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The conservation of cadaverous parts of human beings in formaldehyde is classically used through an aqueous solution of formaldehyde, reported in the literature as having the best action against microorganisms. However, studies have shown that some microorganisms have potential for resistance to formaldehyde, such as some fungi and bacteria, which are able to colonize man and animals, causing various infectious conditions and pathologies. In order to verify the possible growth of these microorganisms in human anatomy pieces preserved in formaldehyde, from the anatomy laboratory of a private Faculty in Bauru (São Paulo, Brazil), samples were collected through superficial scraping in the parts of the central nervous system (brain). After collection, an analysis of the growth of fungi and bacteria was carried out. It was found in the brain samples studied that 10% formaldehyde was not able to totally prevent the growth of microorganisms, fungi and bacteria, but it guarantees the non-growth of microorganisms in large quantities.

A conservação de partes cadavéricas de seres humanos em formaldeído é classicamente utilizada por meio de uma solução aquosa de formaldeído, relatada na literatura como tendo a melhor ação contra microrganismos.Entretanto, estudos têm demonstrado que alguns microrganismos têm potencial de resistência ao formaldeído, como alguns fungos e bactérias, que são capazes de colonizar o homem e os animais, causando diversos quadros infecciosos e patologias. Com o objetivo de verificar o possível crescimento desses microrganismos em peças anatômicas humanas preservadas em formol, do laboratório de anatomia de uma Faculdade Particular de Bauru (São Paulo, Brasil), foram coletadas amostras por meio de raspagem superficial nas partes do sistema nervoso central (cérebro). Após a coleta, foi realizada uma análise do crescimento de fungos e bactérias. Verificou-se nas amostras de cérebro estudadas que o formaldeído a 10% não foi capaz de impedir totalmente o crescimento de microrganismos, fungos e bactérias, mas garante o não crescimento de microrganismos em grandes quantidades.

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PURPOSE:: To compare the functional result of standart vein grafts and inside-out vein graft technique on sciatic nerve repair. METHODS:: We used 24 male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: control group (CG), standard vein graft group (SVG), Inside-out vein graft group (IOVG) and denervated Group (DG). SVG, IOVG and DG underwent total section of the sciatic nerve, SVG and IOVG however underwent nerve repair surgery using a graft with normal jugular vein and inside-out jugular vein, respectively. Histological analysis of the soleus and Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL), and Sciatic Functional Index were used to compare the results after 6 weeks. RESULTS:: Both grafts acted favorably in muscle recovery and improved functionality; They were similar in all parameters, however, in more points SVG achieved similar to the CG, in the other hand IOVG more times was similar to DG. Fact that makes the graft with normal vein the most viable option between the two options. CONCLUSION:: Both types of grafts acted beneficially wherein the graft normal vein has proved to be the best option.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate if electrical stimulation through Russian current is able to maintain morphology of the cranial tibial muscle of experimentally denervated rats. METHODS: Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into four groups: the Initial Control Group, Final Control Group, Experimental Denervated and Treated Group, Experimental Denervated Group. The electrostimulation was performed with a protocol of Russian current applied three times per week, for 45 days. At the end, the animals were euthanized and histological and morphometric analyses were performed. Data were submitted to statistical analysis with a significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS: The Experimental Denervated Group and the Experimental Denervated and Treated Group had cross-sectional area of smaller fiber compared to the Final Control Group. However, there was significant difference between the Experimental Denervated Group and Experimental Denervated and Treated Group, showing that electrical stimulation minimized muscle atrophy. The Experimental Denervated and Treated Group and Initial Control Group showed similar results. CONCLUSION: Electrical stimulation through Russian current acted favorably in maintaining morphology of the cranial tibial muscle that was experimentally denervated, minimizing muscle atrophy. OBJETIVO: Investigar se a estimulação elétrica pela corrente russa é capaz de manter a morfologia do músculo tibial cranial de ratos desnervados experimentalmente. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 36 ratos Wistar, distribuídos em quatro grupos: Grupo Controle Inicial, Grupo Controle Final, Grupo Experimental Desnervado Tratado, Grupo Experimental Desnervado. A eletroestimulação foi realizada com um protocolo de corrente russa aplicada três vezes por semanas, durante 45 dias. Ao final, os animais foram eutanasiados e, em seguida, foram realizadas as análises histológica e morfométrica. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, com nível de significância de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Os Grupos Experimental Desnervado e o Grupo Experimental Desnervado Tratado apresentaram área de secção transversal da fibra menor quando comparados ao Grupo Controle Final. Entretanto, constatou-se diferença significativa entre o Grupo Experimental Desnervado e o Grupo Experimental Desnervado Tratado, mostrando que a estimulação elétrica minimizou atrofia muscular. Ainda, observou-se que o Grupo Experimental Desnervado Tratado apresentou resultados semelhantes ao Grupo Controle Inicial. CONCLUSÃO: A estimulação elétrica por meio da corrente russa foi favorável na manutenção da morfologia do músculo tibial cranial desnervado experimentalmente, minimizando a atrofia muscular.

