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Pd/ZnO nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by means of one and two pot synthesis and applied in the photodegradation of Rh6G. The nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopies. It was found the presence of PdZn2, PdO and agglomerated particles in the support surface for the Palladium-based nanocomposites fabricated by one-pot route; the two-step method allowed the formation of spherical Pd nanoparticles, with homogeneous distribution in the nanocomposite matrix, with an average size of 2.16 nm. The results show higher photocatalytic efficiency for the samples fabricated under the two-step approach compared to the one-pot synthesis. Based on experimental results, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to understand the enhancement photocatalytic of Pd/ZnO nanocomposites. To achieve it, the ZnO (001) and (101) surfaces were built and decorated by different Pd coverages. The theoretical results indicated two different photocatalytic mechanisms. In ZnO (001) case, the electrons flowed from surface to Pd, generating the superoxide radical anion (â O2-). Furthermore, the density of states of the ZnO (001) surface was modified by impurity Pd-d states at proximity to the conduction states, which may work as electron acceptors states. On the other hand, we found that the electrons flow from Pd to ZnO (101) surface, inducing the formation of â OH and â O2- for the degradation of Rh6G. The density of states of the ZnO (101) revealed a reduction in its bandgap, due to Pd-d states localized above valence states. Hence, our theoretical results suggest that the Pd-d states may facilitate the mobility of electrons and holes in (001) and (101) surfaces, respectively, reducing the rate of charge recombination.
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Stevia mash (SM), leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant, is an additive used in poultry that enhances growth and health. Objective: to determine the effect of 1 % SM on productive parameters, gut health, and the cecal microbiome in broilers between the first 15 and 21 days old. One hundred sixty male, 1-day-old broilers (48.5 ± 2.5 g) were divided into Control (C) without SM and Treated (T) with 1 % SM on diet, during 15/21 days. Each subgroup had eight broilers/five repetitions/treatment. At day 15 or 21, all broilers were dissected, Fabricius Bursa and Gut removed and processed for histomorphometry, followed by Villi Height/Crypt Deep (VH/CD) ratio. Conversion Index (CI) was determined. The V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified from DNA obtained from pooled cecal contents and sequenced on Illumina Miseq PE 2 × 250 platform. Sequence processing and taxonomic assignments were performed using the SHAMAN pipeline. Both T groups have better VH/CD Ratios than C groups (p ≤ 0.05). In guts, increased plasmatic and goblet cells number and thicker mucus layer were found in T15 and T21. All groups received SM showed early immunological maturity in Fabricius Bursa. IC was similar between all treatments. Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus torques group, and Bacteroides were the major genera modulated by SM addition. At 15 and 21 days old, SM exerts a impact on diversity and evenness of the cecal microbiome. Conclusion: SM (1 %) produced early immunologic maturity on Fabricius Bursa, increased intestinal functionality, and modified the microbiota, increasing beneficial microbial genera and microbial diversity.
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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), mainly ischemic heart disease and stroke, is the main cause of death worldwide and each year more people die from CVD than from any other cause. These data call for a paradigm shift, where health promotion and cardiovascular prevention will acquire a central role in health policies. From this perspective, dedicating time during the consultation to promoting the acquisition of heart-healthy habits would be indicated in all individuals, regardless of cardiovascular risk classification, the role of the internist being fundamental. This position document from the International Forum of Internal Medicine (FIMI) presents the main indications regarding changes in lifestyle and acquisition of healthy habits to prevent CVD. The different sections will address topics including: nutrition, physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep, stress, environmental problems related to CVD and specific conditions in women. A section is included about starting CVD promotion and prevention measures at an early age, childhood and adolescence, also mentioning epigenetic aspects related to CVD. Social determinants in CVD are also taken into account, since some of these aspects, such as low socioeconomic level, modify cardiovascular risk and should be taken into account.
Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), principalmente la cardiopatía isquémica y el accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), constituyen la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial y cada año mueren más personas por ECV que por cualquier otra causa. Estos datos requieren la necesidad de un cambio de paradigma, en donde la promoción de la salud y la prevención cardiovascular adquieran un papel central en las políticas sanitarias. Desde esta perspectiva, dedicar tiempo durante la consulta en promocionar la adquisición de hábitos cardiosaludables estaría indicado en todos los individuos, independientemente de la clasificación de riesgo cardiovascular, siendo fundamental el rol del médico internista en su función de médico de cabecera. En este documento de posicionamiento del Foro Internacional de Medicina Interna (FIMI) se presentan algunas pautas para recomendar e indicar modificaciones en el estilo de vida y adquisición de hábitos saludables para prevenir la ECV, que tienen el objetivo de ser una herramienta practica para el médico internista. Las diferentes secciones abordaran temas que incluyen: nutrición, actividad física, sedentarismo, obesidad, hábito tabáquico, consumo de alcohol, sueño, estrés, problemas ambientales relacionados a la ECV y condiciones específicas en la mujer. Se incluyó un apartado acerca de comenzar las medidas de promoción y prevención de ECV en edades tempranas, infancia y adolescencia, mencionando además aspectos epigenéticos relacionados a la ECV. Se tienen en cuenta además los determinantes sociales en ECV, ya que algunos de estos aspectos, como el bajo nivel socioeconómico, modifican el riesgo cardiovascular y debieran ser tenidos en cuenta.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Humanos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Hábitos , Estilo de Vida , Saúde Ambiental , Medicina InternaRESUMO
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), mainly ischemic heart disease and stroke, is the main cause of death worldwide and each year more people die from CVD than from any other cause. These data call for a paradigm shift, where health promotion and cardiovascular prevention will acquire a central role in health policies. From this perspective, dedicating time during the consultation to promoting the acquisition of heart-healthy habits would be indicated in all individuals, regardless of cardiovascular risk classification, the role of the internist being fundamental. This position document from the International Forum of Internal Medicine (FIMI) presents the main indications regarding changes in lifestyle and acquisition of healthy habits to prevent CVD. The different sections will address topics including: nutrition, physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep, stress, environmental problems related to CVD and specific conditions in women. A section is included about starting CVD promotion and prevention measures at an early age, childhood and adolescence, also mentioning epigenetic aspects related to CVD. Social determinants in CVD are also taken into account, since some of these aspects, such as low socioeconomic level, modify cardiovascular risk and should be taken into account.
Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), principalmente la cardiopatía isquémica y el accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), constituyen la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial y cada año mueren más personas por ECV que por cualquier otra causa. Estos datos requieren la necesidad de un cambio de paradigma, en donde la promoción de la salud y la prevención cardiovascular adquieran un papel central en las políticas sanitarias. Desde esta perspectiva, dedicar tiempo durante la consulta en promocionar la adquisición de hábitos cardiosaludables estaría indicado en todos los individuos, independientemente de la clasificación de riesgo cardiovascular, siendo fundamental el rol del médico internista en su función de médico de cabecera. En este documento de posicionamiento del Foro Internacional de Medicina Interna (FIMI) se presentan algunas pautas para recomendar e indicar modificaciones en el estilo de vida y adquisición de hábitos saludables para prevenir la ECV, que tienen el objetivo de ser una herramienta practica para el médico internista. Las diferentes secciones abordaran temas que incluyen: nutrición, actividad física, sedentarismo, obesidad, hábito tabáquico, consumo de alcohol, sueño, estrés, problemas ambientales relacionados a la ECV y condiciones específicas en la mujer. Se incluyó un apartado acerca de comenzar las medidas de promoción y prevención de ECV en edades tempranas, infancia y adolescencia, mencionando además aspectos epigenéticos relacionados a la ECV. Se tienen en cuenta además los determinantes sociales en ECV, ya que algunos de estos aspectos, como el bajo nivel socioeconómico, modifican el riesgo cardiovascular y debieran ser tenidos en cuenta.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Adolescente , Humanos , Feminino , Criança , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Estilo de Vida , Fumar , Exercício Físico , Hábitos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
RESUMEN Mediante la exploración de fichas clínicas el objetivo del presente trabajo identificó la prevalencia y comparó las características personales, según sexo, de niños recién nacidos con cariotipo positivo al síndrome de Down en Hospital Clínico Regional de Antofagasta-Chile, nacidos entre los años 2010 a 2017. Se verificó 72 menores, 49 de sexo masculino y 23 de sexo femenino; las medias de algunas variables encontradas correspondían a, edad de madres 32,6 años; semanas de gestación 36,5 [DE 2,6]; peso corporal 2.851 g [DE 666]; talla 46,5 cm [DE 3,8]; estos resultados son comparables con RN normales de pre término de 34 semanas de gestación. Solo las variables peso corporal, talla y circunferencia torácica presentaron mayor grado de relación y dependencia lineal.
ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to identify, using clinical records, the prevalence of Down syndrome and to compare personal characteristics, by sex, of newborns born between the years 2010 to 2017 with Down syndrome diagnosed at the Hospital Clínico Regional de Antofagasta -Chile. Seventy-two minors were verified, 49 male and 23 female; the age of mothers was 32,56 (mean) years; gestation weeks 36,49 (SD 2,6); body weight 2,851 g (SD 666); length 46.5 c (SD3.8). These results are comparable with normal preterm NBs born at 34 weeks' gestation. Only the variables body weight, height and thoracic circumference show a higher degree of linear relationship and dependence.
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Background: Team-based care models (TBC) have demonstrated effectiveness to improve health outcomes for vulnerable diabetes patients but have proven difficult to implement in low income settings. Organizational conditions have been identified as influential on the implementation of TBC. This scoping review aims to answer the question: What is known from the scientific literature about how organizational conditions enable or inhibit TBC for diabetic patients in primary care settings, particularly settings that serve low-income patients? Methods: A scoping review study design was selected to identify key concepts and research gaps in the literature related to the impact of organizational conditions on TBC. Twenty-six articles were finally selected and included in this review. This scoping review was carried out following a directed content analysis approach. Results: While it is assumed that trained health professionals from diverse disciplines working in a common setting will sort it out and work as a team, co-location, and health professions education alone do not improve patient outcomes for diabetic patients. Health system, organization, and/or team level factors affect the way in which members of a care team, including patients and caregivers, collaborate to improve health outcomes. Organizational factors span across seven categories: governance and policies, structure and process, workplace culture, resources, team skills and knowledge, financial implications, and technology. These organizational factors are cited throughout the literature as important to TBC, however, research on the organizational conditions that enable and inhibit TBC for diabetic patients is extremely limited. Dispersed organizational factors are cited throughout the literature, but only one study specifically assesses the effect of organizational factors on TBC. Thematic analysis was used to categorize organizational factors in the literature about TBC and diabetes and a framework for analysis and definitions for key terms is presented. Conclusions: The review identified significant gaps in the literature relating to the study of organizational conditions that enable or inhibit TBC for low-income patients with diabetes. Efforts need to be carried out to establish unifying terminology and frameworks across the field to help explain the relationship between organizational conditions and TBC for diabetes. Gaps in the literature include research be based on organizational theories, research carried out in low-income settings and low and middle income countries, research explaining the difference between the organizational conditions that impact the implementation of TBC vs. maintaining or sustaining TBC and the interaction between organizational factors at the micro, meso and macro level and their impact on TBC. Few studies include information on patient outcomes, and fewer include information on low income settings. Further research is necessary on the impact of organizational conditions on TBC and diabetic patient outcomes.
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Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Atenção à Saúde/normas , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Implementação de Plano de Saúde , Serviços de Saúde/normas , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente/normas , Pobreza , Diabetes Mellitus/economia , Serviços de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Relações Interprofissionais , Grupos PopulacionaisRESUMO
El artículo compara el estado nutricional, consumo de alimentos y hábitos de actividad física en escolares de primer año básico y primer año medio. Método: mediante diseño descriptivo prospectivo, se exploró antropométricamente y encuestó 225 escolares (94 básicos, 131 medios), previo asentimiento y consentimiento informado. Resultados: según IMC, el 53,8% del total de estudiantes básicos y medios califica fuera del rango normal, a saber: 30,6% sobrepeso, 19 % obesidad y 4 % obesos severos. En el total de la muestra, la combinación de alimentos desayuno-colaciones de media tarde es alto en grasas, siendo esta combinación mucho mayor en básicos. Las combinaciones de colaciones moderadas en grasa son preferidas por los varones, a diferencia de las mujeres que consumen colaciones altas en grasas. El 68% de los hombres y mujeres de enseñanza básica realiza actividad física regularmente, en tanto los de media solo alcanzan un 58,2%. No se halló diferencias significativas en las variables antropométricas y alimentarias entre estudiantes básicos y medios, excepto en la realización de actividad física entre mujeres. Conclusiones: el sobrepeso y obesidad afectan gran parte de la muestra, las preferencias alimentarias tienen alto contenido graso y la actividad física que realizan decrece desde los estudiantes básicos a los medios.
