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INTRODUCTION: Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare neoplasm most frequently associated with textured implant placement. The classic presentation consists of a persistent periprosthetic seroma. Implant removal and individualized adjuvant treatment are potentially curative interventions. Most BIA-ALCL present with a seroma, not with a breast and/or axillary mass. Knowledge of this presentation and how to manage it allows an adequate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment with excellent results. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 44-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of a right breast mass located in the lower medial quadrant, with associated right axillary lymphadenopathy. Medical history was significant for a mastoplasty with textured implants 15 years before the onset of her symptoms. Imaging studies and histological analysis helped to confirm the diagnosis of BIA-ALCL. A bilateral capsulectomy was performed and adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy were administered. With these interventions, the patient had complete resolution of her symptoms, good cosmetic results, and absence of tumor activity detectable by positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose (PET-CT FDG) at a 2.5-year follow-up. DISCUSSION: This case describes an atypical presentation of BIA-ALCL as a breast mass, as well as lymph node and bone marrow involvement. Knowledge of the different presentation modalities of this pathology is necessary for a correct diagnosis and treatment. Through a multidisciplinary approach, adequate treatment was given with excellent results. CONCLUSION: Anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with breast implants is a clinicopathological entity still little known in some medical fields. A variety of presentations must be considered, and high clinical suspicion must be maintained in patients with a history of textured breast implant placement to optimize diagnosis and avoid delays in treatment.

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Finding strategies to use the swim bladder of farmed totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) is of the utmost need to reduce waste. Fish swim bladders are rich in collagen; hence, extracting collagen is a promising alternative with benefits for aquaculture of totoaba and the environment. The elemental biochemical composition of totoaba swim bladders, including their proximate and amino acid compositions, was determined. Pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) was used to extract collagen from swim bladders, and its characteristics were analyzed. Alcalase and papain were used for the preparation of collagen hydrolysates. Swim bladders contained 95% protein, 2.4% fat, and 0.8% ash (on a dry basis). The essential amino acid content was low, but the functional amino acid content was high. The PSC yield was high, at 68% (dry weight). The amino acid composition profile, electrophoretic pattern, and structural integrity analyses of the isolated collagen suggested it is a typical type-I collagen with high purity. The denaturalization temperature was 32.5 °C, probably attributable to the imino acid content (205 residues/1000 residues). Papain-hydrolysates (≤3 kDa) of this collagen exhibited higher radical scavenging activity than Alcalase-hydrolysates. The swim bladder from the farmed totoaba could be an ideal source to produce high-quality type I collagen and may be considered an alternative to conventional collagen sources or bioactive peptides.

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Multiple paternity (MP) is defined as the behaviour in which females successfully mate with multiple males leading to offspring from different sires within the same litter. MP seems to be frequent and an evolutionary advantage in elasmobranchs. Here the authors report for the first time the occurrence of MP in the cosmopolitan blue shark Prionace glauca L. The evidence, gathered via microsatellite genotyping of pregnant females and their embryos, suggests that MP is very frequent in this species. Knowledge of MP in P. glauca should help describe more precisely its reproductive biology and contribute to the management of its populations.

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Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, thousands of temporary ICUs have been established worldwide. The outcomes and management of mechanically ventilated patients in these areas remain unknown. OBJECTIVES: To investigate mortality and management of mechanically ventilated patients in temporary ICUs. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Observational cohort study in a single-institution academic center. We included all adult patients with severe COVID-19 hospitalized in temporary and conventional ICUs for invasive mechanical ventilation due to acute respiratory distress syndrome from March 23, 2020, to April 5, 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: To determine if management in temporary ICUs increased 30-day in-hospital mortality compared with conventional ICUs. Ventilator-free days, ICU-free days (both at 28 d), hospital length of stay, and ICU readmission were also assessed. RESULTS: We included 776 patients (326 conventional and 450 temporary ICUs). Thirty-day in-hospital unadjusted mortality (28.8% conventional vs 36.0% temporary, log-rank test p = 0.023) was higher in temporary ICUs. After controlling for potential confounders, hospitalization in temporary ICUs was an independent risk factor associated with mortality (hazard ratio, 1.4; CI, 1.06-1.83; p = 0.016).There were no differences in ICU-free days at 28 days (6; IQR, 0-16 vs 2; IQR, 0-15; p = 0.5) or ventilator-free days at 28 days (8; IQR, 0-16 vs 5; IQR, 0-15; p = 0.6). We observed higher reintubation (18% vs 12%; p = 0.029) and readmission (5% vs 1.6%; p = 0.004) rates in conventional ICUs despite higher use of postextubation noninvasive mechanical ventilation (13% vs 8%; p = 0.025). Use of lung-protective ventilation (87% vs 85%; p = 0.5), prone positioning (76% vs 79%; p = 0.4), neuromuscular blockade (96% vs 98%; p = 0.4), and COVID-19 pharmacologic treatment was similar. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: We observed a higher 30-day in-hospital mortality in temporary ICUs. Although both areas had high adherence to evidence-based management, hospitalization in temporary ICUs was an independent risk factor associated with mortality.

