RESUMO
A tenet of ecology is that temporal variability in ecological structure and processes tends to decrease with increasing spatial scales (from locales to regions) and levels of biological organization (from populations to communities). However, patterns in temporal variability across trophic levels and the mechanisms that produce them remain poorly understood. Here we analyzed the abundance time series of spatially structured communities (i.e., metacommunities) spanning basal resources to top predators from 355 freshwater sites across three continents. Specifically, we used a hierarchical partitioning method to disentangle the propagation of temporal variability in abundance across spatial scales and trophic levels. We then used structural equation modeling to determine if the strength and direction of relationships between temporal variability, synchrony, biodiversity, and environmental and spatial settings depended on trophic level and spatial scale. We found that temporal variability in abundance decreased from producers to tertiary consumers but did so mainly at the local scale. Species population synchrony within sites increased with trophic level, whereas synchrony among communities decreased. At the local scale, temporal variability in precipitation and species diversity were associated with population variability (linear partial coefficient, ß = 0.23) and population synchrony (ß = -0.39) similarly across trophic levels, respectively. At the regional scale, community synchrony was not related to climatic or spatial predictors, but the strength of relationships between metacommunity variability and community synchrony decreased systematically from top predators (ß = 0.73) to secondary consumers (ß = 0.54), to primary consumers (ß = 0.30) to producers (ß = 0). Our results suggest that mobile predators may often stabilize metacommunities by buffering variability that originates at the base of food webs. This finding illustrates that the trophic structure of metacommunities, which integrates variation in organismal body size and its correlates, should be considered when investigating ecological stability in natural systems. More broadly, our work advances the notion that temporal stability is an emergent property of ecosystems that may be threatened in complex ways by biodiversity loss and habitat fragmentation.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Cadeia Alimentar , Biodiversidade , Água Doce , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The two broad aims of this study were to (a) investigate how the three traits of the triarchic model-boldness, meanness, and disinhibition-relate to compliance with public health measures, as well as to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, during a public health crisis, and (b) test for associations between psychopathology and compliance with public health measures. Participants were 947 Brazilian adult females aged 18-75 years who completed measures of the triarchic traits, internalizing and externalizing symptoms/problems, and a COVID-19 behaviors and beliefs questionnaire. Multiple regression and path analyses showed meanness to be the only triarchic trait significantly predictive of compliance with public health measures, in a negative direction, when controlling for the other traits. Results also demonstrated that compliance with public health measures was associated with levels of distress (negatively), obsessions/fear (positively), and positive mood (negatively). Overall, the results demonstrate the contributions of the triarchic traits to understanding complex phenomena, highlighting meanness as the most essential triarchic trait predictor of adherence to public health measures among females.
RESUMO
A psicopatia configura-se como um grave transtorno da personalidade. Apesar de resultados indicarem a extroversão e amabilidade como dois dos marcadores dos big five como seus preditores, são escassas as evidências no Brasil. Portanto, este estudo objetivou conhecer em que medida os fatores de personalidade normal se correlacionam com os três fenótipos avaliados pela Medida Triádica de Psicopatia (TriPM). Participaram da pesquisa 228 estudantes universitários de João Pessoa (PB), apresentando idade média de 25,1 anos, a maioria do sexo feminino (76%). Estes responderam a TriPM, o Inventário dos Cinco Grandes Fatores da Personalidade e perguntas demográficas. Os resultados indicaram que os fatores extroversão, abertura à mudança e amabilidade predisseram a psicopatia, corroborando estudos prévios. Estes achados são discutidos tomando como base o modelo dos big five para compreender este traço socialmente desviante, onde a ausência de afeto e o comportamento manipulador são características centrais.
Psychopathy is a severe personality disorder. Despite results indicating that extraversion and agreeableness are two markers of the big five as its predictors, evidence in Brazil are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to know whether normal personality (non-psychotic) factors predict the three phenotypes evaluated by the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM). Participants were 228 undergraduate students from João Pessoa (PB), with mean age of 25.1 years, mostly were female (76%). They answered the TriPM, the Big Five Inventory, and demographic questions. Results indicated that the factors extraversion, openness to experience and agreeableness predicted psychopathy, which corroborated previous studies. These findings are discussed on the basis of the big five model in order to understand this socially deviant trait, in which the lack of affection and the manipulative behavior are central features.
