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INTRODUCTION: Food insecurity is the inability of households to acquire safe, nutritionally adequate food that meets physiological needs for leading a healthy and active life. OBJECTIVE: To describe the levels of food insecurity and associated factors in pregnant women in Colombia. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional-analytical study; is a secondary analysis of the 2015 Nutritional Situation Survey of Colombia. 1393 pregnant women between 12 and 48 years old were examined. Food insecurity was assessed using the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and micronutrient characteristics were evaluated. The description of food insecurity distribution was made for each of the selected variables, through absolute and percentage frequencies. To estimate the association between the different variables and food insecurity, we used multivariate Poisson regression models. RESULTS: 60.4% (CI95% 55.6%-64,7%) of pregnant women resided in homes with some degree of food insecurity; severe: 9.4% (CI95% 7.4%-11.9%), moderate: 17.6% (CI95% 13.5%-22.8%) and light: 33.2% (CI95% 28.9%-37.8%); we found that Black/Mulatto/Afro-descendant pregnant women (PR 1.22 CI95% 1.01-1.47), belong to quartile 1 of wealth (PR 2.23 CI95% 1.41-3.68), and residing in the región Atlántica (PR 1.34 CI95% 1.08-1.67), was associated with some food insecurity level. CONCLUSION: A high proportion of pregnant women living in households with some food insecurity level. The pregnant women of low socioeconomic levels and those belonging to the black/mulatto/Afro-descendant ethnic group showed to be the main characteristics associated with residing in households with some degree of food insecurity.

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El presente artículo, luego de ilustrar al lector sobre la naturaleza de los agresores sexuales seriales, desarrolla puntualmente dos casos de estudio documentados por la Procuraduría Delegada para el Ministerio Público en Asuntos Penales y la Policía Nacional, extraídos de las líneas investigativas que implementan estas instituciones desde años atrás. Este ejercicio investigativo conforma un estudio de caso múltiple que busca ampliar el conocimiento disponible sobre la materia, haciendo los respectivos análisis frente a la naturaleza de los individuos que cometen esta clase de transgresiones y a sus dinámicas delincuenciales. Se encuentran los resultados de diferentes entrevistas, revisión de expediente judicial, aplicación de pruebas psicométricas en dos sujetos capturados y condenados por la comisión de agresiones sexuales de similares características. En ambos casos, el delito sexual es el objetivo de la actividad, en el que predomina amenaza con arma cortopunzante. En los dos casos estos comportamientos se presentan después de los 18 años, el sujeto (1) presenta 23 víctimas registradas en el sistema judicial, y el sujeto (2), 15 víctimas reconocidas; en cuanto a las características psicológicas, los dos tuvieron problemas en el acatamiento de normas, con baja tolerancia a la frustración y actitudes machistas durante su infancia y adolescencia.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the number and anatomical classification of roots and root canals of first and second mandibular molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Chilean population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study evaluated the CBCT scans of 289 patients aged between 14 and 86 years, obtaining a sample of 1022 mandibular first and second molars. The number of roots and root canals was evaluated according to the anatomical classification proposed by Ahmed in 2016. Data were analysed using Pearson's chi-squared test and ANOVA. RESULTS: Nine hundred fifty-one (93.05%) molars had two roots, while the remaining 71 (6.95%) molars had one root. The most frequent root and root canal morphologies found were: ²MM M² D¹ (29.65%), ²MM M²â»¹ D¹ (22.3%) and ²MM M¹ D¹ (13.4%) (M - mesial, D - distal), with a total of 32 different anatomical distributions. C-shaped canals were present in 56 molars and were more frequently found in women than in men (7.1% vs. 3.88%; p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of internal anatomy using CBCT revealed a highly variable distribution of root canals. The most frequent morphology found in mandibular molars in a Chilean population was two roots and three canals.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to establish the association of maternal, family, and contextual correlates of anthropometric typologies at the household level in Colombia using 2005 Demographic Health Survey (DHS/ENDS) data. METHODS: Household-level information from mothers 18-49 years old and their children <5 years old was included. Stunting and overweight were assessed for each child. Mothers were classified according to their body mass index. Four anthropometric typologies at the household level were constructed: normal, underweight, overweight, and dual burden. Four three-level [households (n = 8598) nested within municipalities (n = 226), nested within states (n = 32)] hierarchical polytomous logistic models were developed. Household log-odds of belonging to one of the four anthropometric categories, holding 'normal' as the reference group, were obtained. RESULTS: This study found that anthropometric typologies were associated with maternal and family characteristics of maternal age, parity, maternal education, and wealth index. Higher municipal living conditions index was associated with a lower likelihood of underweight typology and a higher likelihood of overweight typology. Higher population density was associated with a lower likelihood of overweight typology. CONCLUSION: Distal and proximal determinants of the various anthropometric typologies at the household level should be taken into account when framing policies and designing interventions to reduce malnutrition in Colombia.