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Collagens extracted from different tissues and fish species display different physicochemical properties, thus novel sources require characterization. Gulf corvina (Cynoscion othonopterus) is processed industrially for food. Of the by-products, the swim bladder is used for fish maw, but other tissues are treated as waste. In the present study, pepsin-soluble collagen from Gulf corvina skin and swim bladder was extracted and characterized. Skin produced a higher collagen yield (82 ± 1.53 %) than swim bladder (69 ± 1.60 %). Both collagens exhibited electrophoresis bands corresponding to ([α1(I)]2α2(I)) and ß chains, all characteristic of type I collagen. Spectra analysis showed the collagens to maintain their triple-helix structure. The skin collagen had a lower denaturation temperature (29.8 °C) than the swim bladder collagen (32.5 °C), due to its relatively low imino acid content (168 vs. 190 /1000 residues, respectively). Both collagens were highly soluble in acidic pH ranges; Zeta potential values were 5.5 for the skin collagen and 6.2 for the swim bladder collagen. Gulf corvina skin and swim bladder are excellent sources of type I collagen with similar physicochemical properties.

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El género Liolaemus presenta una gran diversidad entre los tetrápodos actuales, al punto de corresponder al segundo género con mayor número de especies válidas descritas del infraorden Iguania. En este trabajo, se describe una nueva especie de lagartija arenícola perteneciente al subgénero Eulaemus, grupo de Liolaemusmontanus, procedente de las lomas costeras de Quilca, La Chira y Ocoña, todos en la provincia de Camaná, departamento de Arequipa, Perú. Para determinar el estatus taxonómico de esta nueva especie, analizamos los caracteres morfológicos, moleculares y geográficos. Los caracteres morfológicos permitieron la caracterización y diagnóstico de la nueva especie, los moleculares fueron utilizados para realizar una inferencia bayesiana y los geográficos para determinar potenciales áreas de distribución. Este reptil se diferencia de las otras especies del grupo Liolaemusmontanus en su tamaño pequeño a mediano, su conjunto de caracteres morfológicos, folidosis y patrón de coloración: es la única especie del género donde los machos tienen un patrón de manchas laterales de forma redondeada con borde oscuro e interior verde desde las axilas hasta la mitad del cuerpo. Del mismo modo, los resultados filogenéticos moleculares realizados con el gen Cyt-b indican que no tiene relación directa con las especies fenéticamente similares descritas para el grupo. Sin embargo, existe una relación con poblaciones geográficamente cercanas que permanecen taxonómicamente innominadas. Finalmente, se determinó que esta lagartija tiene un endemismo muy marcado y sus poblaciones son poco abundantes.

The genus Liolaemus presents great diversity among the current tetrapods. It is the second genus with the highest number of valid species described of the Iguana infraorder. In this study, we described a new species of sand lizard from the coastal lomas of Quilca, La Chira and Ocoña that belongs to the subgenus Eulaemus and group of Liolaemus montanus, all in the province of Camaná, department of Arequipa, Peru. To determine the taxonomic status of this new organism, we analyzed morphological, molecular and geographical characters. The morphological characters allowed the characterization and diagnosis of the new species, the molecular data was used to make a Bayesian inference, and the geographic data served to determine potential distribution areas. This lizard diverges from the other species of the Liolaemus montanus group for its small to medium size, several sets of morphological characters, folidosis and color pattern. It is also the only species of the genus where the males have a pattern of lateral spots of rounded shape with dark border and green interior, from the armpits to the middle of the body. Additionally, the molecular phylogenetic results made with the Cyt-b gene indicate that it has no direct relationship with the phenetically similar species described for the group; nevertheless, there is a relationship with geographically close populations, which has not been properly described. Finally, it was determined that this lizard has a very marked endemism and its populations are not abundant.