La psicopatía se configura como un transtorno grave de la personalidad. Aunque los estudios indican extraversión y amabilidad como dos de los cinco marcadores como sus predictores, se ha observado poca evidencia en Brasil. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer en qué medida los factores de la personalidad normal se correlacionan con fenotipos contemplados por la Medida Triádica de Psicopatía (TriPM). Los participantes han sido 228 universitarios de João Pessoa (PB), con una edad promedia de 25.1 años, en mayoría mujeres (76%). Éstos contestaron la TriPM, Inventario de los Cinco Grandes Factores de Personalidad y preguntas demográficas. Los resultados indicaron que los factores extraversión, apertura a la experiencia y amabilidad se asociaron con la psicopatía, corroborando estudios previos. Se discuten estos hallazgos según el modelo de los cinco grandes, poniendo énfasis en ese rasgo socialmente desviante, caracterizado por la falta de afecto y la conducta manipuladora.
Assuntos
Psicologia , Psicopatologia , Transtorno da Personalidade AntissocialRESUMO
Background: Dimensional models of psychopathology demonstrate that two correlated factors of fear and distress account for the covariation among depressive and anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, these models tend to exclude variables relevant to psychopathology, such as temperament traits. This study examined the joint structure of DSM-IV-based major depression and anxiety disorders along with trait negative affect in a representative sample of adult individuals residing in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods: The sample consisted of 3,728 individuals who were administered sections D (phobic, anxiety and panic disorders) and E (depressive disorders) of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 2.1 and a validated version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Data were analyzed using correlational and structural equation modeling. Results: Lifetime prevalence ranged from 2.4% for panic disorder to 23.2% for major depression. Most target variables were moderately correlated. A two-factor model specifying correlated fear and distress factors was retained and confirmed for models including only diagnostic variables and diagnostic variables along with trait negative affect. Conclusions: This study provides support for characterization of internalizing psychopathology and trait negative affect in terms of correlated dimensions of distress and fear. These results have potential implications for psychiatric taxonomy and for understanding the relationship between temperament and psychopathology. .
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Afeto/fisiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Ansiedade/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/fisiopatologia , Modelos Psicológicos , Transtornos de Ansiedade/classificação , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/classificação , Medo/fisiologia , Psicopatologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Valores de Referência , Temperamento/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dimensional models of psychopathology demonstrate that two correlated factors of fear and distress account for the covariation among depressive and anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, these models tend to exclude variables relevant to psychopathology, such as temperament traits. This study examined the joint structure of DSM-IV-based major depression and anxiety disorders along with trait negative affect in a representative sample of adult individuals residing in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: The sample consisted of 3,728 individuals who were administered sections D (phobic, anxiety and panic disorders) and E (depressive disorders) of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 2.1 and a validated version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Data were analyzed using correlational and structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence ranged from 2.4% for panic disorder to 23.2% for major depression. Most target variables were moderately correlated. A two-factor model specifying correlated fear and distress factors was retained and confirmed for models including only diagnostic variables and diagnostic variables along with trait negative affect. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides support for characterization of internalizing psychopathology and trait negative affect in terms of correlated dimensions of distress and fear. These results have potential implications for psychiatric taxonomy and for understanding the relationship between temperament and psychopathology.
Assuntos
Afeto/fisiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Ansiedade/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/fisiopatologia , Modelos Psicológicos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Transtornos de Ansiedade/classificação , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/classificação , Medo/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicopatologia , Valores de Referência , Inquéritos e Questionários , Temperamento/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Positive and negative affect are the two psychobiological-dispositional dimensions reflecting proneness to positive and negative activation that influence the extent to which individuals experience life events as joyful or as distressful. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a structured questionnaire that provides independent indexes of positive and negative affect. This study aimed to validate a Brazilian interview-version of the PANAS by means of factor and internal consistency analysis. METHODS: A representative community sample of 3,728 individuals residing in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, voluntarily completed the PANAS. Exploratory structural equation model analysis was based on maximum likelihood estimation and reliability was calculated via Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: Our results provide support for the hypothesis that the PANAS reliably measures two distinct dimensions of positive and negative affect. CONCLUSION: The structure and reliability of the Brazilian version of the PANAS are consistent with those of its original version. Taken together, these results attest the validity of the Brazilian adaptation of the instrument.