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Purpose: To compare the functional result of standart vein grafts and inside-out vein graft technique on sciatic nerve repair. Methods: We used 24 male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: control group (CG), standard vein graft group (SVG), Inside-out vein graft group (IOVG) and denervated Group (DG). SVG, IOVG and DG underwent total section of the sciatic nerve, SVG and IOVG however underwent nerve repair surgery using a graft with normal jugular vein and inside-out jugular vein, respectively. Histological analysis of the soleus and Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL), and Sciatic Functional Index were used to compare the results after 6 weeks. Results: Both grafts acted favorably in muscle recovery and improved functionality; They were similar in all parameters, however, in more points SVG achieved similar to the CG, in the other hand IOVG more times was similar to DG. Fact that makes the graft with normal vein the most viable option between the two options. Conclusion: Both types of grafts acted beneficially wherein the graft normal vein has proved to be the best option.(AU)

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Abstract Purpose: To compare the functional result of standart vein grafts and inside-out vein graft technique on sciatic nerve repair. Methods: We used 24 male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: control group (CG), standard vein graft group (SVG), Inside-out vein graft group (IOVG) and denervated Group (DG). SVG, IOVG and DG underwent total section of the sciatic nerve, SVG and IOVG however underwent nerve repair surgery using a graft with normal jugular vein and inside-out jugular vein, respectively. Histological analysis of the soleus and Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL), and Sciatic Functional Index were used to compare the results after 6 weeks. Results: Both grafts acted favorably in muscle recovery and improved functionality; They were similar in all parameters, however, in more points SVG achieved similar to the CG, in the other hand IOVG more times was similar to DG. Fact that makes the graft with normal vein the most viable option between the two options. Conclusion: Both types of grafts acted beneficially wherein the graft normal vein has proved to be the best option