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Fin whales in the Gulf of California constitute a resident population genetically isolated from the rest of the North Pacific Ocean. Its small population size and the scarce information available about its dynamics in a semi-enclosed sea underline the importance of conducting studies about its reproduction. Given the monsoonal regime that dominates the oceanographic habitat of this region, we hypothesized seasonality in the population's reproductive activity. To test this, we validated and assayed testosterone and progesterone from blubber biopsies of free-ranging individuals. Lactating females exhibited low progesterone concentrations, whereas a group of females of unknown reproductive stage, but with extremely high progesterone concentrations, showed strong evidence of separation and were considered to be likely ovulating or pregnant. A seasonal model of testosterone concentrations showed a high peak during the late summer. This trend was supported by the first documentation of courtship events and by the recording of a female with high progesterone concentration during summer and re-sighted with a calf 1 year later. Therefore, the breeding in this resident population would be seasonal, as it is in migratory baleen whales, but occurring during the summer/autumn, which is the least productive season in the Gulf of California. Our study represents an important input to assist in future management policies of this protected population.

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Advection fog is the sole source of water for many near-the-sea arid areas worldwide such as the lomas, i.e. fog-dependant landscapes of the coastal zone of Peru and Northern Chile, where deforestation occurred since 16th century, leading to a progressive and severe desertification. There, today's local socio-ecological systems suffer from lack of freshwater because they cannot rely anymore on the contribution of fog captured by vegetation. This paper presents the results of an experimental reforestation project carried out in Mejia (Peru), where tree seedlings of five native and exotic species were planted in two permanent plots in 1996. Part of the seedlings were irrigated during the first three years after planting, others not. The irrigation was carried out thanks to water harvesting by large fog collectors. From the third year onwards, all trees relied only on fog water collected by their canopy. Survival rate, height, and root-collar diameter were monitored until 2010, when also the soil carbon and nitrogen stocks were measured. Fifteen years after the planting, about 65% of trees were still alive and growing, and reforestation had induced substantial carbon sequestration both above- and below-ground. Of the tree species, Acacia saligna was definitely best performing than the other, with most of the above ground carbon stored in its biomass and a consequent high efficiency as natural fog collector. Overall, the combination of fog collection by nets and the plantation of trees showing good fog collection capacity, represented a successful strategy for allowing reforestation of arid environments and induced fast and substantial carbon sequestration. Greater efforts should be thus devoted for this purpose, paying special attention to the selection of the most suitable tree species to plant, especially looking at the local biodiversity. This work is dedicated to the memory of Professor Mario Falciai, passed away in 2015, who firstly conceived the experiment and attended all the work since 1996, bringing in our University the idea of Fog Collection for sustainable water management.

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RESUMEN El artículo está orientado a proponer unos criterios de alto nivel, llamados habilitantes, que permitan tomar decisiones con respecto a la utilización de diferentes metodologías, métodos y estándares existentes para la gerencia de proyectos. Para ello, se abordó una investigación exploratoria, descriptiva y propositiva, utilizando la técnica de revisión documental. Con base en ella, se establecen 32 criterios técnicos, derivados de diez factores que hacen parte de tres categorías. Se concluye que los criterios habilitantes para la toma de decisiones deben ser la responsabilidad social empresarial y la sostenibilidad, tendencias que conjugan la satisfacción de los intereses de los stakeholders externos e internos; al respecto se sugiere una guía para su validación en la gerencia de proyectos. Se recomienda como líneas futuras de investigación, la contrastación empírica de la propuesta, así como la incorporación de las prácticas de la responsabilidad social empresarial y la sostenibilidad en la gerencia de proyectos. CÓDIGOS JEL M14, M10,Y4

