RESUMO
The use of anticorrosive coatings has been a powerful method to be applied on the surface of metallic materials to mitigate the corrosive process. In this study, the focus is composite coatings that are commonly used on the internal surface of storage tanks in petrochemical industries. The development of non-destructive methods for inspection of faults in this field is desired due to unhealthy access and mainly because undercoating corrosion is difficult to detect by visual inspection. Pulsed thermography (PT) was employed to detect undercoating corrosion and adhesion loss of anticorrosive composite coatings defects. Additionally, a computational simulation model was developed to complement the PT tests. According to the experimental results, PT was able to detect all types of defects evaluated. The results obtained by computational simulation were compared with experimental ones. Good correlation (similarity) was verified, regarding both the defect detection and thermal behavior, validating the developed model. Additionally, by reconstructing the thermal behavior according to the defect parameters evaluated in the study, it was estimated the limit of the remaining thickness of the defect for which it would be possible to obtain its detection using the pulsed modality.
RESUMO
Species of the genus Brachycephalus, have a snout-vent length of less than 18 mm and are believed to have evolved through miniaturization. Brachycephalus ephippium, is particularly interesting; because its entire skull is hyperossified, and the presacral vertebrae and transverse processes are covered by a dorsal shield. We demonstrate in this paper that, at the macroscopic level, a completely hyperossified skull and dorsal shield occur only in B. ephippium, but not in B. ferruginus, B. izechsohni, B. pernix, B. pombali, B. brunneus, B. didactylus, and B. hermogenesi. An intermediate condition, in which the skull is hyperossified but a dorsal shield is absent, occurs in B. vertebralis, B. nodoterga, B. pitanga, and B. alipioi. The microscopic structure of hyperossification was examined in skulls of B. ephippium and B. pitanga, revealing a complex organization involving the presence of Sharpey fibers, which in humans are characteristic of periodontal connections.