RESUMO
Introducción: En Colombia, la producción bufalina viene creciendo de forma importante. Los búfalos se adaptan bien a zonas aluviales, que se caracterizan por la presencia de especies de gramíneas nativas, como Hymenachne amplexicaulis. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de diferentes tipos de suplementación sobre el desempeño productivo y comportamiento ingestivo de bucerros manejados en pasturas con predominio de Hymenachne amplexicaulis. Materiales y métodos: Treinta bucerros Murrah, con 67.5 (DE=2) kg de peso y 4 meses de edad, se asignaron, aleatoriamente, sí son tres tratamientos: SS: sin suplementación; SM: suplemento mineral y SM+C: suplemento mineral + balanceado (0.5% peso corporal). Los animales pastorearon en praderas con predominio de Hymenachne amplexicaulis, y en la noche recibieron el suplemento en corrales. Las variables estudiadas fueron la ganancia de peso y el tiempo destinado a realizar diferentes conductas de ingestión, además de las tasas de bocados y estaciones de alimentación. Resultados: El consumo diario de mezcla mineral fue de 33.8 g en los dos grupos suplementados, y el de balanceado de 149.3 g. La oferta de SM y de SM+C produjo un incremento extra en la ganancia de peso de 68 y de 227 g, respectivamente (p <0.001). Los animales suplementados presentaron mayor tiempo de pastoreo (p<0.001) y menor tiempo de rumia (p =0.001). La relación beneficio/costo, para los tratamientos SM y SM+C, fue de 4.2 y 4.3, respectivamente. Conclusión: Bajo las condiciones de estudio, las dos estrategias de suplementación evaluadas mejoraron el desempeño de los animales y presentaron viabilidad económica, en especial la oferta simultanea de mezcla mineral y de alimento balanceado.
Introduction: In Colombia, buffalo production has been growing significantly. Buffaloes adapt well to alluvial areas, which are characterized by the presence of native grass species, such as Hymenachne amplexicaulis. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different strategies of supplementation on the productive performance and ingestive behavior of calves managed in pastures with a predominance of Hymenachne amplexicaulis. Materials and methods: Thirty Murrah calves, weighing 67.5 (SD=2) kg and 4 months old, were randomly assigned to three treatments: SS: no supplementation; SM: mineral supplement and SM+C: mineral supplement + concentrate (0.5% body weight). The animals grazed in meadows with a predominance of Hymenachne amplexicaulis, and at night they received the supplement in pens. The variables studied were weight gain and time spent on different eating behaviors, in addition to biting rate and feeding stations. Results: The mineral mixture consumption was 33.8 g in the SM and SM+C groups, and the balanced consumption was 149.3 g. The supply of SM and SM+C produced an extra increase in weight gain of 68 and 227 g, respectively (p < 0.001). Supplemented animals grazed longer (p<0.001) and ruminated less time (p =0.001). The benefit/cost ratio for the SM and SM+C treatments was 4.2 and 4.3, respectively. Conclusion: Under the study conditions, the supplementation strategies evaluated improved the performance of the animals and presented economic viability, especially the simultaneous offer of mineral mix and balanced feed.
Assuntos
Animais , Búfalos , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
El presente artículo se propone caracterizar los donantes voluntarios de sangre que presentaron reactividad contra \r\nTreponema pallidum\r\n durante el periodo 2006-2011 y conocer la reactividad simultánea con otros marcadores en un \r\nbanco de sangre colombiano. Para ello, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de corte transversal en el banco de sangre \r\nFundación Hematológica Colombia, Bogotá (Colombia). La población de estudio estuvo conformada por registros de \r\ndonantes voluntarios de sangre que presentaron reactividad en el tamizaje para \r\nTreponema pallidum\r\n y otros marca\r\n-\r\ndores entre 2006 y 2011.\r\nLa población de estudio estuvo conformada por 11.203 registros de donantes voluntarios de sangre, el promedio de \r\nedad fue de 43,27 ± 12,04 años, de los cuales el 56,2% (n=6.296) pertenecía al género masculino, el 11,1% (n=1.246) \r\nde los sujetos con tamizaje para sífilis presentaron coinfección para los marcadores de reactividad simultánea con \r\nsífilis; el de mayor presentación fue Anti-Core con un 67,7% (n=900), seguido de VIH con 10,3%. La prevalencia de \r\nsífilis del periodo de estudio fue de 1,9%.\r\nEn conclusión, se logró describir claramente las características generales de la población con tamizaje para sífilis, \r\nademás se encontraron datos estadísticamente significativos por género. Es importante conocer este tipo de compor\r\n-\r\ntamiento con el fin de fortalecer los procesos de selección de donantes de sangre y demostrar que la reactividad \r\nsimultánea no es un proceso aislado en un banco de sangre.
