RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Monitoring of hand hygiene is an important part of the improvement of hospital quality indicators. METHODS: This study was prospectively performed over a 14-week (electronic observer) period from December 3, 2013-March 9, 2014, to evaluate hand hygiene compliance in an adult step-down unit. We compared electronic handwash counters with the application of radiofrequency identification (RFID - ZigBee; i-Healthsys, São Carlos, Brazil) (electronic observer), which counts each activation of the alcohol gel dispenser to direct observation (human observer) using the iScrub application. RESULTS: For the overall time period of simultaneous electronic and human observation, we found that the electronic observer identified 414 hand hygiene episodes, whereas the human observers identified 448 episodes. Therefore, we found 92% (95% confidence interval [CI], 90%-95%) overall concordance (414/448), with an intraclass correlation coefficient of .87 (95% CI, 0.77-0.92). CONCLUSION: Our RFID (ZigBee) system showed good accuracy (92%) and is a useful method to monitor hand hygiene compliance.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/estatística & dados numéricos , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/normas , Higiene das Mãos/estatística & dados numéricos , Higiene das Mãos/normas , Adulto , Brasil , Humanos , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In managing hematology-oncology patients, there is a great opportunity for performing hand hygiene (HH). METHODS: Over a 4-month period, we compared HH compliance measurement by 3 different methods: direct observation, electronic handwash counter for alcohol gel, and measuring the volume of product used (alcohol gel) in a 40-bed hematology-oncology unit at a tertiary care, private hospital. RESULTS: There were 388 directly observed opportunities for HH, and the overall HH compliance rate was 84.5%. A total of 235,923 HH episodes was recorded by the electronic devices. The mean HH episodes per patient-day was 77.7. There were 91.1 mL of alcohol gel used per patient-day in the unit. The correlation and P value between the percentage of HH compliance and HH episodes per 1,000 patient-days were ρ = 0.442 and P = .076, respectively. The correlation and P value between HH episodes per patient-days and alcohol gel consumption in milliliters per patient-days were ρ = 0.142 and P = .586. CONCLUSION: HH compliance was high in this unit. Direct observation, although useful, has many drawbacks. Other measures must be considered, such as electronic devices and measurement of volume use per patient-day to stimulate health care workers to increase and sustain HH compliance.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Coleta de Dados/métodos , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/estatística & dados numéricos , Higiene das Mãos , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde/métodos , Neoplasias Hematológicas , Unidades Hospitalares , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene (HH) compliance can be affected by the accessibility of products (alcohol-based products or chlorhexidine) and by the formulations of these products. There are few published studies comparing different alcohol-based hand disinfection formulations. METHODS: This study was conducted in a 41-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit at a private tertiary care hospital. Over a 16-week period, we assessed HH compliance by direct observation of practice using iPods and measurement of the amount of product used [alcohol and chlorhexidine] in two 4-room pods in which an alcohol gel product was used compared with two other 4-room pods in which an alcohol-based foam formulation was used. RESULTS: A total of 3,895 opportunities for HH were observed, and the overall rate of HH compliance was 36.9%. No statistically significant differences were found in overall HH compliance or alcohol-based HH compliance between the alcohol foam unit and the alcohol gel unit. However, there was a statistically significant difference in chlorhexidine HH compliance between the alcohol foam unit and the alcohol gel unit (7.0% [130 of 1,853] vs 3.8% [77 of 2,042]; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol handrub use was greater than chlorhexidine use, but HH compliance was low in both units independent of the alcohol formulation available. The similarity of use of both alcohol formulations suggests that health care workers tend to use whatever product is readily available.
Assuntos
Álcoois/administração & dosagem , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Desinfetantes/administração & dosagem , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/estatística & dados numéricos , Desinfecção das Mãos/métodos , Clorexidina/administração & dosagem , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Centros de Atenção TerciáriaRESUMO
Hand hygiene is one of the most important interventions to prevent health care-associated infections. We compared hand hygiene compliance among health care workers when patients were in contact precautions to compliance when patients were not in contact precautions. Our study failed to show differences in adherence to hand hygiene practices in the care of contact isolation versus noncontact isolation patients.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Infecção Hospitalar/transmissão , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Higiene das Mãos , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Precauções Universais/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recursos Humanos em Hospital , Guias de Prática Clínica como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common infection in the intensive care unit (ICU) and associated with a high mortality. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in a medical-surgical ICU. Multiple interventions to optimize VAP prevention were performed from October 2008 to December 2010. All of these processes, including the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's (IHI) ventilator bundle plus oral decontamination with chlorhexidine and continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions (CASS), were adopted for patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: We evaluated a total of 21,984 patient-days, and a total of 6,052 ventilator-days (ventilator utilization rate of 0.27). We found VAP rates of 1.3 and 2.0 per 1,000 ventilator days respectively in 2009 and 2010, achieving zero incidence of VAP several times during 12 months, whenever VAP bundle compliance was over 90%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that it is possible to reduce VAP rates to near zero and sustain these rates, but it requires a complex process involving multiple performance measures and interventions that must be permanently monitored.