The article compares the nutritional status, food consumption and physical activity habits in students. Method: Using a prospective descriptive design, anthropometric exploration was conducted and 225 schoolchildren were surveyed (94 primary and 131 high school students), after assent and informed consent. Results: Over half (53.8%) had a BMI outside the normal range, namely: 30.6% overweight, 19% obesity and 4% severe obese. The combination of breakfast and tea time foods was high in fats. This combination being much higher in primary school students. Moderate fat snack combinations were preferred by males, unlike women who consumed high fat snacks. Among primary school children, 68% performed regular physical activity, compared to 58.2% of high school students. No significant differences were found in the anthropometric and eating habits variables between primary and high school students, except in physical activity practice among women. Conclusions: Overweight and obesity affected a large part of the sample. We observed a preference for foods with a high fat content and physical activity decreased between primary and high school.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Estudantes , Exercício Físico , Estado Nutricional , Ingestão de Alimentos , Chile , Antropometria , Estudos Prospectivos , Ensino Fundamental e Médio , Distribuição por Idade e Sexo , Sobrepeso , ObesidadeRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la fermentación in vitro de consorcios bacterianos ruminales celulolíticos (CBC) conservados por liofilización usando carbón activado, maltosa y lactosa como preservadores. Materiales y métodos. Un CBC se aisló de fluido ruminal de una búfala de agua en medios selectivos celulolíticos. Los CBC se liofilizaron con carbón activado (CA), lactosa (LA) o maltosa (MA) como preservadores y sin preservador (SP). El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar para medir biogás a diferentes intervalos de tiempo; así como, un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 4x3, los factores fueron preservadores (SP, CA, LA y MA) y tiempo de fermentación (24, 48 y 72 h) para pH, nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3), degradación de materia seca (DMS) y de fibra detergente neutro (DFDN), actividad enzimática celulasas y la población de bacterias totales. Resultados. LA produjo mayor biogás acumulado a las 72 h y parcial a partir de las 12 h (p≤0.05). SP no mostró diferencias (p>0.05) en celulasas, conteo de bacterias total, DMS y DFDN en los tiempos de fermentación evaluados con el resto de los preservadores. Conclusiones. La producción de biogás parcial y acumulada, el aumento en la tasa de degradación de 8.3 y 91.1 % en la DMS y DFDN de las 24 a 72 h (p≤0.05) con el preservador LA, muestran que la lactosa puede usarse como preservador de bacterias celulolíticas ruminales.
ABSTRACT Objective. To determine in vitro fermentation of cellulolytic ruminal bacterial consortia (CBC) preserved by lyophilization using activated carbon, maltose and lactose as preservatives. Materials and methods. A CBC was isolated from the ruminal fluid of a female water buffalo in selective cellulolytic media. The CBC were lyophilized without preservative (SP), activated carbon (CA), lactose (LA) o maltose (MA) as preservatives. The experimental design was completely random to measure biogas at different time intervals; as well as completely random with 4x3 factorial arrangement, factors were preservative [SP, CA, LA and MA] and fermentation time (24, 48 and 72 h) for pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), dry matter degradation (DMD), neutral detergent fiber degradation (NDFD), enzymatic activity cellulases and total bacteria population. Results. LA produced higher accumulated biogas at 72 h and partial biogas after 12 h (p≤0.05). SP did not show differences (p>0.05) in cellulases, total bacteria population, DMD and NDFD in the fermentation times evaluated with the rest of the preservative. Conclusions. The production of partial and accumulated biogas, the increase in the degradation rate of 8.3 and 91.1% in the DMD and NDFD from 24 to 72 h (p≤0.05) in the LA preservative, show that lactose can be used as a preservative of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria.
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Animais , Carvão Vegetal , Dissacarídeos , Fermentação , Liofilização , Lactose , MaltoseRESUMO
This work proposes a new edge about the Chaotic Genetic Algorithm (CGA) and the importance of the entropy in the initial population. Inspired by chaos theory, the CGA uses chaotic maps to modify the stochastic parameters of Genetic Algorithm. The algorithm modifies the parameters of the initial population using chaotic series and then analyzes the entropy of such population. This strategy exhibits the relationship between entropy and performance optimization in complex search spaces. Our study includes the optimization of nine benchmark functions using eight different chaotic maps for each of the benchmark functions. The numerical experiment demonstrates a direct relation between entropy and performance of the algorithm.