Assuntos
Afeto , Testes Psicológicos , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Idioma , Funções Verossimilhança , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicometria , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Tradução , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objective: Positive and negative affect are the two psychobiological-dispositional dimensions reflecting proneness to positive and negative activation that influence the extent to which individuals experience life events as joyful or as distressful. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a structured questionnaire that provides independent indexes of positive and negative affect. This study aimed to validate a Brazilian interview-version of the PANAS by means of factor and internal consistency analysis. Methods: A representative community sample of 3,728 individuals residing in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, voluntarily completed the PANAS. Exploratory structural equation model analysis was based on maximum likelihood estimation and reliability was calculated via Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: Our results provide support for the hypothesis that the PANAS reliably measures two distinct dimensions of positive and negative affect. Conclusion: The structure and reliability of the Brazilian version of the PANAS are consistent with those of its original version. Taken together, these results attest the validity of the Brazilian adaptation of the instrument. .
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Afeto , Testes Psicológicos , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Brasil , Idioma , Funções Verossimilhança , Psicometria , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , TraduçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dimensional models of mental disorders in community-based epidemiological samples have consistently demonstrated correlated externalizing and internalizing factors underlying common mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. However, such analyses tend to exclude populations such as prisoners and psychiatric inpatients. As these samples have been shown to have a much higher prevalence of mental disorders and comorbidity than community samples, whether the internalizing-externalizing structure of psychopathology will replicate in such samples is unknown. OBJECTIVES: The current study examined the consistency of this structure in a representative sample of 1837 prisoners through structural equation modeling of 10 common mental disorders along with a record-based index of antisocial behavior. METHOD: Diagnoses were determined by administration of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 2.1. Data were analyzed via tetrachoric correlations using the weighted least squares estimator in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. RESULTS: Results revealed that a two-factor solution, entailing correlated internalizing and externalizing factors, displayed the best fit to the data. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides additional support for characterizing common psychopathology in terms of internalizing and externalizing factors.
Assuntos
Criminosos/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Modelos Psicológicos , Prisioneiros/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Comorbidade , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Escalas de Graduação PsiquiátricaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Investigate the structural coherency of the 60-item version of the General Health Questionnaire via exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. METHOD: The study design is a cross-sectional survey. A random sample of 146 individuals from the city of Divinópolis-MG volunteered to participate in the present study and responded to the 60-item version of the General Health Questionnaire adapted and validated for use in Brazil. Statistics consisted of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha method. RESULTS: Alpha coefficients for all five content scales of the General Health Questionnaire were high (α > 0.8). For four of the five scales, a unifactorial model of constituent items provided a good fit to the data. Items comprising the fifth scale, Psychic Stress, exhibited a two-correlated factor structure. A factor analysis of scores for the five scales yielded strong evidence of coherency, with all scales loading substantially on a single common factor. CONCLUSION: The General Health Questionnaire shows good psychometric coherency as evidenced by high internal consistency and unidimensionality of all but one of its constituent scales, and uniformly high loadings of all scales on a single overarching factor. These results are consistent with prior findings from the General Health Questionnaire developmental study and Brazilian adaptation studies.
Assuntos
Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/instrumentação , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , PsicometriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Investigate the structural coherency of the 60-item version of the General Health Questionnaire via exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. METHOD: The study design is a cross-sectional survey. A random sample of 146 individuals from the city of Divinópolis-MG volunteered to participate in the present study and responded to the 60-item version of the General Health Questionnaire adapted and validated for use in Brazil. Statistics consisted of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha method. RESULTS: Alpha coefficients for all five content scales of the General Health Questionnaire were high (α > 0.8). For four of the five scales, a unifactorial model of constituent items provided a good fit to the data. Items comprising the fifth scale, Psychic Stress, exhibited a two-correlated factor structure. A factor analysis of scores for the five scales yielded strong evidence of coherency, with all scales loading substantially on a single common factor. CONCLUSION: The General Health Questionnaire shows good psychometric coherency as evidenced by high internal consistency and unidimensionality of all but one of its constituent scales, and uniformly high loadings of all scales on a single overarching factor. These results are consistent with prior findings from the General Health Questionnaire developmental study and Brazilian adaptation studies.