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ABSTRACT Objective To investigate if electrical stimulation through Russian current is able to maintain morphology of the cranial tibial muscle of experimentally denervated rats. Methods Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into four groups: the Initial Control Group, Final Control Group, Experimental Denervated and Treated Group, Experimental Denervated Group. The electrostimulation was performed with a protocol of Russian current applied three times per week, for 45 days. At the end, the animals were euthanized and histological and morphometric analyses were performed. Data were submitted to statistical analysis with a significance level of p<0.05. Results The Experimental Denervated Group and the Experimental Denervated and Treated Group had cross-sectional area of smaller fiber compared to the Final Control Group. However, there was significant difference between the Experimental Denervated Group and Experimental Denervated and Treated Group, showing that electrical stimulation minimized muscle atrophy. The Experimental Denervated and Treated Group and Initial Control Group showed similar results. Conclusion Electrical stimulation through Russian current acted favorably in maintaining morphology of the cranial tibial muscle that was experimentally denervated, minimizing muscle atrophy.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar se a estimulação elétrica pela corrente russa é capaz de manter a morfologia do músculo tibial cranial de ratos desnervados experimentalmente. Métodos Foram utilizados 36 ratos Wistar, distribuídos em quatro grupos: Grupo Controle Inicial, Grupo Controle Final, Grupo Experimental Desnervado Tratado, Grupo Experimental Desnervado. A eletroestimulação foi realizada com um protocolo de corrente russa aplicada três vezes por semanas, durante 45 dias. Ao final, os animais foram eutanasiados e, em seguida, foram realizadas as análises histológica e morfométrica. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, com nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados Os Grupos Experimental Desnervado e o Grupo Experimental Desnervado Tratado apresentaram área de secção transversal da fibra menor quando comparados ao Grupo Controle Final. Entretanto, constatou-se diferença significativa entre o Grupo Experimental Desnervado e o Grupo Experimental Desnervado Tratado, mostrando que a estimulação elétrica minimizou atrofia muscular. Ainda, observou-se que o Grupo Experimental Desnervado Tratado apresentou resultados semelhantes ao Grupo Controle Inicial. Conclusão A estimulação elétrica por meio da corrente russa foi favorável na manutenção da morfologia do músculo tibial cranial desnervado experimentalmente, minimizando a atrofia muscular.

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O músculo estriado esquelético é uma entidade extremamente versátil, capaz de alterar seus padrões e características fenotípicas sob diversas condições, tais como, atividade neuromuscular, estimulação elétrica, idade, atividade hormonal e exercício físico. Sabe-se também que o balanço entre estímulos atróficos e hipertróficos controlam diretamente a massa muscular do indivíduo e estas variações implicam diretamente não apenas sobre o volume muscular, mas também conteúdo de proteínas e produção de força. Neste sentido, a atrofia muscular (perda de massa muscular) é caracterizada tanto pela diminuição na área de secção transversa das fibras musculares, como também pelo decréscimo no conteúdo de proteínas miofibrilares e consequente redução do volume muscular. Esta atrofia muscular pode ocorrer sob diversas condições clinicas e/ou patológicas, acarretando na diminuição ou perda da massa magra levando à uma consequente diminuição da atividade física, da qualidade de vida e inclusive pior resposta ao tratamento, ocasionando consequentemente aumento da mortalidade. Fica claro desta maneira, que, os métodos que visam a prevenção ou tratamento à atrofia muscular tem importante relevância clínica em muitos grupos de pacientes, além de ser um importante fator contribuinte na qualidade de vida e autonomia destes indivíduos. Com isso o estudo de determinados tratamentos que combatam a atrofia muscular torna-se de vital importância, dentre os quais, vem ganhando destaque o ßHidroxi ßMetilbutirato (HMB). Deste modo teve-se como objetivo neste trabalho verificar a efetividade do HMB em prevenir a atrofia muscular induzida por dexametasona (DEXA). Para isto, foram utilizados 32 animais da linhagem Wistar com idade de 60 dias, distribuídos nos seguintes grupos: Grupo Experimental Placebo (GEP), n=8, tratados por 10 dias consecutivos com gavagem e injeção intraperitoneal, ambas contendo apenas solução salina; Grupo Experimental Dexametasona (GED), n=8, tratados por 10 dias consecutivos com gavagem contendo solução salina e injeção intraperitoneal contendo dexametasona; Grupo Experimental HMB (GEH), n=8, tratados por 10 dias consecutivos com gavagem contendo HMB e injeção intraperitoneal contendo solução salina; e Grupo Experimental Dexametasona + HMB (GEDH), n=8, tratados por 10 dias consecutivos com gavagem contendo HMB e injeção intraperitoneal contendo DEXA. Os animais foram acondicionados em caixas coletivas com 4 animais por caixa, com comida e agua à vontade em sala climatizada com temperatura de 22o e respeitando o ciclo de 12 horas claro/escuro. Finalizados os dez dias de tratamento, os animais foram eutanasiados para a coleta do material. Após as análises, as médias dos grupos para peso corpóreo dos animais, peso muscular e os valores da morfometria foram todos submetidos ao teste One-Way ANOVA, seguidos do Teste de Tukey, sendo o valor considerado estatisticamente significante de p<0,05. Ao final pôde-se concluir que, no delineamento experimental aqui aplicado, o HMB não foi capaz de atenuar ou prevenir a perda de peso corporal induzida pela DEXA, sendo que o efeito anticatabólico esperado pelo HMB não repercutiu no musculo EDL, contudo foi capaz de prevenir a atrofia no musculo sóleo.(AU)