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ABSTRACT Objective. To measure the in vitro fermentation variables of a cellulolytic bacteria consortium (CBC) isolated from a water buffalo rumen in coculture with total ruminal bacteria (TRB) on two fibrous substrates. Materials and methods. A CBC was isolated from the ruminal fluid of a female water buffalo in selective cellulolytic media. The experimental design was completely random with a 3x2 factorial arrangement; factors were treatments [TRB, CBC, and coculture (TRB + CBC)] and substrates (cobra grass and corn stover). Total gas and methane (CH4) production were measured at different time intervals. At 72 h, measurements were taken of pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), dry matter degradation (DMD), neutral detergent fiber degradation (NDFD) and total bacteria population. Results. Gas production with both substrates was highest (p≤0.05) in the coculture at 3, 6 and 24 h. At 48 and 72 h, gas production in the cobra grass was highest (p≤0.05) in the coculture. The coculture and TRB did not differ (p>0.05) in terms of CH4, DMD and NDFD values at 48 and 72 h. With the cobra grass, NH3-N concentration was higher (p≤0.05) in the coculture than in the TRB. Conclusions. The gas production and dry matter degradation values of the water buffalo rumen cellulolytic bacteria consortia indicate them to be a promising alternative for improving cobra grass structural carbohydrates degradation when in coculture with bovine ruminal bacteria.
RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar las variables fermentativas in vitro de un consorcio bacteriano celulolítico (CBC) aislado de una búfala de agua en cocultivo con bacterias ruminales totales (BRT) en sustratos fibrosos. Materiales y métodos. Un CBC se aisló de fluido ruminal de una búfala de agua en medios selectivos celulolíticos. El diseño experimental fue un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 3x2, los factores fueron tratamientos [BRT, CBC y un cocultivo (BRT + CBC)] y sustratos (pasto pangola y rastrojo de maíz). La producción de gas total y metano (CH4) se midieron a diferentes intervalos de tiempo. Además, se estimó pH, nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3), degradación de materia seca (DMS) y de fibra detergente neutro (DFDN), y la población de bacterias totales a 72 h de incubación. Resultados. El cocultivo produjo mayor (p≤0.05) cantidad de gas a las 3, 6 y 24 h en ambos sustratos. A las 48 y 72 h, el cocultivo produjo mayor (p≤0.05) gas en pasto cobra. El cocultivo y las BRT no presentaron diferencias (p>0.05) en la producción de CH4 a 48 y 72 h, y en DMS y DFDN (p>0.05). En el pasto cobra, la concentración de N-NH3 con el cocultivo fue mayor (p≤0.05) que con BRT. Conclusiones. La producción de gas y degradación de materia seca de los consorcios bacterianos celulolíticos procedentes del rumen de una búfala de agua muestran que son una alternativa para mejorar la fermentación de carbohidratos estructurales del pasto cobra cuando se cocultivan con bacterias ruminales bovinas.
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Animais , Técnicas In Vitro , Búfalos , FermentaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) are genetic diseases caused by hypoglycosylation of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Most CDG are multisystem disorders with mild to severe involvement. METHODS: We studied 554 patients (2007-2017) with a clinical phenotype compatible with a CDG. Screening was performed by serum transferrin isoelectric focusing. The diagnosis was confirmed by genetic testing (Sanger or exome sequencing). RESULTS: A confirmed abnormal pattern was found in nine patients. Seven patients showed a type 1 pattern: four with PMM2-CDG, two with ALG2-CDG, and one with classical galactosemia. A type 2 pattern was found in two patients: one with a CDG-IIx and one with a transferrin protein variant. Abnormal transferrin pattern were observed in a patient with a myopathy due to a COL6A2 gene variant. CONCLUSIONS: CDG screening in Argentina from 2007 to 2017 revealed 4 PMM2-CDG patients, 2 ALG2-CDG patients with a novel homozygous gene variant and 1 CDG-IIx.
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Defeitos Congênitos da Glicosilação/diagnóstico , Glicolipídeos/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Triagem Neonatal/métodos , Adulto , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colágeno Tipo VI/genética , Exoma , Feminino , Galactosemias/metabolismo , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Testes Genéticos , Variação Genética , Glicosilação , Homozigoto , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Focalização Isoelétrica , Masculino , Fenótipo , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Transferrina/metabolismoRESUMO
Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease of global distribution with a higher incidence in developing countries, where it represents one of the main causes of meningitis, associated with high morbidity and mortality. It mainly occurs in patients with immunosuppression (due to HIV infection, glucocorticoid treatment, transplants, cancer, etc.). However, in recent years there has been an increase in cases in immunocompetent, which is as serious or more severe than in immunocompromised. We report two cases of cryptococcal meningitis. A 48-year-old male with no pathological history, in whom HIV infection or another cause of immunosuppression was ruled out, and a 67-year-old woman with a previous diagnosis of liver cirrhosis. The above mentioned highlights the importance of always considering Cryptococcus spp. as possible causative agent of meningitis, in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients.