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El objetivo principal de esta investigación es identificar las creencias obsesivas, recurrentes o intrusivas de las personas con alto riesgo de adicción al trabajo y que se convierten en factores de riesgo psicosocial derivados del trabajo asalariado que facilitan, mantienen y refuerzan el comportamiento adictivo del trabajador. La metodología fue de corte transversal-descriptiva con la aplicación de una entrevista grupal estructurada, a una muestra poblacional de 8 empleados del sector de servicios educativos. Los resultados muestran que las características personales (ideas de perfeccionismo, utilización del tiempo libre, necesidad de aprobación social, sentimiento de culpa, miedo a perder el trabajo y ansiedad generalizada), junto con las características organizacionales, del puesto de trabajo (tareas y responsabilidades) y del empleo en general, al igual que el proceso de socialización organizacional y el manejo de las relaciones interpersonales con los mandos son desencadenantes del comportamiento adictivo. Las conclusiones indican que el comportamiento adictivo de los trabajadores asalariados de esta institución educativa se configura como una estrategia poco efectiva de afrontamiento (basada en un conjunto de ideas obsesivas y comportamiento compulsivo (repetitivo e irracional) frente a la angustia y el estrés generados por el miedo a perder el trabajo (percepción de alta inestabilidad laboral).

The main objective of this research is to identify the obsessive, recurrent or intrusive beliefs of people with high risk of work addiction and who become psychosocial risk factors derived from salaried work that facilitate, maintain and reinforce the worker's addictive behavior. The methodology was cross-descriptive with the application of a structured group interview, to a population sample of 8 employees of the educational services sector. The results show that personal characteristics (ideas of perfectionism, use of free time, need for social approval, feeling guilty, fear of losing work and generalized anxiety), along with the organizational characteristics of the job (tasks and responsibilities) and of employment in general, as well as the process of organizational socialization and the management of interpersonal relationships with commanders are triggers of addictive behavior. The conclusions indicate that the addictive behavior of the salaried workers of this educational institution is configured as an ineffective coping strategy (based on a set of obsessive ideas and compulsive behavior (repetitive and irrational) against the anguish and stress generated by the fear of losing work (perception of high job instability).

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PurposeTo analyze the relation between ophthalmologic and motor changes in spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7).Patients and methodsThis was a case series study. Sixteen SCA7 patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including ocular extrinsic motility testing, color vision test, and optical coherence tomography of the optic nerve and macula. Changes in the corneal endothelium, electroretinographic patterns, and a complete neurologic evaluation using the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) were evaluated. Correlations of endothelial cell density (ECD) with number of CAG repetitions and the SARA scores were estimated.ResultsAll patients showed various degrees of visual impairment mainly due to macular deterioration. Notably, they also presented decreased ECD. Pairwise correlations of ECD with number of CAG repeats and severity of motor symptoms quantified with the SARA scores were inverse (r=-0.46, P=0.083 and r=-0.64, P=0.009, respectively). Further analyses indicated an average ECD decrease of 48 cells/mm2 (P=0.006) per unit of change on the number of CAG repeats, and of 75 cells/mm2 (P=0.001) per unit of change on the SARA scores.ConclusionsThe results agree with previous ophthalmological findings regarding the widespread effect of SCA7 mutation on the patient's visual system. However, the results also show a significant negative correlation of decreased ECD with both CAG repetitions and SARA scores. This suggests that motor systems could degenerate in parallel with visual systems, although more research is needed to determine whether the degeneration is caused by the same mechanisms.