ABSTRACT The article seeks to propose high-level criteria, called enabling, for taking decisions regarding the use of different existing methodologies, methods and standards for project management. To do this, an exploratory, descriptive and purposeful research was addressed, using the technique of document review. Based on it, 32 technical criteria are established, derived from ten factors that are part of three categories. It is concluded that the enabling criteria for decision-making must be corporate social responsibility and sustainability, trends that combine the satisfaction of the interests of external and internal stakeholders, about a guide is suggested for validation in project management. It is recommended as future research lines, the empirical testing of the proposal and incorporating practices of corporate social responsibility and sustainability in project management. JEL CLASSIFICATION M14,M10,Y4

RESUMO O artigo tem como objetivo propor critérios de alto nivel, chamados de habilitação, que permitam tomar decisões quanto ao uso de diferentes metodologias, métodos e padrões existentes para o gerenciamento de projetos. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva e proativa, utilizando a técnica de revisão documental. Com base nisso, 32 critérios técnicos são estabelecidos, derivados de dez fatores que se enquadram em três categorias. Conclui-se que os critérios de habilitação para a tomada de decisão devem ser a responsabilidade social corporativa e a sustentabilidade, tendências que combinam a satisfação dos interesses das partes interessadas externas e internas; Nesse sentido, sugere-se um guia para sua validação no gerenciamento de projetos. Recomendase como futuras linhas de pesquisa, o teste empirico da proposta, bem como a incorporação das práticas de responsabilidade social corporativa e sustentabilidade no gerenciamento de projetos. CLASSIFICAÇÕES JEL M14,M10,Y4

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BACKGROUND Round ligament varices (RLV) are rare and are almost exclusively seen in pregnant women. RLV may clinically resemble an inguinal hernia, inguinal mass, or other pathology involving the inguinal canal and round ligament. Ultrasound imaging is important to make the diagnosis of RLV. CASE REPORT A 34-year-old Hispanic woman, gravida 1 para 0, at 34 weeks gestation, presented to our outpatient department with a complaint of a small, painless, reducible right inguinal mass. Gray-scale sonography showed an asymmetric right inguinal anechoic mass composed of multiple serpentine tubular channels, which became more prominent when the patient performed a Valsalva maneuver. Color Doppler ultrasound imaging showed a hyper vascular structure with a venous flow pattern, consistent with RLV. The patient was treated conservatively and had an uneventful vaginal delivery at 38 weeks gestation. At two weeks postpartum, the RLV spontaneously regressed and her symptoms completely resolved. CONCLUSIONS RLV is a rare condition that should be recognized and diagnosed promptly to prevent patients from undergoing unnecessary surgical exploration. Ultrasound is the diagnostic imaging procedure of choice for the diagnosis of RLV, as well as for patient follow-up and to exclude possible complications associated with RLV.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: la especie Sapindus saponaria L. se encuentra ampliamente distribuida en el continente americano. La abundante presencia de saponinas que la caracteriza, le confiere un elevado valor farmacológico, por lo que determinar la concentración de este metabolito y la presencia de otros en las diferentes partes de la planta, permitirá desarrollar futuras evaluaciones biológicas. OBJETIVOS: determinar cualitativa y cuantitativamente saponinas en los extractos acuosos de las semillas, tallo y frutos de Sapindus saponaria L., así como identificar la presencia de otros metabolitos secundarios de la planta. MÉTODOS: los extractos (infusión y decocción) se prepararon con los frutos, semillas y tallos de la planta. Se utilizó el método de extracción mediante solventes, y se aplicó las técnicas de infusión y decocción. Para identificar la presencia de metabolitos secundarios se realizó el tamizaje fitoquímico a todos los extractos acuosos. Se realizó el ensayo de hemólisis de eritrocitos para determinar las concentraciones de saponinas en los extractos. Los carbohidratos y las proteínas detectadas se cuantificaron por los métodos de Orcinol Sulfúrico y Lowry, al respecto. RESULTADOS: el tamizaje fitoquímico sugirió la presencia de saponinas, taninos, azúcares reductores y flavonoides en los tres extractos. La mayor concentración de saponinas se encontró en el extracto del pericarpio del fruto, seguido por el de las semillas y el del tallo. La concentración de carbohidratos y proteínas fue mayor en el extracto del fruto que en el resto de los extractos evaluados. CONCLUSIONES: los extractos acuosos obtenidos contienen metabolitos secundarios de elevado interés farmacológico. Las saponinas se encuentran a elevadas concentraciones en el fruto, mientras que, carbohidratos y proteínas están presentes a bajas concentraciones en los tres extractos. of secondary metabolites.

