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Plumbago scandens L. (Plumbaginaceae) occurs in all regions of Brazil. It has been described as toxic to cattle and goats. Caustic lesions in the upper digestive tract characterize poisoning. P. scandens contains a naphthoquinone named plumbagin, which presents high cytotoxic activity. Plumbago auriculata Lam., a widely used ornamental plant, is considered potentially toxic, but there is limited data about its toxicity. This work aimed to validate analytical methodologies for determining the levels of plumbagin in samples of leaves, stems, and rumen content to be used as an auxiliary chemical marker in the laboratory diagnosis of intoxication. One methodology used thin layer chromatography (TLC), and another used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The presence of palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) R.D.Webster), Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K.Simon & S.W.L.Jacobs), corn silage, and rumen content did not interfere with plumbagin in the two methodologies. The TLC methodology generates qualitative results but is simple to implement and has a low cost. The HPLC methodology showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 µg/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.05 µg/mL. Leaf and stem samples of P. scandens evaluated showed high levels of plumbagin (0.261 ± 0.087 % and 0.327 ± 0.055 %, respectively). In contrast, leaves of P. auriculata did not show detectable levels of the toxin, and some stem samples showed low levels (up to 0.000114 %). Thus, these methodologies can be used to confirm or rule out the consumption of P. scandens in rumen content from animals suspected of poisoning.

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Background: In the Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil, several outbreaks of poisoning affecting horses, cattleand sheep have been attributed by a number farmers to the consumption of the leaves of Blutaparon portulacoides, a plantfrom family Amaranthaceae, known as “pirrixiu”, “bredo-de-praia” and “capotiraguá”. However, the spontaneous poisoning was reported in the literature exclusively in sheep. Thus, the present study aims to report the clinical signs found in aspontaneous poisoning by B. portulacoides in a horse.Case: A 8-year-old mixed-breed mare, weighing 268 kg, was referred to veterinary care showing loss of appetite anddiarrhea. The clinical evolution was reported by the owner as for six days. During the physical examination, the animalpresented slight apathy, pale mucous membranes, tachypnea, dehydration, intestinal hypermobility, and watery diarrhea.The predominant plant in the paddock where the mare was maintained was B. portulacoides. According to the owner, thepoisoning by this plant is common in the neighborhood of the farm and has already occurred in other species (cattle andsheep). After the origin of poisoning was identified, the access to the plant was restricted and it was established fluid therapyto treat the dehydration. After three days, the animal returned to eat normally and the diarrhea ceased.Discussion: The exclusive feeding of sheep with B. portulacoides is responsible for disorders in the digestive tract, characterized by softening of feces and intestinal epithelial lesions (intestinal villi epithelium detachment, goblet cell hyperplasia,submucosal inflammatory cells infiltrate and infiltration of the lamina propria by mononuclear cells). Given the similarity of the frame displayed by the horse, described in the present report, it is believed that the sensitivity to poisoning by...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: In the Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil, several outbreaks of poisoning affecting horses, cattleand sheep have been attributed by a number farmers to the consumption of the leaves of Blutaparon portulacoides, a plantfrom family Amaranthaceae, known as “pirrixiu”, “bredo-de-praia” and “capotiraguá”. However, the spontaneous poisoning was reported in the literature exclusively in sheep. Thus, the present study aims to report the clinical signs found in aspontaneous poisoning by B. portulacoides in a horse.Case: A 8-year-old mixed-breed mare, weighing 268 kg, was referred to veterinary care showing loss of appetite anddiarrhea. The clinical evolution was reported by the owner as for six days. During the physical examination, the animalpresented slight apathy, pale mucous membranes, tachypnea, dehydration, intestinal hypermobility, and watery diarrhea.The predominant plant in the paddock where the mare was maintained was B. portulacoides. According to the owner, thepoisoning by this plant is common in the neighborhood of the farm and has already occurred in other species (cattle andsheep). After the origin of poisoning was identified, the access to the plant was restricted and it was established fluid therapyto treat the dehydration. After three days, the animal returned to eat normally and the diarrhea ceased.Discussion: The exclusive feeding of sheep with B. portulacoides is responsible for disorders in the digestive tract, characterized by softening of feces and intestinal epithelial lesions (intestinal villi epithelium detachment, goblet cell hyperplasia,submucosal inflammatory cells infiltrate and infiltration of the lamina propria by mononuclear cells). Given the similarity of the frame displayed by the horse, described in the present report, it is believed that the sensitivity to poisoning by...

