nos últimos inquéritos, porém ainda permanece entre as causas mais importantes de morte materna no mundo. A síndrome parece ser mais incidente do que tem sido publicada, porém somente são catalogados casos clinicamente exuberantes. No Brasil, o sub-registro das declarações de óbito dificulta ainda mais o real monitoramento dessa complicação. Algumas revisões já foram escritas sobre o tema e em todas a dúvida quanto à etiopatogenia dessa entidade permanece no centro da discussão. A ELA apresenta, ainda, fisiopatologia complexa que conduz a: hipertensão pulmonar,falência cardíaca e coagulação intravascular disseminada. O diagnóstico é clínico e, sobretudo, de exclusão, não havendo até o momento nenhum método isolado capaz de confirmar a embolia por líquido amniótico. A conduta mediante a suspeita é a instituição precoce e eficaz de medidas de suporte a vida e, como em mais de 60% dos casos o feto está intraútero, sua extração imediata deve ser realizada, se houver maturidadepulmonar para tal. Amplia-se aqui a discussão sobre uma hipótese: a dramaticidade dos casos estaria relacionada não propriamente ao fenômeno embólico, mas sim às alterações humorais provocadas por fatores contaminantes, como a presença de mecônio no conteúdo embolizado.

Amniotic Fluid Embolism (AFE) is rare, but associated with high mortality and as well morbidity rates for the binomial maternal-fetal , due to long-term neurological sequels. Although mortality due to Amniotic Fluid Embolism has decreased in recent surveys, it still remains among the most important causes of maternal death in the world. The syndrome seems to have a higher incidence than has been published because only the most exuberant clinical cases are reported. In Brazil, the underregistration of death declaration, hampers further the real monitoring of complications. Several revisions were written on the topic but the pathogenesis of the syndrome remains unclear. The AFE has still complex pathophysiology that leads to pulmonary hypertension, heart failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms after excluding other possibilities, because there is still not any laboratory or imaging method able to confirm the Amniotic fluid embolism. After initial suspicion, the treatment should be the institution of early and effective life suportive actions.In more than 60% of the cases, at the time of diagnosis, the fetus is still in maternal uterus, and its extraction mustbe done immediately, as long as allowed considering lung maturity . In this revision , we would like to make other considerations discussing the hypothesis that the great majority of the most severe cases are not only related to embolic phenomena, but to also humoral anachanges caused by contaminant factors, such as the presence of meconium in embolized content.

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A double-blind, randomised controlled study was conducted to evaluate the intubation conditions in 20 preterm neonates following the use of either morphine or remifentanil as premedication. The findings suggest that the overall intubation conditions were significantly better (p=0.0034) in the remifentanil group than in the morphine group. No severe complications were observed in either group.

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We present the efficacy and safety of the use of remifentanil for intubation, sedation and analgesia in a preterm infant during mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome. A 34-week-old baby, born by cesarean delivery that developed respiratory distress, required intubation and ventilatory support. For intubation, the baby was given midazolam (0.2 mg.kg(-1)) and remifentanil (1 microg.kg(-1)). The intubation conditions were assessed and classified as excellent. The remifentanil infusion was started at dose 0.75 microg.kg(-1).min(-1) and the dose adjustments were made depending on the neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS), hemodynamic and respiratory changes or the presence of spontaneous movements. Pulse oximetry, respiratory rate, ECG and invasive blood pressure were continuously monitored. He was given surfactant within 2.5 h of life after which ventilator parameters could be progressively decreased. Three hours later, the remifentanil infusion was decreased to 0.5 microg.kg(-1).min(-1), and he remained sedated (NIPS < 2). Six hour after surfactant administration, blood gases and chest X ray were normal. The remifentanil infusion was then discontinued and 30 min later the baby was awake and extubated with success. There were no side effects after intubation or during the continuous infusion. The profile of remifentanil allowing a rapid recovery, the absence of side effects and a good level of sedation and analgesia support the choice of this opioid for sedation in the NICU.

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Five years after a single dose treatment, prevalence, intensity and morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni were evaluated in Agua Branca, a low endemic community in the South East Brazil (cure rate 94%). At community level, prevalence showed a decrease from 38.9 to 24.5% and the intensity of infection dropped from 119.5 to 38.9 eggs per g of faeces (epg). However, after the exclusion of immigrants, newborn children and individuals that had left the area after the first evaluation, the prevalence among the treated and followed population was not significantly affected. Multivariate analysis showed that the 10-29 age group and water contact for agricultural purposes were independently associated with the presence of infection on post treatment evaluation [OR 3.9 and 5.09, respectively]. A previous treatment among subjects older than 15 years was inversely associated [OR 0.58]. The authors wish to draw attention to the fact that mobility may lead to a serious bias in evaluating the impact of the control programme.

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