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Objetivo general: describir y analizar, desde una perspectiva cualitativa, las vivencias de un grupo de mujeres gestantes con diagnóstico de embarazo de alto riesgo con el fin de contar con criterios para construir intervenciones de enfermería que puedan responder a sus necesidades de cuidado. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una entrevista a profundidad, partiendo del marco teórico, a 10 mujeres de 17 a 39 años con embarazo de alto riesgo, atendidas por la Red Distrital de Salud. El análisis fue apoyado por el Atlas ti 6, basado en la Teoría Fundamentada. Resultados: las situaciones asociadas al alto riesgo en el embarazo encontradas en este grupo son: intervalo intergenésico —riesgo más frecuente—, hipertensión inducida por el embarazo, anemia, complicaciones obstétricas del embarazo anterior, antecedente de aborto a repetición, obesidad, bajo peso, placenta previa, tuberculosis, isoinmunización Rh, infección urinaria a repetición y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA). Se destacan los embarazos no planeados; la mitad de las participantes no cuentan con apoyo económico de su pareja; 7 perdieron su trabajo; 5 viven con parientes. La violencia de género y la pobreza limitan la toma de decisiones y afectan su salud. Se visualizan estrés y sentimientos de ambivalencia: por un lado, entusiasmo con su embarazo y, por otro, cambios que producen desequilibrio y afectan la calidad de vida. Conclusiones: las mujeres de este grupo social requieren de atención integral y oportuna, evitando demoras, y educación sexual y reproductiva. Enfermería debe brindar cuidado transcultural y actividades educativas para minimizar temores y empoderar en derechos.

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Objectives: to detect possible bipolarity in patients diagnosed with unipolar depression (intermittent and recurrent) who are being treated trough the public health system, by means of a survey which has been validated in our country (MDQ), to make a comparison between the groups that responded positively to the surveys criteria and those who did not, in relation to the variables associated to bipolarity in the literature. Method: 101 depressive outpatients from the Depression Programs of the Main Hospitals of Chillán and Los Angeles self administered by psychiatrist in order to ascertain the bipolarity predictor factors. The acquired information was analysed through the statistics software SPSS 12.0. The descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic and clinic variables was carried out through the summary frequency and statistics. Results: 33.7 per cent of the patients responded to he MDQ positively whit the survey being adequately validated and trusted (Cronbachs alpha 0.75). A positive relationship was found between the following and probable bipolarity: younger age during the first depressive episode, suicidal attempts background, post partum depression and drug abuse/dependency . Conclusions: according to a survey validated by our country, one third of the studied patients, who were diagnosed with unipolar depression present a probable bipolar disorder. The factors known through foreign studies are confirmed to be related to bipolarity. The correct and early detection of the Bipolar Disorder are imperative in order to perform and adequate treatment which improves the patients quality of life.

Objetivos: detectar probable bipolaridad en pacientes que hayan recibido el diagnóstico de depresión unipolar (episódica o recurrente) y que se tratan en elsistema público de salud mediante la aplicación de una encuesta validad en nuestro país (MDQ). Realizar una comparación en tre los grupos que respondieron positivamente a los criterios de la encuesta y lo que no lo hicieron, frente a variables asociadas con bipolaridad en la literatura. Método: 101 pacientes depresivos ambulatorios de los Programas de Depresión de los Hospitales base de Chillán y Los Ángeles se autoaplicaron del MDQ y se les solicitó responder un cuestionario anexo, aplicado por médico psiquiatra, para pesquisar factores predoctores de bipolaridad. Se analizó la información obtenida mediante el programa estadístico SPSS 12.0. se efectuó el análisis descriptivo de las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, a través de distribución de frecuencia y estadísticos de resumen. Resultados: 33.7 por ciento de los pacientes respondió positivamente el MDQ, con una adecuada validez y confiabilidad de la encuesta (a de Cronbach 0.75). se encontró relación positiva entre menor edad del primer episodio depresivo, antecedente de intentos suicidas, depresión post parto y de abuso/dependencia de drogas con probable bipolaridad. Conclusiones: un tercio de los pacientes estudiados, diagnosticados como depresivos unipolares, presenta un probable trastorno bipolar según una encuesta validada en nuestro medio. Se confirma como relacionados correcta y precoz de trastorno bipolar para realizar un tratamiento adecuado que mejore la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