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A catarata é uma das mais conhecidas doenças incapacitantes das condições do olho em cães. É um processo onde ocorre opacidade do cristalino, podendo ocorrer de forma difusa ou localizada.Com o avanço da oftalmologia veterinária, ocorreu um desenvolvimento dos métodos de diagnóstico dessas enfermidades. A técnica de ultrassonografia passou a oferecer um poderoso instrumento não invasivo para caracterização das alterações intra e extra oculares, permitindo a determinação do tipo de catarata, determinando o estágio da doença, especialmente no desenvolvimento inicial. Permite ainda uma avaliação das estruturas oculares internas, mesmo quando existe opacificação dos meios de transmissão. Dessa forma, os exames de imagem são ferramentas fundamentais, auxiliando o médico veterinário, no diagnóstico, tratamento e cirurgia dos animais acometidos pela catarata.(AU)

Cataracts are one of the most known disabling diseases of eye conditions in dogs. It is a process where there is opacity of the lens, can occur in a diffuse or localized. With the advancement inveterinary ophthalmology, there was a development of diagnostic methods of these diseases. The ultrasound technique now offers a powerful non invasive tool for characterization of intra changes and extraocular, allowing the determination of the type of cataract, determining the stage of disease, especiallyin early development. It also allows an assessment of the eye internal structures, even when there opacification of the transmission means. Thus, imaging tests are essential tools, assisting the veterinarian,diagnosis, treatment and surgery of animais affected by cataracts.(AU)

Las cataratas son una de las enfermedades discapacitantes más conocidas de las condiciones dei ojo en los perros. Es un proceso donde hay opacidad de la lente, puede ocurrir en undifuso o localizado. Con el avance de la oftalmología veterinaria, hubo un desarrollo de métodos dediagnóstico de estas enfermedades. La técnica de ultrasonido ahora ofrece una potente herramienta no invasiva para la caracterización de los cambios intra y extraocular, que permite la determinación deitipo de catarata, la determinación de la etapa de la enfermedad, especialmente en el desarrollo temprano. También permite una evaluación de las estructuras internas dei ojo, incluso cuando no opacificación delos medios de transmisión. Por tanto, las pruebas de imagen son herramientas esenciales, que ayudanai veterinario, diagnóstico, tratamiento y cirugía de animales afectados por cataratas.(AU)

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RESUMO

A catarata é uma das mais conhecidas doenças incapacitantes das condições do olho em cães. É um processo onde ocorre opacidade do cristalino, podendo ocorrer de forma difusa ou localizada.Com o avanço da oftalmologia veterinária, ocorreu um desenvolvimento dos métodos de diagnóstico dessas enfermidades. A técnica de ultrassonografia passou a oferecer um poderoso instrumento não invasivo para caracterização das alterações intra e extra oculares, permitindo a determinação do tipo de catarata, determinando o estágio da doença, especialmente no desenvolvimento inicial. Permite ainda uma avaliação das estruturas oculares internas, mesmo quando existe opacificação dos meios de transmissão. Dessa forma, os exames de imagem são ferramentas fundamentais, auxiliando o médico veterinário, no diagnóstico, tratamento e cirurgia dos animais acometidos pela catarata.

Cataracts are one of the most known disabling diseases of eye conditions in dogs. It is a process where there is opacity of the lens, can occur in a diffuse or localized. With the advancement inveterinary ophthalmology, there was a development of diagnostic methods of these diseases. The ultrasound technique now offers a powerful non invasive tool for characterization of intra changes and extraocular, allowing the determination of the type of cataract, determining the stage of disease, especiallyin early development. It also allows an assessment of the eye internal structures, even when there opacification of the transmission means. Thus, imaging tests are essential tools, assisting the veterinarian,diagnosis, treatment and surgery of animais affected by cataracts.

