RESUMO
The aim of this work was to evaluate the implementation of the Integrated Crop-Livestock (ICL) in beef cattle farms where the corn was planted directly on the pasture, under no-till system, in the first year. The Crop-Livestock Integration (CLI) models evaluated consisted of Brachiaria decumbens pastures intercropped with corn in the no tillage system. However, the evaluated CLI system differed from the usual system because it did not use the conventional tillage in the first year, while the conventional soil preparation and sowing of grass is used by most of the Brazilian farms. The results show that in the first year the period of time spent planting and side-dressing nitrogen on corn was longer compared to the following years, mainly due to the lack of uniformity of the ground surface, once no conventional tillage was used to prepare the soil and these operations were performed with own implements for direct planting. Therefore, many seeds were placed either very deep or not buried, thus compromising the crop and becoming necessary to replant the corn with a manual planter. From the second year on, even though the conditions were not ideal, the ground surface became more accessible for the sowing and cultivation of corn, after the tillage of the first year. The time spent in most operations performed was longer than usual, especially planting and side-dressing nitrogen on
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
The aim of this work was to evaluate the implementation of the Integrated Crop-Livestock (ICL) in beef cattle farms where the corn was planted directly on the pasture, under no-till system, in the first year. The Crop-Livestock Integration (CLI) models evaluated consisted of Brachiaria decumbens pastures intercropped with corn in the no tillage system. However, the evaluated CLI system differed from the usual system because it did not use the conventional tillage in the first year, while the conventional soil preparation and sowing of grass is used by most of the Brazilian farms. The results show that in the first year the period of time spent planting and side-dressing nitrogen on corn was longer compared to the following years, mainly due to the lack of uniformity of the ground surface, once no conventional tillage was used to prepare the soil and these operations were performed with own implements for direct planting. Therefore, many seeds were placed either very deep or not buried, thus compromising the crop and becoming necessary to replant the corn with a manual planter. From the second year on, even though the conditions were not ideal, the ground surface became more accessible for the sowing and cultivation of corn, after the tillage of the first year. The time spent in most operations performed was longer than usual, especially planting and side-dressing nitrogen on
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
Zinc deficiency usually occurs in maize grown in Brazilian acidic soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate commercial maize cultivars for their Zn uptake and utilization efficiency. A greenhouse experiment using nutrient solution with young plants was carried out at Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2002. Treatments consisted of: 0.0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.4 and 0.8 mg L-1 Zn in the main plots and 24 commercial maize cultivars in the subplots, in a randomized complete block design. Zn concentration in shoot dry matter (SDM) ranged from 28.4 to 41.6 mg kg-1 among cultivars, clearly indicating a dilution effect, since a negative relation between SDM and plant height was shown. Total Zn-shoot content was a good parameter to discriminate cultivars, once correlated with plant height and SDM (r = 0.66** and r = 0.67**, respectively). Analysis of variance and polynomial regression for total Zn-shoot content was highly significant among cultivars and for the interaction cultivar vs Zn-concentration. Plants under low Zn presented up to three-fold differences among efficiency index values (E.I. = 8.59 to 26.42 mg² DM mug-1 Zn). The results with young plants indicated six maize cultivars classified as Zn-efficient and responsive (AG 7575, Tork, AL Bandeirante, AL 34, AGN 2012, Master) and six cultivars classified as efficient non-responsive (P30F33, P30K75, P30F80, AS 1533, DOW 8420 e AL 30). Other nutrient concentrations in the SDM were within normal limits (K, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn) for maize young plants.