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Cryptococcus neoformans/genética , Meningite Criptocócica/diagnóstico , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Resumen La criptococosis es una enfermedad fúngica de distribución global con una mayor incidencia en países en vía de desarrollo, donde constituye una de las principales causas de meningitis, asociado a una alta morbi-mortalidad. Afecta principalmente a pacientes con inmunosupresión (por infección por VIH, tratamiento con glucocorticoides, sometidos a trasplantes, cáncer, etc). Sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha presentado un incremento de casos en inmunocompetentes, siendo tanto o más grave que en inmunocomprometidos. Presentamos dos casos de meningitis criptocóccica. Un varón de 48 años, en quien se descartó una infección por VIH u otra causa de inmunosupresión y una mujer de 67 años con antecedentes de cirrosis hepática. Debe considerarse Cryptococcus spp. como posible agente causal de meningitis, tanto en pacientes inmunocomprometidos como inmunocompetentes.
Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease of global distribution with a higher incidence in developing countries, where it represents one of the main causes of meningitis, associated with high morbidity and mortality. It mainly occurs in patients with immunosuppression (due to HIV infection, glucocorticoid treatment, transplants, cancer, etc.). However, in recent years there has been an increase in cases in immunocompetent, which is as serious or more severe than in immunocompromised. We report two cases of cryptococcal meningitis. A 48-year-old male with no pathological history, in whom HIV infection or another cause of immunosuppression was ruled out, and a 67-year-old woman with a previous diagnosis of liver cirrhosis. The above mentioned highlights the importance of always considering Cryptococcus spp. as possible causative agent of meningitis, in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Meningite Criptocócica/diagnóstico , Cryptococcus neoformans/genética , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Hospedeiro ImunocomprometidoRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN El cáncer infantil a nivel mundial, representa entre un 0,5% - 4,6% de la carga total de morbilidad por esta causa. La mayoría de los casos de cáncer infantil (65%) se producen en América Latina y el Caribe, donde se diagnostican 17.500 casos nuevos cada año en niños menores de 14 años y se registran más de 8.000 muertes a causa de esta enfermedad. OBJETIVO Estimar la supervivencia en pacientes con cáncer infantil que recibieron atención en un Hospital de Referencia de la Provincia de Tucumán durante el período de enero de 2009 a diciembre de 2018. MÉTODOS Se realizó un estudio de supervivencia de una cohorte de niños; mediante la búsqueda retrospectiva de la información de todos los niños con diagnóstico de cáncer que recibieron atención en el servicio de Hemato-Oncología del Hospital del Niño Jesús, ingresados al servicio durante el período comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2009 hasta el 31 de diciembre del 2011. Se realizó un análisis exploratorio de los datos, estimando medidas de resumen para variables numéricas. Se calcularon y compararon proporciones, aplicando test de Chi2 para variables categóricas, según corresponda. El análisis de supervivencia se llevó a cabo mediante tablas de vida; y también utilizando el método Kaplan Meier. El procesamiento se realizó mediante del software "STATA 11.1" considerando en todos los casos significativo un valor de p menor a 0,05. RESULTADOS Se estudiaron 105 pacientes con diversas neoplasias, que fueron atendidos en un periodo de 36 meses. Los niños estudiados durante este período, tenían entre 1 mes y 14 años. La mediana de edad de diagnóstico fue de 6 años, Pc25-75(4-13). El 50,4% fueron mujeres. En general, se puede señalar a las leucemias como el tumor más frecuente, correspondiendo al 45% de todos los cánceres en menores de 15 años. En el análisis de supervivencia se estudiaron 83 niños, seguidos hasta diciembre de 2018. En el período estudiado hubo 25 defunciones. La Tasa de Densidad de Incidencia de mortalidad general fue de 0,04/personas año. La estimación de la supervivencia mediante tablas de vida mostró que entre el primer y segundo año el porcentaje de sobrevida fue del 86,8%; pero la probabilidad de sobrevida en la población puede oscilar entre 77,4% hasta un 92,4 %. La probabilidad de sobrevida en niños con Leucemia; al final del período de seguimiento fue del 76,4%; y presentando una mejor probabilidad de sobrevida los niños con linfomas (83,3%). Se exploró la influencia de haberse realizado una intervención quirúrgica en la sobrevida de los niños; lo cual muestra que en los primeros dos años hubo mejor sobrevida que aquellos niños con intervención quirúrgica; pero que a lo largo del período fueron los que menor probabilidad tuvieron de sobrevivir. No obstante, las diferencias no fueron significativas (p=0,1190). Al final del período, la probabilidad de supervivencia en niños con o sin cirugía fue del 54 y 52 % respectivamente. DISCUSIÓN la supervivencia de niños con cáncer asistidos en el servicio de Hemato-oncología del Hospital del Niño Jesús, fue el que se esperaría en comparación con países desarrollados y subdesarrollados; coincidente en relación a los grupos diagnósticos