Objective: describe voluntary blood donors who showed \r\nreactivity to Treponema pallidum during 2006-2011 and \r\nto identify simultaneous reactivity with other markers \r\nin a Colombian blood bank. Materials and methods: a \r\nretrospective cross-sectional study was performed at the \r\nFundación Hematológica Colombia, Bogotá-Colombia. \r\nThe records of volunteer blood donors that showed reac\r\n-\r\ntivity for screening for Treponema pallidum and other \r\nmarkers of simultaneous screening during 2006-2011 \r\nwere included. Results: A total of 11.203 records of \r\nvoluntary blood donors were included; the mean age was \r\n43.27 ± 12.04 years, 56.2% males (n = 6.296), 11.1% \r\n(n = 1.246) of subjects with syphilis had co-infection \r\nand syphilis screening for markers simultaneous reacti\r\n-\r\nvity with syphilis. The greatest incidence was Anti Core \r\nwith 67.7% (n = 900), followed by HIV with 10.3%, \r\nthe prevalence of syphilis of the study period was 1.9%. \r\nConclusions: the general characteristics of the popula\r\n-\r\ntion with syphilis screening were clearly determined. \r\nThere is a statistically significant difference among the \r\ngenders. It is important to note this kind of behavior in \r\norder to reinforce the processes of blood donor selection, \r\nand to demonstrate that simultaneous reactivity is not an \r\nisolated process in the blood bank.
Objetivo: caracterizar os doadores voluntários de sangue \r\nque apresentaram reatividade contra \r\nTreponema pallidum\r\ndurante 2006-2011 e para conhecer a reatividade simul\r\n-\r\ntânea com outros marcadores em um banco de sangue \r\nna Colombia. Materiais e métodos: foi realizado um \r\nestudo transversal retrospectivo no banco de sangue da \r\nFundação de Hematologia Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. \r\nA população do estudo consistiu de registros de doadores \r\nde sangue voluntários que apresentaram reatividade para \r\na triagem de Treponema pallidum e outros marcadores \r\ndurante 2006-2011. Resultados: a população do estudo \r\nconsistiu de 11.203 registros de doadores voluntários de \r\nsangue, a idade média foi de 43,27 ± 12,04 anos, sendo \r\nque 56,2% (n = 6.296) pertenciam ao sexo masculino, \r\n11,1% (n = 1.246) dos indivíduos tiveram co-infecção \r\npara os marcadores reatividade simultânea com a sífilis, \r\na maior incidência foi de Anti-Core com 67,7% (n = \r\n900), seguido por HIV com 10,3%, a prevalência de \r\nsífilis do período de estudo foi de 1,9%. Conclusão: foi \r\npossível descrever claramente as características gerais \r\nda população com sífilis também encontramos dados \r\nestatisticamente significativas por sexo. É importante \r\nconhecer esse tipo de comportamento, a fim de fortalecer \r\nos processos de seleção de doadores de sangue e também \r\nmostrar que a reatividade simultânea não é um processo \r\nisolado no banco de sangue.