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Introducción. El trasplante de corazón heterotópico en ratas es usado en investigación experimental, particularmente en el estudio de la inmunosupresión. El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar un modelo de trasplante heterotópico de corazón en ratas. Material y Método. Se utilizaron ratas macho Lewis (Receptor) y Brown Norway (Donante) de 200 a 350 gr. Para el procuramiento, se realizó una incisión en mariposa del tórax y se instaló un clip metálico a la vena cava superior e inferior para infundir solución fisiológica con heparina, logrando detener los latidos cardíacos, y se seccionó la arteria pulmonar y la aorta. Las venas cavas y las pulmonares son ligadas en conjunto y seccionadas. En la rata receptora se identificó la aorta y vena cava abdominal y se instaló un clamp vascular atraumático tipo bulldog. Se realizó una anastomosis término lateral entre la aorta ascendente del donante y la aorta abdominal del receptor, y entre la arteria pulmonar del donante y la cava del receptor, con microsutura 10-0 continua. Se consideró un trasplante exitoso cuando el injerto estaba funcional por más de 24 horas, por palpación de latidos en el abdomen. Resultados. Se trasplantaron 80 ratas en total. La principal causa de pérdida del injerto fue el prolongado tiempo operatorio y la hemorragia postoperatoria. Se realizaron modificaciones en la técnica: Ligadura única de las venas cavas y de las venas pulmonares, venotomía elíptica y lateral, ligadura de un vaso paralelo a la aorta que evita una hemorragia letal y reposición de volumen postoperatorio. Discusión. Es un modelo reproducible. Modificaciones de la técnica permiten disminuir el tiempo de isquemia, permitiendo un aumento en la sobrevida del injerto.

Introduction: Heterotopic heart transplantation in rats is an experimental research model, specially used to study immunosuppression. Aim: To develop a model of heterotopic heart transplantation in rats. Material and methods: Lewis rats (as receptors) and Brown Norway rats (as donors), weighing 200 to 350 g, were used. For procurement, a butterfly chest incisión was done, a metallic clip was placed in inferior and superior vena cava to infuse a physiologic solution with heparin, stopping cardiac beats and sectioning pulmonary and aortic arteries. Pulmonary and cava veins were ligated jointly and sectioned. In the receptor rats, aorta and abdominal vena cava were identified and an atraumatic bulldog vascular clamp was placed. Termino lateral anastomoses between donor ascending aorta and receptor abdominal aorta, and between donor pulmonary artery and receptor vena cava were performed with continuous microsuture. Transplantation was considered successful when the graft was functional for more than 24 hours, determined palpating beats in the abdomen. Results: Eighty rats were transplanted. We main causes of graft loss were a prolonged operative time and postoperative hemorrhage. The technique was modified, using a unique ligation of cavas and pulmonary veins, elliptic and lateral venotomy, ligation of a vessel that is parallel to aorta that avoids lethal hemorrhages and postoperative fluid replacement. Discussion: This is a reproducible model. The technical modifications introduced, reduce the lapse of ischemia and increase graft survival.

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Las malformaciones congénitas del aparato genital femenino representan un verdadero desafío para la ginecología y lacirugía plástica reconstructiva. Las anomalías de la fusión de los conductos de Müller pueden producir una diversidad dealteraciones del útero o la vagina. La incidencia de malformaciones mullerianas y específicamente de agenesia de la vaginase estima en un 0,1% - 1,5% de la población general, se ha asociado con otras malformaciones congénitas y con el síndromede Mayer-Rokitansky-Kluster-Hauser. La reconstrucción vaginal supone un gran reto con algunos objetivos fundamentalescomo ofrecer solución a la ausencia total o parcial vaginal en un solo tiempo quirúrgico, construir una neovagina con unángulo de inclinación fisiológico y natural y un eje anatómico correcto para la relación sexual, conseguir característicasdeseables como sensibilidad, distensibilidad y elasticidad, minimizar la morbilidad de las zonas donantes de los tejidosutilizados en la reconstrucción y evitar la necesidad de uso continuo de moldes, obturadores o dilatadores. Existen múltiplesprocedimientos reconstructivos, quirúrgicos y no quirúrgicos descritos. Este artículo presenta la experiencia del Hospitalde San José, Bogotá D.C. Colombia, con este tipo de patología, utilizando el método de McIndoe, modificado, durante unperíodo de 18 años.