Nos solos ácidos são comuns os casos de deficiência de zinco (Zn) na cultura do milho. O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu em avaliar cultivares comerciais de milho quanto à eficiência na absorção e utilização de Zn. O experimento foi conduzido em Campinas, SP, Brasil, 2002, em casa de vegetação com plantas jovens em solução nutritiva, utilizando blocos ao acaso em parcelas divididas, sendo os tratamentos: 0,0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,4 e 0,8 mg L-1 de Zn e 24 cultivares comerciais de milho. Os teores de Zn na parte aérea (PA) variaram de 28,4 a 41,6 mg kg-1 (1,46 vez) entre as cultivares. O conteúdo total de Zn na PA foi o parâmetro que melhor se correlacionou com a altura de planta (r = 0,66**) e com a matéria seca de parte aérea (MSPA) (r = 0,67**), permitindo diferenciação das cultivares. A análise da variância e a regressão polinomial para essa variável revelaram diferenças significativas entre cultivares, bem como para o índice de eficiência, cujos valores variaram de até três vezes (8,59 a 26,42 mg² MS mig-1 Zn) em condições de baixo Zn. Os resultados com plantas jovens indicaram seis cultivares como eficientes e responsivas (AG 7575, Tork, AL Bandeirante, AL 34, AGN 2012, Master) e outras seis como eficientes e não-responsivas (P30F33, P30K75, P30F80, AS 1533, DOW 8420 e AL 30). Os teores de K, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe e Mn na MSPA, estiveram dentro dos limites normais para plântulas de milho.
RESUMO
Zinc deficiency usually occurs in maize grown in Brazilian acidic soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate commercial maize cultivars for their Zn uptake and utilization efficiency. A greenhouse experiment using nutrient solution with young plants was carried out at Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2002. Treatments consisted of: 0.0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.4 and 0.8 mg L-1 Zn in the main plots and 24 commercial maize cultivars in the subplots, in a randomized complete block design. Zn concentration in shoot dry matter (SDM) ranged from 28.4 to 41.6 mg kg-1 among cultivars, clearly indicating a dilution effect, since a negative relation between SDM and plant height was shown. Total Zn-shoot content was a good parameter to discriminate cultivars, once correlated with plant height and SDM (r = 0.66** and r = 0.67**, respectively). Analysis of variance and polynomial regression for total Zn-shoot content was highly significant among cultivars and for the interaction cultivar vs Zn-concentration. Plants under low Zn presented up to three-fold differences among efficiency index values (E.I. = 8.59 to 26.42 mg² DM mug-1 Zn). The results with young plants indicated six maize cultivars classified as Zn-efficient and responsive (AG 7575, Tork, AL Bandeirante, AL 34, AGN 2012, Master) and six cultivars classified as efficient non-responsive (P30F33, P30K75, P30F80, AS 1533, DOW 8420 e AL 30). Other nutrient concentrations in the SDM were within normal limits (K, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn) for maize young plants.
Nos solos ácidos são comuns os casos de deficiência de zinco (Zn) na cultura do milho. O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu em avaliar cultivares comerciais de milho quanto à eficiência na absorção e utilização de Zn. O experimento foi conduzido em Campinas, SP, Brasil, 2002, em casa de vegetação com plantas jovens em solução nutritiva, utilizando blocos ao acaso em parcelas divididas, sendo os tratamentos: 0,0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,4 e 0,8 mg L-1 de Zn e 24 cultivares comerciais de milho. Os teores de Zn na parte aérea (PA) variaram de 28,4 a 41,6 mg kg-1 (1,46 vez) entre as cultivares. O conteúdo total de Zn na PA foi o parâmetro que melhor se correlacionou com a altura de planta (r = 0,66**) e com a matéria seca de parte aérea (MSPA) (r = 0,67**), permitindo diferenciação das cultivares. A análise da variância e a regressão polinomial para essa variável revelaram diferenças significativas entre cultivares, bem como para o índice de eficiência, cujos valores variaram de até três vezes (8,59 a 26,42 mg² MS mig-1 Zn) em condições de baixo Zn. Os resultados com plantas jovens indicaram seis cultivares como eficientes e responsivas (AG 7575, Tork, AL Bandeirante, AL 34, AGN 2012, Master) e outras seis como eficientes e não-responsivas (P30F33, P30K75, P30F80, AS 1533, DOW 8420 e AL 30). Os teores de K, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe e Mn na MSPA, estiveram dentro dos limites normais para plântulas de milho.