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BACKGROUND: This study reports dose-response estimates for the odds ratio (OR) and population attributable risk of acute alcohol use and road traffic injury (RTI). METHODS: Data were analyzed on 1,119 RTI patients arriving at 16 emergency departments (EDs) in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago. Case-crossover analysis, pair-matching the number of standard drinks consumed within the 6 hours prior to the RTI with 2 control periods (prior d/wk), was performed using fractional polynomial analysis for dose-response. RESULTS: About 1 in 6 RTI patients in EDs were positive for self-reported alcohol 6 hours prior to the injury (country range 8.6 to 24.1%). The likelihood of an RTI with any drinking prior (compared to not drinking) was 5 times higher (country range OR 2.50 to 15.00) and the more a person drinks the higher the risk. Every drink (12.8 g alcohol) increased the risk of an RTI by 13%, even 1 to 2 drinks were associated with a sizable increase in risk of an RTI and a dose-response was found. Differences in ORs for drivers (OR = 3.51; 95% CI = 2.25 to 5.45), passengers (OR = 8.12; 95% CI = 4.22 to 15.61), and pedestrians (OR = 6.30; 95% CI = 3.14 to 12.64) and attributable fractions were noted. Acute use of alcohol was attributable to 14% of all RTIs, varying from 7% for females to 19% for being injured as a passenger. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that the presence of alcohol increases risk among drivers and nondrivers alike may further help to urge interventions targeting passengers and pedestrians. Routine screening and brief interventions in all health services could also have a beneficial impact in decreasing rates of RTIs. Higher priority should be given to alcohol as a risk factor for RTIs, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean.

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BACKGROUND: The use of non-standard motorcycle helmets has the potential to undermine multinational efforts aimed at reducing the burden of road traffic injuries associated with motorcycle crashes. However, little is known about the prevalence or factors associated with their use. METHODS: Collaborating institutions in nine low- and middle-income countries undertook cross-sectional surveys, markets surveys, and reviewed legislation and enforcement practices around non-standard helmets. FINDINGS: 5563 helmet-wearing motorcyclists were observed; 54% of the helmets did not appear to have a marker/sticker indicating that the helmet met required standards and interviewers judged that 49% of the helmets were likely to be non-standard helmets. 5088 (91%) of the motorcyclists agreed to be interviewed; those who had spent less than US$10 on their helmet were found to be at the greatest risk of wearing a non-standard helmet. Data were collected across 126 different retail outlets; across all countries, regardless of outlet type, standard helmets were generally 2-3 times more expensive than non-standard helmets. While seven of the nine countries had legislation prohibiting the use of non-standard helmets, only four had legislation prohibiting their manufacture or sale and only three had legislation prohibiting their import. Enforcement of any legislation appeared to be minimal. INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that the widespread use of non-standard helmets in low- and middle-income countries may limit the potential gains of helmet use programmes. Strategies aimed at reducing the costs of standard helmets, combined with both legislation and enforcement, will be required to maximise the effects of existing campaigns.

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Esta publicación reúne el estado actual del conocimiento sobre la investigación, la práctica y la política temas de la asociación del alcohol con las lesiones. Se sintetiza los resultados de los estudios a partir de un número de los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios realizados en diferentes entornos culturales, incluyendo el MundialEstudio Colaborativo de la Salud sobre alcohol y lesiones. El libro ofrece una introducción a la epidemiología de las lesiones relacionadas con el alcohol y se refiere a cuestiones metodológicas de los estudios llevados a cabo en los servicios de urgencias. Asimismo, aborda las implicaciones de política pública y equipa al lector información práctica sobre las intervenciones que se pueden implementar en situaciones de emergencia departamentos, como el cribado y las intervenciones breves para el consumo de riesgo y perjudicial.

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Las lesiones causadas por el tránsito constituyen un importante problema de la salud pública, pero desatendido, cuya prevención eficaz y sostenible exige esfuerzos concertados. De todos los sistemas con los que las personas han de enfrentarse cada día, los del tránsito son los más complejos y peligrosos. Se estima que, cada año, en el mundo mueren 1,2 millones de personas por causa de choques en la vía pública y hasta 50 millones resultan heridas. Las proyecciones indican que, sin un renovado compromiso con la prevención, estas cifras aumentarán en torno al 65% en los próximos 20 años. Sin embargo, la tragedia que se esconde tras estas cifras atrae menos la atención de los medios de comunicación que otras menos frecuentes. El Informe es el primer gran informe sobre esta cuestión publicado conjuntamente por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el Banco Mundial. Subraya la preocupación de ambos organismos por el hecho de que los sistemas de tránsito inseguros estén dañando gravemente la salud pública y el desarrollo mundiales. Sostiene que la cifra de lesiones causadas por el tránsito es inaceptable y en gran medida evitable

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