Assuntos
Controle de Infecções/métodos , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/prevenção & controle , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
There are few data regarding microbiological findings from the disaster situation in Haiti. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of infection is necessary for the optimal efficacy of antimicrobial therapy, considering the antimicrobial spectrum and the duration of treatment. Furthermore, understanding the microorganisms and their susceptibility profiles is necessary to implement appropriate infection control policies and to contain the emergence and dissemination of Gram-negative multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Desastres , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Feminino , Haiti , Humanos , Controle de Infecções/organização & administração , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines for the management of severe sepsis (SS) and septic shock (SSh) have been recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in a medical-surgical ICU. Multiple interventions to optimize SS and SSh shock patients' clinical outcomes were performed by applying sepsis bundles (6- and 24-hour) in May 2006. We compared bundle compliance and patient outcomes before (July 2005-April 2006) and after (May 2006-December 2009) implementation of the interventions. RESULTS: A total of 564 SS and SSh patients were identified. Prior to the intervention, compliance with the 6 hour-sepsis resuscitation bundle was only 6%. After the intervention, compliance was as follows: 8.2% from May to December 2006, 9.3% in 2007, 21.1% in 2008 and 13.7% in 2009. For the 24 hour-management bundle, baseline compliance was 15.0%. After the intervention, compliance was 15.1% from May to December 2006, 21.4% in 2007, 27.8% in 2008 and 44.4% in 2009. The in-hospital mortality was 54.0% from July 2005 to April 2006, 41.1% from May to December 2006, 39.3% in 2007, 41.4% in 2008 and 16.2% in 2009. CONCLUSION: These results suggest reducing SS and SSh patient mortality is a complex process that involves multiple performance measures and interventions.
Assuntos
Hospitais , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Sepse/mortalidade , Choque Séptico/mortalidade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sepse/terapia , Choque Séptico/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is one of the most common health careâassociated infections in the critical care setting. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study involving multiple interventions to reduce the incidence of CAUTI was conducted in a medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) and in 2 step-down units (SDUs). Between June 2005 and December 2007 (phase 1), we implemented some Centers for Disease Control and Preventionârecommended evidence-based practices. Between January 2008 and July 2010 (phase 2), we intervened to improve compliance with these practices at the same time that performance monitoring was being done at the bedside, and we implemented the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's bladder bundle for all ICU and SDU patients requiring urinary catheters. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant reduction in the rate of CAUTI in the ICU, from 7.6 per 1,000 catheter-days (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.6-8.6) before the intervention to 5.0 per 1,000 catheter-days (95% CI, 4.2-5.8; P < .001) after the intervention. There also was a statistically significant reduction in the rate of CAUTI in the SDUs, from 15.3 per 1,000 catheter-days (95% CI, 13.9-16.6) before the intervention to 12.9 per 1,000 catheter-days (95% CI, 11.6-14.2) after the intervention (P = .014). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that reducing CAUTI rates in the ICU setting is a complex process that involves multiple performance measures and interventions that can be applied to SDU settings as well.
Assuntos
Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/prevenção & controle , Cateteres de Demora/efeitos adversos , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Infecções Urinárias/prevenção & controle , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Radiocontrast agents (RAs) cause renal tubular damage by hemodynamic imbalance, which could cause hypoxic stimulus and direct cytotoxicity. However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be an important factor in RAs' direct cytotoxicity. This study investigated the involvement of ROS in deleterious effects produced by RAs on normoxic and hypoxic renal tubular cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: LLC-PK1 and MDCK were exposed to diatrizoate and ioxaglate in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Apoptotic and necrotic cell death were assessed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide and annexin V methods. Hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and malondialdehyde levels were analyzed by, respectively, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, luminal, and thiobarbituric acid. Antioxidant agents were used to prevent cellular RAs damage. RESULTS: Diatrizoate and ioxaglate decreased cellular viability in both cells, and this effect was enhanced by hypoxic conditions. Diatrizoate induced more injury than ioxaglate to both cell lines. LLC-PK1 underwent necrosis, while MDCK cells underwent apoptosis when exposed to diatrizoate. These results could not be attributed to an increase in osmolality. RAs did not increase hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion or malondialdehyde levels in both cells. Additionally, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, glutathione, beta-carotene, allopurinol, cimetidine, and citric acid did not protect cells against RAs damage. Surprising, NAC increased the cellular damage induced by ioxaglate in the both cell lines. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that RAs induce damage in cultured tubular cells, especially in hypoxic conditions. ROS were not involved in the observed RAs' cytotoxicity, and NAC increased ioxaglate-induced tubular damage.
Assuntos
Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Acetilcisteína/farmacologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Hipóxia Celular , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos da radiação , Meios de Contraste , Cães , Rim , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/análise , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Necrose , Radioisótopos/farmacologia , SuínosRESUMO
It has previously been shown that the mixture of bicarbonate and calcium in the solutions used for continuous renal replacement therapy led to crystallization and significant changes in calcium concentration and pH. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of bicarbonate/calcium and lactate/calcium solutions for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT) on the viability and function of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). We tested four customized bicarbonate buffered solutions: single bag (bicarbonate and calcium mixed 24 h before testing), double bag (mixed immediately before testing), filtered single bag and double bag solutions, and a commercial lactate buffered solution. Blood from 6 volunteers was incubated with the solutions for 30 min followed by PMN isolation. After overnight incubation, viability, phagocytosis, and peroxide production by PMN were determined by flow cytometry. There was no difference between the test solutions with respect to PMN viability and function. Therefore, the presence of microcrystals and the consequent changes in electrolyte concentrations do not seem to impair PMN function.