Assuntos
Treponema , Sangue , Bancos de Sangue , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Objective. Evaluate the effect of increasing P intake on nutrient digestibility, and compare the true and apparent absorption coefficients of P and Ca in lambs. Materials and methods. Twenty-four Santa Ines sheep, with an average weight of 33.6 ± 1.6 kg, were distributed into four treatments (0, 2, 4 and 6 g/day of supplementary P) with forage: concentrate ratio of 70:30. The study of apparent nutrient digestibility was conducted during the first week, using the total feces collection method. During the second week, after injection of 7.4 MBq of 32P and 7.7 MBq of 45Ca, apparent (AAC) and true (TAC) absorption coefficients of P and Ca were determined. The lambs were kept in metabolic cages. Results. The increase in P intake did not affect (p>0.05) dry matter, crude protein, NDF or ADF digestibility, but the TAC of P and Ca and mineral matter digestibility decreased. The AAC was not affected (p=0.10). A cubic relationship was observed between P intake and TAC (TAC=2.161.95X+0.55X2-0.04X3; R2=0.38) and linear relationship with the TAC of Ca (TAC=0.5590.03X; R2=0.26). TAC and AAC values were different (p<0.001). Conclusions. The increase in P intake doesnt impact organic matter digestibility, but does affect P and Ca absorption. Apparent digestibility is not a reliable parameter to determine the efficiency of P and Ca absorption.
Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto del incremento en la ingestión de P sobre la digestibilidad de los nutrientes, y comparar los coeficientes de digestibilidad real y aparente de Ca y P en ovinos. Materiales y métodos. Veinticuatro ovinos de la raza Santa Inés, con 33.6±1.6 kg de peso, fueron asignados a cuatro tratamientos (0, 2, 4 y 6 g/día de P suplementario) con relación forraje:concentrado de 70:30. El estudio de digestibilidad aparente de los nutrientes se realizó la primera semana usando el método de colecta total de heces. La segunda semana, luego de inyectar 7.4 MBq de 32P y 7.7 MBq de 45Ca, se realizó el estudio de absorción real (CAV) y aparente (AAC), en jaulas de estudio de metabolismo. Resultados. El incremento en la ingestión de P no afectó (p>0.05) la digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca, proteína bruta, FDN o FDA. El CAV de Ca y de P y la digestibilidad de la materia mineral presentaron una reducción. EL AAC no fue afectado (p=0.10). La ecuación CAV=2.161.95X+0.55X2-0.04X3 (R2 = 0.38) explicó la relación entre el CAV de P y el incremento en su ingestión, y la ecuación TAC=0.559 0.03X (R2=0.26), la relación entre el CAV de Ca y la ingestión de P. Los valores de AAC y CAV difirieron entre sí (p<0.001). Conclusiones. La ingestión de P no afectó la digestibilidad de la fracción orgánica del alimento, pero sí la absorción de P y Ca. El coeficiente de absorción aparente no fue un parámetro confiable para determinar la eficiencia de absorción de P y Ca.
Assuntos
Animais , Absorção , Radioisótopos de Cálcio , Fósforo , RuminantesRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We evaluate the frequency and functional response of innate immune cells in peripheral blood (PB) from patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and healthy controls upon activation with agonists of the Toll-like receptors (TLR) TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. In addition, several nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within these TLR genes were examined. METHODS: Flow cytometry was used to perform immunophenotyping and evaluate the expression of cell surface markers. Levels of cytokines in the culture supernatants were evaluated using cytometric bead array technology. SNPs in the TLR genes were evaluated from genomic DNA using different sequencing techniques. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that the frequency of CD1d-restricted TCR invariant natural killer T cells in PB was significantly reduced in the patients with CVID. A marked, though not significant, reduction in absolute numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and natural killer cells was also observed in these patients. Interestingly, CD80 and CD86 expression on innate cells upon stimulation with TLR ligands was not altered in the patients although 3 of them exhibited low baseline levels of these surface molecules on monocytes compared to healthy controls. We also observed a significant increase in TNF-alpha levels in supernatants of PB mononuclear cells from CVID patients after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Finally, no association was found between the presence of nonsynonymous SNPs within the TLR genes and the clinical presentation of CVID. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our study demonstrates than innate immune responses are disturbed in some CVID patients and prompts the evaluation of innate immunity genes as candidates to explain the CVID clinical phenotype.