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Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células PrecursorasRESUMO
Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is the predominant antibody found in hen's (Gallus domesticus) egg yolk. This antibody, developed against several microorganisms in hen egg yolk, has been successfully used as an alternative to immunoglobulins from mammals for use in immunodiagnostics and immunotherapy. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E.coli) F4 is the main etiological agent associated with swine neonatal diarrhea, and it causes notable economic losses in swine production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between humoral immune response and the activation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in laying hens intramuscularly immunized with E. coli F4. Adult laying Shaver hens were immunized with a bacterin based on an inactivated lysate E. coli F4 strain that was originally isolated from neonatal piglet diarrhea, following a recommended schedule. The percentage of B lymphocytes in blood and spleen homogenates was determined by flow cytometry. Villi histomorphometry and the size of germinal centers (GC) activated in GALT and the spleen were measured in histological samples either stained with hematoxylin/eosin or through immunofluorescence. Antibody and isotype-specific antibodies in serum and egg yolk were measured using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Secretory and serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) were measured by ELISA tests. Laying hen with intramuscular immunization with E. coli F4 lysate, activated both mucosal and systemic protection. Mucosal protection was provided through B lymphocytes, and most of them were activated on Peyer's patches and esophageal tonsils, in GALT. Furthermore, increased B lymphocyte number in the lamina propria of the gut, and increased intraepithelial plasmatic cell number, produced high levels of mucosal IgA. Activated B lymphocytes interacted with absorptive cells, immune cells, and microbiota in the gut, producing signals that were translated into a powerful physical defense by producing a greater volume of mucin from an increased number of goblet cells. Systemic protection was provided through B lymphocyte activation of spleen GC, which produced hugely specific IgY serum levels. One week later, this specific IgY was deposited in the yolk. This suggests that GALT is a key immunologic tissue inside the mucosal immune system, acting as the "command center" for humoral reaction.
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Objetivo: Determinar el Cumplimiento de la norma técnica de salud para la atención integral de la Tuberculosis en el Centro de Salud Atusparias en el distrito de José Leonardo Ortiz, Enero - Junio 2016. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un análisis de datos de fuente secundaria, mediante la técnica check list utilizando una ficha para recolección de datos, empleando el libro de registro de sintomáticos respiratorios, libro de terapia de 1era y 2da línea, así como las tarjetas de control de tratamiento para pacientes TB diagnosticada de los meses Enero - Junio del 2016. La muestra de estudio estuvo constituida por 160 Sintomáticos Respiratorios. Resultados: los pacientes BK positivos predominó el sexo femenino, las edades entre 30 - 59 años, correspondientes a la etapa de vida adulta; el porcentaje de Sintomáticos Respiratorios examinados con dos muestras de esputo fue 43,3%; el porcentaje de visitas domiciliarias a los pacientes con diagnóstico de BK positivo fue 34,78%, el número de contactos examinados en relación a los contactos censados fue 41,09% del total. Conclusión: el 53% de incumplimiento de la Norma Técnica de Salud para la atención integral de la Tuberculosis en relación a los criterios de control de contactos, seguimiento diagnóstico y visita domiciliaria.
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INTRODUCTION: Dopamine depletion is one of the most important features of Parkinson's Disease (PD). However, insufficient response to dopaminergic replacement therapy suggests the involvement of other neurotransmitter systems in the pathophysiology of PD. Cholinergic degeneration contributes to gait impairments, cognitive impairment, psychosis, and REM-sleep disturbances, among other symptoms. Areas covered: In this review, we explore the idea that enhancing cholinergic tone by pharmacological or neurosurgical procedures could be a first-line therapeutic strategy for the treatment of symptoms derived from cholinergic degeneration in PD. Expert opinion: Rivastigmine, a drug that increases cholinergic tone by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase, is effective for dementia, whereas the use of Donepezil is still in the realm of investigation. Interesting results suggest the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of gait dysfunction. Evidence on the clinical effects of these drugs for psychosis and REM-sleep disturbances is still weak. Stimulation of the pedunculo-pontine tegmental nuclei (which provide cholinergic innervation to the brain stem and subcortical nuclei) has also been used with some success for the treatment of gait dysfunction. Anticholinergic drugs should be used with caution in PD, as they may aggravate cholinergic symptoms. Notwithstanding, in some patients they might help control parkinsonian motor symptoms.