The skeletal muscle is an extremely versatile entity, able to change their patterns and phenotypic characteristics under various conditions such as neuromuscular activity, electrical stimulation, age, hormonal activity and exercise. It is also known that the balance between atrophic and hypertrophic stimuli directly control the muscle mass of the individual and these changes directly affect not only on muscle volume, but also protein content and production strength. In this sense, muscle atrophy (loss of muscle mass) characterized by both, the decrease in cross-sectional area of muscle fibers, but also by decreasing the content of myofibrillar proteins and consequent reduction in muscle volume. This muscle atrophy may occur in various pathological conditions, resulting in decrease or loss of lean body mass leading to a consequent reduction in physical function, quality of life and even worse response to treatment, thus leading to increased mortality. It is clear in that way that the methods aimed at preventing or treating muscle atrophy has important clinical relevance in many groups of patients, as well as being a major contributing factor in the quality of life and autonomy of individuals. Thus, the study of certain treatments that combat muscle atrophy become of vital importance, among which highlight is winning the ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB). Thus, it is aimed in this study to assess the effectiveness of HMB to prevent muscle atrophy induced by dexamethasone (DEXA). For this, we used 32 Wistar animals aged 60 days, distributed in the following groups: experimental group Placebo (GEP), n = 8, treated for 10 consecutive days with gavage and intraperitoneal injection, both containing only saline. Experimental group Dexamethasone (GED), n = 8, treated for 10 consecutive days with gavage containing saline and intraperitoneal injection containing dexamethasone. Experimental group HMB (GEH), n = 8, treated for 10 consecutive days with gavage containing HMB and intraperitoneal injection containing saline solution and Experimental Group Dexamethasone + HMB (GEDH), n = 8, treated for 10 consecutive days with gavage containing HMB and intraperitoneal injection containing DEXA. The animals were placed in collective boxes with 4 animals per cage with food and water at will in a room with 22o temperature and respecting the light / dark 12-hour cycle. Completed the ten days of treatment, the animals were euthanized to collect the material. After the analysis, the mean body weight to groups of animals, muscle weight and values of morphometry were all subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test, with the amount considered statistically significant at p <0.05. At the end, it could be concluded that the experimental design applied here, the HMB was not able to mitigate or prevent the loss of body weight induced by DEXA, and the anti-catabolic effect expected by HMB not reflected in the EDL muscle, but was able to prevent atrophy in the soleus muscle.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to identify the shape and route of the bony canal of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) and posterior superior alveolar nerve (PSAN) using different identification methods, including computed tomography (CT), panoramic radiograph, and macroscopic evaluation (corpse and dry skull). Twenty-four patients were analyzed by CT and panoramic and posterior anterior (PA) radiographs; additionally, 90 dry skulls and 21 dissected anatomical specimens were examined. Three-dimensional-CT revealed that the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus resembled a tunnel format in 60% of the treated patients. Out of all 24 patients, the panoramic radiograph identified the bony canal in only one patient; whereas the PA radiograph identified it in 80% of the patients. The dry skulls showed tunnellike routes of the PSAA and PSAN in 65% of the cases. Moreover, the pathway was also visibly observed in the dissected anatomical specimens as a straight shape in 85% of the cases. Thus, our results demonstrated that the most common shape of the bony canal of the PSAA and PSAN is the tunnel format with a straight route by 3D-CT, posterior anterior radiography, and macroscopic evaluation. However, in the panoramic radiographs, it was difficult to identify this canal.

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