Assuntos
Imunodeficiência de Variável Comum/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Receptores Toll-Like/imunologia , Adulto , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos CD/imunologia , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Superfície/imunologia , Imunodeficiência de Variável Comum/genética , Citocinas/biossíntese , Citocinas/imunologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monócitos/imunologia , Monócitos/metabolismo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Receptores Toll-Like/agonistas , Receptores Toll-Like/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossíntese , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologia , Regulação para Cima/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, has been reported not only as a pathogenic mechanism, but also as a mechanism of resistance and control of a variety of infections. Particularly during HIV-1 infection, apoptosis is the main mechanism by which infected and uninfected CD4+ lymphocytes are eliminated. However, apoptosis as a mechanism of natural resistance to HIV infection has this far not been explored. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether apoptosis could explain, at least in part, the natural resistance to HIV infection observed in some exposed but uninfected individuals (ESN). RESULTS: Our data shows that peripheral blood monocytes in the ESN group has a predisposition to undergo spontaneous apoptosis, as well as apoptosis induced by HIV infection in vitro, compared with monocyte population from the control group at low risk of HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that, in some ESN individuals, monocytes could play an important role in the control of HIV infection by undergoing apoptosis. However, since the variability among individuals is large, studies with larger cohorts focusing in monocyte apoptosis as pathogenic mechanisms are required.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV-1 , Imunidade Inata , Adulto , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Soronegatividade para HIV , HIV-1/patogenicidade , Humanos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , MonócitosRESUMO
Several primary immunodeficiency diseases affecting the interleukin 12/interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) pathway have been identified, most of them characterized by recurrent and protracted infections produced by intracellular microorganisms, particularly by several species of mycobacteria. In the present study we analyzed the expression of IFN-gamma receptor (IFN-gammaR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1) in 4 children with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of uncommon clinical presentation. These molecules were evaluated by flow cytometry and Western blotting in B cells transformed with Epstein-Barr virus and mutations were scanned by single-strand conformational polymorphisms and DNA sequencing. The expression of IFN-gammaR1 was normal in all 4 patients. The genetic analysis of IFN-gammaR1 and IFN-gammaR2 coding sequences did not reveal any mutation. The expression of the STAT-1 molecule was similar in patients and healthy controls; however, when the phosphorylation of this transcription factor in response to IFN-gamma activation was evaluated by Western blot, a significant lower signal was evident in one patient. These data indicate that there are no alterations in the expression or function of the IFN-gammaR chains in these patients. However, the low level of STAT-1 phosphorylation found in one of these patients might be explained by a defect in one of the molecules involved in the signal transduction pathway after IFN-gamma interacts with its receptor. In the other three patients the inability to eliminate the mycobacteria may be due to a defect in another effector mechanism of the mononuclear phagocytes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Criança , Infecções por Mycobacterium , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Western Blotting , Estudos de Casos e Controles , DNA Bacteriano , Citometria de Fluxo , Genoma Bacteriano , Contagem de Linfócitos , Fenótipo , Fosforilação , Polimorfismo Conformacional de Fita Simples , TuberculoseRESUMO
Several primary immunodeficiency diseases affecting the interleukin 12/interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) pathway have been identified, most of them characterized by recurrent and protracted infections produced by intracellular microorganisms, particularly by several species of mycobacteria. In the present study we analyzed the expression of IFN-gamma receptor (IFN-gammaR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1) in 4 children with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of uncommon clinical presentation. These molecules were evaluated by flow cytometry and Western blotting in B cells transformed with Epstein-Barr virus and mutations were scanned by single-strand conformational polymorphisms and DNA sequencing. The expression of IFN-gammaR1 was normal in all 4 patients. The genetic analysis of IFN-gammaR1 and IFN-gammaR2 coding sequences did not reveal any mutation. The expression of the STAT-1 molecule was similar in patients and healthy controls; however, when the phosphorylation of this transcription factor in response to IFN-gamma activation was evaluated by Western blot, a significant lower signal was evident in one patient. These data indicate that there are no alterations in the expression or function of the IFN-gammaR chains in these patients. However, the low level of STAT-1 phosphorylation found in one of these patients might be explained by a defect in one of the molecules involved in the signal transduction pathway after IFN-gamma interacts with its receptor. In the other three patients the inability to eliminate the mycobacteria may be due to a defect in another effector mechanism of the mononuclear phagocytes.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Receptores de Interferon/metabolismo , Transativadores/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Lactente , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidade , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo Conformacional de Fita Simples , Receptores de Interferon/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT1 , Transativadores/genética , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Receptor de Interferon gamaRESUMO