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Colinérgicos/uso terapêutico , Neurônios Colinérgicos/patologia , Degeneração Neural/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Colinérgicos/farmacologia , Neurônios Colinérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/métodos , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cognitivos/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Cognitivos/epidemiologia , Demência/diagnóstico , Demência/dietoterapia , Demência/epidemiologia , Donepezila , Marcha/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Indanos/farmacologia , Indanos/uso terapêutico , Degeneração Neural/diagnóstico , Degeneração Neural/epidemiologia , Doença de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Doença de Parkinson/epidemiologia , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Piperidinas/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Psicóticos/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Psicóticos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Se compararon tres categorías de paisaje: bosque continuo, bosque fragmentado y áreas agrícolas o de cultivo, en Sacatepéquez y Chimaltenango, Guatemala. Los sitios de estudio fueron definidos sobre la base de su grado de fragmentación y tipos de uso del suelo, durante las estaciones seca y lluviosa del año 2012. Se buscó observar patrones de variación entre la diversidad de abejas en las distintas categorías, e identificar cambios en la composición de las comunidades. Los resultados señalan hacia dos situaciones generales: (1) Se observó diferencia en la diversidad de abejas en los distintos tipos de vegetación, siendo esta más alta en los sitios que correspondían a la categoría fragmentada. Esta categoría está caracterizada por una composición heterogénea de áreas perturbadas y remanentes de bosque. Por otra parte, la categoría bosque presentó mayor abundancia de individuos, tanto en la estación seca como lluviosa. (2) Se observó algún grado de agrupamiento de los sitios de muestreo, pero parece responder más a la cercanía geográfica entre ellos que al uso del suelo. Adicionalmente, se reporta las frecuencias de visitas florales realizadas por las abejas a distintas familias botánicas. Se recomienda incentivar la protección de los remanentes boscosos, tanto fragmentados como continuos, para asegurar la conservación de la diversidad de abejas silvestres y la continuidad del servicio de polinización que proporcionan a los sistemas naturales y agrícolas de la zona.
Comparison was raised in three landscape categories (continuous forest, fragmented forest and agricultural or farming areas) in Sacatepéquez and Chimaltenango, Guatemala; defined on the basis of their degree of fragmentation and types of land use, during the dry and rainy seasons of 2012. It sought to determine patterns of bee diversity variation among the three landscape categories, and identify changes in community composition. The results point towards two general situations: (1) Difference in bee diversity was observed in different types of vegetation, this being highest at sites corresponding to the fragmented forest category. This category has a greater heterogeneity in landscape configuration, composed of fragmented forest and agricultural areas. In addition, the continuous forest category had higher abundance of individuals, both in the dry and rainy seasons. (2) Some degree of clustering of the sampling sites was observed, but it seems to respond to geographical closeness among them rather than to differences in land use. Also, frequency of floral visits made by bees to different botanical families are reported. The protection of forest remnants, both fragmented and continuous, is highly recommended in order to preserve pollination services given by native bees to natural and agricultural systems in the study area.
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Animais , Árvores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Produção Agrícola , Polinização , Solo , EcologiaRESUMO
Este artículo fue llevado adelante por docentes y estudiantes de los Departamentos de Ciencias de la Salud, HumanidadesFilosofía y Letras, de la Universidad del Sur. Se inició un proyecto que integre las diferentes perspectivas y que permita reflexionar y proponer distintos debates, cuestiones o problemas, con el objetivo de encontrar un diálogo fecundo entre las "ciencias" de la salud, la literatura y los planteos filosófico-existenciales.
This article was written by professors and students of the Departments of Health Sciences and Humanities -Philosophy and Literature- of the Universidad Nacional del Sur. A research project integrating the different perspectives and allowing for reflection was carried out. Different debates, issues or problems were proposed with the aim of reaching a productive dialogue among health "sciences", literature, and philosophic-existential arguments.