OBJETIVO: Investigar a coerência estrutural da versão de 60 itens do Questionário de Saúde Geral de Goldberg por meio da aplicação de análises fatoriais exploratórias e confirmatórias. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo de levantamento de desenho transversal. Uma amostra aleatória de 146 indivíduos voluntários da cidade de Divinópolis-MG participou do presente estudo respondendo à versão de 60 itens do Questionário de Saúde Geral. As estatísticas consistiram de análises fatoriais exploratórias e confirmatórias. Fidedignidade foi estimada pelo método alpha de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Os coeficientes alpha para todas as cinco escalas do Questionário de Saúde Geral foram elevados (α > 0,8). Para quatro das cinco escalas, um modelo unifatorial com base em seus respectivos itens apresentou bom ajuste aos dados. Itens que compunham a quinta escala, Estresse Psíquico, exibiram uma estrutura de dois fatores correlacionados. Uma análise fatorial dos escores das cinco escalas produziu fortes evidências de coerência, com todas as escalas apresentando cargas fatoriais robustas em um único fator. CONCLUSÃO: O Questionário de Saúde Geral apresenta bons indicadores psicométricos de coerência deflagrados pela elevada consistência interna e unidimensionalidade de todas menos uma de suas escalas constituintes e pelas cargas fatoriais, univocamente elevadas, em uma única e inclusiva dimensão. Os resultados apresentados são congruentes tanto com os do estudo de elaboração do Questionário de Saúde Geral quanto com os de sua adaptação para o Brasil.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Inquéritos e Questionários , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Análise Fatorial , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/instrumentação , PsicometriaRESUMO
Testes psicológicos que avaliam o construto integridade são amplamente utilizados nos Estados Unidos com o objetivo de tentar prever a ocorrência de comportamentos contraprodutivos no ambiente de trabalho, tais como atrasos, roubos e abuso de substâncias químicas. O presente estudo buscou investigar a relação entre integridade e externalização (fator de personalidade ligado à disposição em apresentar problemas ligados ao controle de impulsos), tendo em vista o fato dos dois construtos estarem relacionados conceitualmente. Participaram da pesquisa 209 estudantes de psicologia, provenientes de duas Universidades de Minas Gerais (pública e particular), que foram submetidos à aplicação de uma versão traduzida e adaptada do teste de integridade Personnel Reaction Blank (PRB) e do Inventário de Externalização-100. A investigação da relação entre integridade e externalização indicou uma associação moderada e negativa (r=-0,59) entre os escores globais dos dois instrumentos. Houve, portanto, uma associação entre maior manifestação de comportamento dignos e honestos e menor manifestação de comportamento antissociais implusivos. Sugestões de estudos futuros são apontadas.
Psychological tests that assess the construct integrity are widely used in the United States with the aim of preventing the occurrence of counter-productive behaviors in the workplace, such as delays, thefts and chemical substances abuse. The present study aimed to investigate the relation between integrity and externalizing (personality factor that reflects proneness to an array of impulse-control problems) considering that both constructs are conceptually related. A total of 209 Phychology students from two universities in Minas Gerais participated in the present study. They were submitted to a translated and adapted version of the test of integrity Personnel Reaction Blank (PRB) and to the Externalization Inventory-100. The investigation of the relation between integrity and externalizing indicated a negative moderate correlation (r=-0,59). There was, however, an association between bigger honesty trends and smaller antisocial/impulsive tendencies. Suggestions for future studies are pointed in this study.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Recursos Humanos , Personalidade , Inventário de PersonalidadeRESUMO
Testes psicológicos que avaliam o construto integridade são amplamente utilizados nos Estados Unidos com o objetivo de tentar prever a ocorrência de comportamentos contraprodutivos no ambiente de trabalho, tais como atrasos, roubos e abuso de substâncias químicas. O presente estudo buscou investigar a relação entre integridade e externalização (fator de personalidade ligado à disposição em apresentar problemas ligados ao controle de impulsos), tendo em vista o fato dos dois construtos estarem relacionados conceitualmente. Participaram da pesquisa 209 estudantes de psicologia, provenientes de duas Universidades de Minas Gerais (pública e particular), que foram submetidos à aplicação de uma versão traduzida e adaptada do teste de integridade Personnel Reaction Blank (PRB) e do Inventário de Externalização-100. A investigação da relação entre integridade e externalização indicou uma associação moderada e negativa (r=-0,59) entre os escores globais dos dois instrumentos. Houve, portanto, uma associação entre maior manifestação de comportamento dignos e honestos e menor manifestação de comportamento antissociais implusivos. Sugestões de estudos futuros são apontadas(AU)