INTRODUCTION: the species Sapindus saponaria L. is widely distributed in America. The abundant presence of saponins is characteristic of this specie and it offers a high pharmacological value. Determine the concentration of these metabolites in various plant parts; allow the development of biological assessments. OBJECTIVES: to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the presence of saponins in aqueous extracts of seeds, stems and fruit of Sapindus saponaria L. and identify other metabolites that may be present in the plant. METHODS: the extracts of the plant, with the fruits, seeds and stem was prepare. The extraction by solvent method and the infusion and decoction techniques was used. To identify the presence of secondary metabolites a phytochemical screening was performed on all extracts. Erythrocyte hemolysis assay was used to determine the concentration of saponins in the extracts. The carbohydrates and proteins were quantitatively determinate by Orcinol Sulphuric method and Lowry method respectively. RESULTS: the phytochemical analysis suggested the presence of saponins, tannins, reducing sugars and flavonoids in the three extracts. The extract of the pericarp had higher concentration of saponins, followed by the seeds and stem. The concentration of carbohydrates and protein was higher in fruit extract than in the rest. CONCLUSIONS: the aqueous extracts obtained by conventional methods, contain secondary metabolites of high pharmacological value. The saponins are found in high concentrations in fruit; however, the carbohydrates and proteins are present at low concentrations in the three evaluated extracts.

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Mangrove forests in the Gulf of California, Mexico represent the northernmost populations along the Pacific coast and thus they are likely to be source populations for colonization at higher latitudes as climate becomes more favorable. Today, these populations are relatively small and fragmented and prior research has indicated that they are poor in genetic diversity. Here we set out to investigate whether the low diversity in this region was a result of recent colonization, or fragmentation and genetic drift of once more extensive mangroves due to climatic changes in the recent past. By sampling the two major mangrove species, Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans, along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Mexico, we set out to test whether concordant genetic signals could elucidate recent evolution of the ecosystem. Genetic diversity of both mangrove species showed a decreasing trend toward northern latitudes along the Pacific coast. The lowest levels of genetic diversity were found at the range limits around the Gulf of California and the outer Baja California peninsula. Lack of a strong spatial genetic structure in this area and recent northern gene flow in A. germinans suggest recent colonization by this species. On the other hand, lack of a signal of recent northern dispersal in R. mangle, despite the higher dispersal capability of this species, indicates a longer presence of populations, at least in the southern Gulf of California. We suggest that the longer history, together with higher genetic diversity of R. mangle at the range limits, likely provides a gene pool better able to colonize northwards under climate change than A. germinans.

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Coccidioidomycosis (CM) is a mycotic disease that affects mammals, including humans. Official data relative to CM in Mexico has not been collected since 1995, thus its prevalence remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to identify the predominant Coccidioides species in Mexico, infer their current geographical distribution and explore the correlation between species and clinical presentation. We collected 154 strains, which were cultured, inactivated, and processed for DNA extraction. Nine microsatellite loci, the Ag2/PRA gene and Umeyama Region were amplified from each isolate. To infer the current geographical distribution of Coccidioides spp. and to establish a correlation between genotype and clinical presentation, we evaluated genetic population structure under the following grouping criteria: putative origin and clinical presentation records. Microsatellite analysis showed that 82% of the isolates corresponded to C. posadasii and 18% were C. immitis. The species identification results obtained using Umeyama region, Ag2/PRA, and microsatellites of five of the isolates were inconsistent with the data collected for the remaining isolates. C. posadasii strains were found primarily in the northeastern region and C. immitis in the northwestern region. However, there was no relationship between clinical presentation and Coccidioides species. The molecular markers used in this study proved to have a high power of resolution to identify the Coccidioides species recovered in culture. While we found C. posadasii to be the most abundant species in Mexico, more detailed clinical records are needed in order to obtain more accurate information about the infections in specific geographical locations.