In Colombia, most cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis are caused by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis. Interestingly, up to 30% of the exposed population do not suffer from clinical leishmaniasis although it is likely that they are continuously infected with Leishmania parasites. Since it is believed that the induction of efficient Th1 immune responses protects against Leishmania infections both in humans and in animal models, we determined if endemically exposed asymptomatics showed stronger Leishmania-specific Th1 immune responses than patients with active localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL). We found that Montenegro skin test responses were slightly higher among asymptomatic individuals compared to patients suffering from LCL. However, PBMC from patients with LCL showed similar Leishmania-specific proliferative responses compared to PBMC from asymptomatic individuals. Furthermore, PBMC from both groups also secreted similar amounts of IFN-gamma, IL-12p40 and IL-10 after in vitro exposure to L. panamensis. No IL-4 was detected in the supernatants. Taken together our results suggest that lack of LCL development in endemically exposed asymptomatics cannot be explained by stronger systemic anti-Leishmania Th1 immune responses or decreased Th2 responses in these individuals in comparison to individuals who develop LCL. It may be possible that other mechanisms are responsible for resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia in endemically exposed asymptomatics.
Assuntos
Leishmania guyanensis/imunologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Pele/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciação de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/biossíntese , Doenças Endêmicas , Feminino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Tardia , Lectinas Tipo C , Leishmania guyanensis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/patologia , Ativação Linfocitária , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pele/parasitologia , Pele/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Both clinical and laboratory evidence in exposed seronegative (ESN) individuals to human HIV-1 has suggested the existence of mechanisms of natural resistance to the infection. A 32 base-pair deletion in the gene that codes for the CCR5, which is the main coreceptor for HIV-1, confers a high degree of resistance to HIV-1 infection. However, the genotype Delta32/Delta32 is present only in 2-4% of Caucasoid ESN individuals suggesting the existence of other mechanisms of protection. Mutations different from Delta32 have also been proposed as playing a role in resistance/susceptibility to this infection. OBJECTIVE: To screen for different mutations along the entire coding region of the ccr5 gene that can potentially explain the persistent seronegativity in a group of ESN individuals. STUDY DESIGN: Of a total of 86 individuals analyzed for Delta32 mutation by the PCR technique, 36 scored HIV seropositive (SP) and 50 were ESN. The entire group of ESN individuals was screened for other mutations in the ccr5 gene by single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: The frequency of the mutant allele Delta32 was 4% (4/100) for ESN individuals and 4.2% (3/72) for SP individuals. The homozygous mutant genotype (Delta32/Delta32) was found in only 2% (1/50) of ESN individuals, but in no SP individuals. The heterozygous genotype was found in 8.3% (3/36) of SP individuals and in 4% (2/50) of ESN individuals. The differences in the allelic and genotypic frequencies among the groups were not statistically significant. A comparison between the observed and the expected genotypic frequencies showed that they were significantly different for the ESN group, suggesting a protective, yet indirect effect of the mutant genotype. CONCLUSIONS: The screening of the entire coding region of the ccr5 gene in all ESN did not revealed no other mutations that could account for resistance to HIV-1 infection. Although the CCR5 molecule is the most important coreceptor for HIV-1, mutations in this gene do not account for most of the cases of natural resistance to this virus that have so far been reported.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/genética , Soronegatividade para HIV/genética , HIV-1 , Receptores CCR5/genética , Alelos , Frequência do Gene , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Soronegatividade para HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , MutaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The cytosolic protein p47-phox (phagocyte oxidase) is one of the essential components of the superoxide generating system in phagocytes and its defect causes approximately 30% of the chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) cases. AIM: Two patients were studied, belonging to the same family, without a consanguinous background, in which deficiency or absence of superoxide generation was found together with recurrent and severe infections in one case and benign infections in the second. METHODS: The presence of gp91-, p67- and p47-phox in patients and controls was determined by Western Blot analysis of granulocytes. Sequencing of PCR amplified DNA was performed by an enzymatic method. RESULTS: Western Blot analysis showed normal expression of gp91 and p67 and absence of p47-phox. The molecular genetic study demonstrated a homocygotic dinucleotide GT (GT) deletion at the beginning of exon 2 of the p47-phox gene. The same mutation has been found in European, American and Japanese patients. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular characterization of this pathology done for the first time in Chile is important for diagnostic classification, patient prognosis, and adequate genetic advice and a possible future therapy.