Las cataratas son una de las enfermedades discapacitantes más conocidas de las condiciones dei ojo en los perros. Es un proceso donde hay opacidad de la lente, puede ocurrir en undifuso o localizado. Con el avance de la oftalmología veterinaria, hubo un desarrollo de métodos dediagnóstico de estas enfermedades. La técnica de ultrasonido ahora ofrece una potente herramienta no invasiva para la caracterización de los cambios intra y extraocular, que permite la determinación deitipo de catarata, la determinación de la etapa de la enfermedad, especialmente en el desarrollo temprano. También permite una evaluación de las estructuras internas dei ojo, incluso cuando no opacificación delos medios de transmisión. Por tanto, las pruebas de imagen son herramientas esenciales, que ayudanai veterinario, diagnóstico, tratamiento y cirugía de animales afectados por cataratas.

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Nerium oleander é uma planta ornamental responsável por intoxicações em animais e humanos. Todas as partes da planta contém glicosídeos cardiotóxicos, principalmente a oleandrina. Alguns autores apontam que a toxicidade da planta apresentaria variação em função da cor da flor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar se existe variação na concentração de oleandrina nas folhas de N. oleander de exemplares da planta com diferentes cores de inflorescências. Foram coletadas 10 amostras de folhas para cada tipo de flor (branca, rosea e vermelha). Os níveis de oleandrina foram determinados por meio de HPLC-UV após extração com metanol, precipitação com acetato de chumbo e separação em cartucho de C18. A média da concentração obtida em todas as folhas analisadas foi de 4,89mg g-1, sendo 6,20±4,08mg g-1 na variedade de flores brancas, 4,16±3,44mg g-1 na de flores roseas e 4,31±1,99mg g-1 na de flores vermelhas. As concentrações de oleandrina não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre as variedades de flores.(AU)

Nerium oleander is an ornamental plant responsible for poisoning in animals and humans. All parts of the plant contain cardiotoxic glycosides, mainly oleandrin. Some authors suggest that the toxicity of the plant would present a dependence on flower color. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is variation in the concentration of oleandrin in the leaves of N. oleander specimens of different colors of flowers. Ten samples of leaves from each variety of flower (white, pink and red) were collected. Oleandrin levels were determined by HPLC-UV after extraction with methanol, precipitation with lead acetate and separation with C18 cartridge. The average concentration obtained in all analyzed leaves was 4.89mg g-1, being 6.20±4.08mg g-1 in variety of white flowers, 4.16±3.44mg g-1 in pink flowers, and 4.31±1.99mg g-1 in red flowers. The concentrations of oleandrin did not show statistically significant difference between the varieties of flowers.(AU)

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RESUMO

Nerium oleander é uma planta ornamental responsável por intoxicações em animais e humanos. Todas as partes da planta contém glicosídeos cardiotóxicos, principalmente a oleandrina. Alguns autores apontam que a toxicidade da planta apresentaria variação em função da cor da flor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar se existe variação na concentração de oleandrina nas folhas de N. oleander de exemplares da planta com diferentes cores de inflorescências. Foram coletadas 10 amostras de folhas para cada tipo de flor (branca, rosea e vermelha). Os níveis de oleandrina foram determinados por meio de HPLC-UV após extração com metanol, precipitação com acetato de chumbo e separação em cartucho de C18. A média da concentração obtida em todas as folhas analisadas foi de 4,89mg g-1, sendo 6,20±4,08mg g-1 na variedade de flores brancas, 4,16±3,44mg g-1 na de flores roseas e 4,31±1,99mg g-1 na de flores vermelhas. As concentrações de oleandrina não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre as variedades de flores.

Nerium oleander is an ornamental plant responsible for poisoning in animals and humans. All parts of the plant contain cardiotoxic glycosides, mainly oleandrin. Some authors suggest that the toxicity of the plant would present a dependence on flower color. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is variation in the concentration of oleandrin in the leaves of N. oleander specimens of different colors of flowers. Ten samples of leaves from each variety of flower (white, pink and red) were collected. Oleandrin levels were determined by HPLC-UV after extraction with methanol, precipitation with lead acetate and separation with C18 cartridge. The average concentration obtained in all analyzed leaves was 4.89mg g-1, being 6.20±4.08mg g-1 in variety of white flowers, 4.16±3.44mg g-1 in pink flowers, and 4.31±1.99mg g-1 in red flowers. The concentrations of oleandrin did not show statistically significant difference between the varieties of flowers.