RESUMO
The diversity of habitats generated by the Andes uplift resulted a mosaic of heterogeneous environments in South America for species to evolve a variety of ecological and physiological specializations. Species in the lizard family Liolaemidae occupy a myriad of habitats in the Andes. Here, we analyze the tempo and mode of evolution in the thermal biology of liolaemids. We assessed whether there is evidence of local adaptation (lability) or conservatism (stasis) in thermal traits. We tested the hypothesis that abiotic factors (e.g., geography, climate) rather than intrinsic factors (egg-laying [oviparous] or live-bearing [viviparous], substrate affinity) explain variation in field active body temperature (Tb ), preferred temperature (Tp ), hours of restriction of activity, and potential hours of activity. Although most traits exhibited high phylogenetic signal, we found variation in thermal biology was shaped by geography, climate, and ecological diversity. Ancestral character reconstruction showed shifts in Tb tracked environmental change in the past â¼20,000 years. Thermal preference is 3°C higher than Tb , yet exhibited a lower rate of evolution than Tb and air temperature. Viviparous Liolaemus have lower Tb s than oviparous species, whereas Tp is high for both modes of reproduction, a key difference that results in a thermal buffer for viviparous species to cope with global warming. The rapid increase in environmental temperatures expected in the next 50-80 years in combination with anthropogenic loss of habitats are projected to cause extirpations and extinctions in oviparous species.
Assuntos
Lagartos , Aclimatação , Animais , Lagartos/genética , Oviparidade , Filogenia , TemperaturaRESUMO
Introducción. La neumología intervencionista es un campo que se impone cada vez más en el mundo, y necesita el concurso de la anestesia. Se pretende mostrar la experiencia reunida en un centro hospitalario durante un año en el manejo anestésico de este tipo de procedimientos. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo de serie de casos. Resultados. Durante un año se llevaron a cabo 16 procedimientos en 14 pacientes, en un mismo centro. Se practicaron biopsias transbronquiales, fotocoagulación y plastias neumáticas, con inserción de stents traqueales y bronquiales. Las técnicas anestésicas fueron diversas: desde la anestesia local y la sedación superficial hasta la anestesia general, con medicamentos de uso común en nuestro medio. No se presentaron complicaciones mayores. Discusión. Se discuten las técnicas anestésicas empleadas comparándolas con las reportadas en la literatura mundial, las complicaciones y las limitaciones del estudio. Conclusiones. La anestesia para procedimientos de neumología intervencionista es variable, adaptada a las condiciones del paciente, buscando mantener la seguridad de este, y concertada con el neumólogo tratante.
Introduction. Interventional pulmonology is an increasingly popular area around the world and requires anesthesia. The objective is to share theexperience accumulated at a hospital center in one year of anesthesia management for this type of procedures.Methods. Case series study. Results. 16 procedures were performed in 14patients in one year, at the same institution. The procedures included transbronchial biopsies, photocoagulation and pneumatic-plasty with insertion of tracheal and bronchial stents. The anesthetic techniques were varied and included local anesthesia and superficial sedation as well as general anesthesia with agents commonlyused in our environment. No serious complications occurred. Discussion. The anesthesia techniques used are discussed and compared against those reported in the world literature, as well as the complications and limitations of the study.