Psychological tests that assess the construct integrity are widely used in the United States with the aim of preventing the occurrence of counter-productive behaviors in the workplace, such as delays, thefts and chemical substances abuse. The present study aimed to investigate the relation between integrity and externalizing (personality factor that reflects proneness to an array of impulse-control problems) considering that both constructs are conceptually related. A total of 209 Phychology students from two universities in Minas Gerais participated in the present study. They were submitted to a translated and adapted version of the test of integrity Personnel Reaction Blank (PRB) and to the Externalization Inventory-100. The investigation of the relation between integrity and externalizing indicated a negative moderate correlation (r=-0,59). There was, however, an association between bigger honesty trends and smaller antisocial/impulsive tendencies. Suggestions for future studies are pointed in this study(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Personalidade , Inventário de Personalidade , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
Externalização é uma dimensão psicológica ampla e contínua das diferenças individuais que explica a covariância entre transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias e à conduta anti-social e traços de personalidade relativos à impulsividade e agressividade. O Inventário de Externalização é uma medida válida e precisa do construto externalização. O presente estudo objetiva descrever os procedimentos utilizados para adaptar o referido instrumento a um contexto lingüístico-cultural brasileiro e apresentar dados sobre sua fidedignidade. O estudo de adaptação inclui a análise da equivalência entre as versões original e traduzida por meio de traduções reversas, pareceres de juízes, análise de bilíngües e de inteligibilidade dos itens. A análise de fidedignidade foi possibilitada pela estimação do coeficiente alpha em uma amostra de 258 estudantes universitários. Os resultados apontam para o sucesso do método utilizado para adaptar o instrumento e demonstram que a versão brasileira do Inventário de Externalização é uma medida fidedigna da externalização.
Externalizing is conceived as a broad and continuous psychobiological dimension of individual differences that accounts for the covariance among mental disorders related to substance use and antisocial behavior and personality traits related to impulsivity and agression. The Externalizing Inventory is a reliable and valid measure of the externalizing construct. This study aims the description of the steps used to adapt the Externalizing Inventory to a Brazilian cultural context and to produce data about its reliability. The adaptation study includes analyses of content equivalence between the original and translated versions through back translations, judges' feedbacks, bilingual and item comprehensiveness analyses. The reliability analysis was implemented by the estimation of the alpha coefficient in a sample of 258 undergraduate students. Results indicate the success of the adopted adaptation procedure and also show that the Externalizing Inventory is a consistent measure of the externalizing construct.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Psicopatologia , Traduções , Transtornos Mentais/psicologiaRESUMO
Externalização é uma dimensão psicológica ampla e contínua das diferenças individuais que explica a covariância entre transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias e à conduta anti-social e traços de personalidade relativos à impulsividade e agressividade. O Inventário de Externalização é uma medida válida e precisa do construto externalização. O presente estudo objetiva descrever os procedimentos utilizados para adaptar o referido instrumento a um contexto lingüístico-cultural brasileiro e apresentar dados sobre sua fidedignidade. O estudo de adaptação inclui a análise da equivalência entre as versões original e traduzida por meio de traduções reversas, pareceres de juízes, análise de bilíngües e de inteligibilidade dos itens. A análise de fidedignidade foi possibilitada pela estimação do coeficiente alpha em uma amostra de 258 estudantes universitários. Os resultados apontam para o sucesso do método utilizado para adaptar o instrumento e demonstram que a versão brasileira do Inventário de Externalização é uma medida fidedigna da externalização (AU)
Externalizing is conceived as a broad and continuous psychobiological dimension of individual differences that accounts for the covariance among mental disorders related to substance use and antisocial behavior and personality traits related to impulsivity and agression. The Externalizing Inventory is a reliable and valid measure of the externalizing construct. This study aims the description of the steps used to adapt the Externalizing Inventory to a Brazilian cultural context and to produce data about its reliability. The adaptation study includes analyses of content equivalence between the original and translated versions through back translations, judges' feedbacks, bilingual and item comprehensiveness analyses. The reliability analysis was implemented by the estimation of the alpha coefficient in a sample of 258 undergraduate students. Results indicate the success of the adopted adaptation procedure and also show that the Externalizing Inventory is a consistent measure of the externalizing construct (AU)