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Surveys were conducted to determine the occurrence of diseases of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) in plantations located in the central states of Aragua, Carabobo, Guarico, Miranda, and Yaracuy, Venezuela, from 1991 to 1998. Plants in both commercial plantations and passion fruit nurseries were symptomatic for wilt and reddish-brown collar rot. Symptomatic tissues were surface-disinfected and plated on PARPH medium (1). Phytophthora parasitica was frequently isolated from diseased tissues, and pathogenicity tests were conducted with the fungus under greenhouse conditions. Passion fruit seedlings were grown in pots containing a 1:1 (vol/vol) steamed soil/sand mixture, one plant per pot. Five-millimeter-diameter plugs of P. parasitica isolates were grown on clarified V8 agar. Three-month-old seedlings were wounded with a sterile scalpel in the collar region. Wounded and unwounded plants were inoculated with 10 ml of zoospore suspension (105 spores per ml) or sterile water (control). Fifty plants were evaluated per treatment, and the experiment was repeated. Wounded and unwounded seedlings inoculated with zoospores developed chlorosis and collar necrosis after 15 days. Seedling mortality reached 50% 1 month after inoculation, and the fungus was reisolated from symptomatic tissues. This is the first report of P. parasitica causing collar rot and wilt of yellow passion fruit in Venezuela. Reference: (1) S. N. Jeffers and S. B. Martin. Plant Dis 70:1038, 1986.

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OBJECTIVE: To test an equation that uses measurements of fibroplastic intimal thickening and foam cell infiltrates, precursors for necrotic cores of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries, to compute anticipated amounts of atheronecrosis. Data from New Orleans, La, and La Paz, Bolivia, afforded the opportunity to test the precision of the equation by comparing findings in separate populations. METHODS: Coronary arteries retrieved at autopsy in La Paz, Bolivia, were processed into hematoxylin-eosin-stained paraffin sections along with a parallel series in New Orleans. RESULTS: The Bolivian data fit the equation without modification. Findings showed the precursors of atheronecrosis to progress at the slowest rate in Bolivians, at the fastest rate in New Orleans men, and at an intermediate rate in New Orleans women. CONCLUSIONS: The population with the most extensive atheronecrosis in aging subjects also had the greatest degrees of precursor changes in young adults. An equation that describes these principles precisely applies equally well to all three of the populations examined here, which are the only ones studied to date.

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When 1,711 bovine faecal samples from 113 farms in eight dairy areas of Colombia were examined for the presence of helminth eggs Fasciola hepatica eggs were found in the faeces from 60% of the farms and samples from animals kept above 2,000 m. Strongyle eggs were found in faeces from 82% of the farms and in 18% of the samples.

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This study was conducted at Carimagua Research Centre in a high savanna area in the eastern plains of Colombia. The objectives were to identify the pathogenic parasites prevalent in the area and to study their seasonal variations and ecological conditions for use in planning control measures. The calves from two groups of 50 cows each (zebu crossbred) were used. Group I calves were born at the beginning of the rainy season and Group II calves later in the same period. The highest faecal egg counts observed were of trichostrongylid eggs. In necropsied animals Cooperia had high populations followed by Haemonchus. Throughout the rainy season there were favourable conditions for development and transmission of calf nematodes; animals born towards the end of the rainy season developed a lower infestation level which is probably easier to control. The animals were particularly susceptible to infestation with gastro-intestinal parasites at weaning. From these observations and in view of the relatively low stocking rate and the sequential burning of the savanna it is suggested that deworming be done at eight and 18 months of age.

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Two strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus were examined for the ability to replicate in, as well as to produce death among donkeys. One, a low passage strain known as strain P676 was originally isolated from mosquitos in Venezuela. The other, strain V-38 was isolated from a horse brain in 1938 and had undergone an unknown number of laboratory passages; it is used extensively for the preparation of inactivated VEE vaccine. Both strains were found to be approximately equal in their ability to infect donkeys. However, a quantity as small as 50% hamster intraperitoneal infectious units of strain V-38 resulted in fatal infection. On the other hand, as much as 631 million infectious units of strain P676 were nonfatal in one of two donkeys. It appears that strain V-38 is approximately 100 million times more virulent than strain P676 in equine species. One donkey which received strain P676 demonstrated a biphasic pattern of clinical illness and viremia, and there is suggestive evidence that another animal experienced a second and fatal clinical response 3 weeks after virus inoculation.

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