Assuntos
Doença Granulomatosa Crônica/genética , Fosfoproteínas/deficiência , Adolescente , Adulto , Western Blotting , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Granulócitos/enzimologia , Doença Granulomatosa Crônica/enzimologia , Humanos , Masculino , NADPH Oxidases , Linhagem , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Deleção de SequênciaRESUMO
Repeated exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not always result in seroconversion. Modifications in coreceptors for HIV entrance to target cells are one of the factors that block the infection. We studied the frequency of Delta-32 mutation in ccr5 gene in Medellin, Colombia. Two hundred and eighteen individuals distributed in three different groups were analyzed for Delta-32 mutation in ccr5 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR): 29 HIV seropositive (SP), 39 exposed seronegative (ESN) and 150 individuals as a general population sample (GPS). The frequency of the Delta-32 mutant allele was 3.8% for ESN, 2.7% for GPS and 1.7% for SP. Only one homozygous mutant genotype (Delta-32/Delta-32) was found among the ESN (2.6%). The heterozygous genotype (ccr5/Delta-32) was found in eight GPS (5.3%), in one SP (3.4%) and in one ESN (2.6%). The differences in the allelic and genotypic frequencies among the three groups were not statistically significant. A comparison between the expected and the observed genotypic frequencies showed that these frequencies were significantly different for the ESN group, which indirectly suggests a protective effect of the mutant genotype (Delta-32/Delta-32). Since this mutant genotype explained the resistance of infection in only one of our ESN persons, different mechanisms of protection must be playing a more important role in this population.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/genética , Receptores CCR5/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Alelos , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Colômbia , Feminino , Frequência do Gene/genética , Genótipo , Soronegatividade para HIV , Soropositividade para HIV/genética , Soropositividade para HIV/virologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The hyper-IgE syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by severe recurrent abscesses, pneumonia with pneumatocele formation, and elevated serum IgE. Eosinophilia, neutrophil chemotactic defects, and marked tissue damage are frequently present in this syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To study whether functional changes in cytokines, adhesion molecules, and neutrophils might help explain these clinical observations. METHODS: The following functions were analyzed in patients with the hyper-IgE syndrome and in controls: (1) production of granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor by peripheral blood mononuclear cells by ELISA; (2) respiratory burst and reactive oxygen intermediates production by peripheral neutrophils using the luminol-enhanced chemiluminescense technique; and (3) expression of L-selectin on granulocytes and lymphocytes by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Patients with hyper-IgE syndrome had significantly increased production of granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor by resting or stimulated mononuclear cells, increased generation of reactive oxygen intermediates by neutrophils treated with opsonized zymosan, and reduced L-selectin expression on quiescent and activated granulocytes and lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that an important feature of the hyper-IgE syndrome is the increased production of granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, which may explain the reduced L-selectin expression, decreased chemotaxis, and increased oxygen radical production and tissue damage in this disease.