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Objetivo: Contribuir al conocimiento del cáncer de mama, su correlato mamográfico e histopatológico en el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza. Metodología: El presente trabajo es un estudio observacional, transversal, retrospectivo y descriptivo. La muestra está constituida por el total de pacientes con diagnostico anatomopatológico de cáncer de mama, atendidos en el HNAL durante los años 2009 al 2010, que consta de 92 pacientes y 52 que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión del estudio, para lo cual se revisaron todas las historias clínicas de los pacientes con carcinoma de Mama. Los informes mamográficos, y el informe anatomopatológico han sido revisados exhaustivamente con asesoría del tutor. La información ha sido vaciada en una ficha de recolección de datos elaborada para este fin. Análisis estadístico: Se creó una base datos en Microsoft Office Excel XP. Para la estadística descriptiva se empleó el programa estadístico SPSS versión actualizada. Las variables, determinación de proporciones y frecuencias, además tablas y gráficos de contingencia 2x2 realizándose con un intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento. Resultados: la edad promedio fue de 53.3 años con edades desde 30 a 81 años, Promedio de la menarquía fue de 13.1 años y de la menopausia de 49 años, no llegaron a ella en 32 por ciento. Promedio de 3 embarazos y 2.5 partos y 19 por ciento no tuvieron ningún embarazo. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) encontrado fue de 25.5 como promedio, con predilección por el sobrepeso. Hicieron uso de anticoncepción hormonal, sólo 13.4 por ciento oral y 3.8 por ciento inyectable y 82 por ciento nunca. Solo una tuvo terapia de reemplazo hormonal (TRH) combinada de Estrógenos y Progesterona. 10 pacientes tuvieron familiares como tías, primas y hermanas con antecedente de Cáncer de mama. La Hipertensión arterial 13 por ciento y diabetes 10 fueron antecedentes de enfermedades. La forma de lesión nodular fue irregular en 35 por ciento, el borde irregular y...

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Antecedentes: El cáncer es una pandemia en Latinoamérica, se diagnostican 40,000 nuevos casos cada año en niños, hasta el 67% presenta alguna secuela. La resiliencia es considerada la habilidad para recuperarse rápidamente de la enfermedad, cambio o infortunio sufrido. Obje- tivo: Identificar las secuelas y resiliencia en pacientes sobrevivientes a un cáncer en edad pediátrica, que se encontraban en vigilancia y asistiendo a consulta de seguimiento en Hema- to-oncología Pediátrica del Hospital Nacional Dr. Mario Catarino Rivas (HNMCR) de San Pedro Sula. Pacientes y Métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo-transversal, de alcance mixto (cua- li-cuantitativo) con dos grupos de pacientes. El primero incluyó 80 pacientes en vigilancia inde- pendientemente de su edad, a quienes se aplicó el cuestionario "Secuelas", el segundo incluyó 61 pacientes en vigilancia mayores de 13 años, al cual se aplicó el cuestionario "Escala Impacto de Cáncer" para determinar su resilien- cia. Resultados: En el grupo secuelas el 65% fueron varones, el 39% fueron escolares 42 pacientes (52%) presentaron alguna secuela, siendo la más frecuente la cicatriz. Del grupo en el que se midió su resiliencia 7 aspectos de 8 tuvieron una resiliencia positiva, la excepción fue el de "tener hijos". Conclusiones: Más de la mitad de los pacientes sobrevivientes presenta- ron algún tipo de secuela debido a su padeci- miento. Con respecto a la resiliencia se encon- tró que la mayoría tenían resiliencia positiva en todos los aspectos medidos según la escala "Impacto de cáncer" a excepción del aspecto relacionado con" Tener hijos", encontrándose mayoría con resiliencia negativa..(AU).

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Population differentiation in environments without well-defined geographical barriers represents a challenge for wildlife management. Based on a comprehensive database of individual sighting records (1988-2009) of blue whales from the winter/calving Gulf of California, we assessed the fine-scale genetic and spatial structure of the population using individual-based approaches. Skin samples of 187 individuals were analyzed for nine microsatellite loci. A single population with no divergence among years and months and no isolation by distance (Rxy = 0.1-0.001, p>0.05) were found. We ran two bayesian clustering methods using Structure and Geneland softwares in two different ways: 1) a general analysis including all individuals in which a single cluster was identified with both softwares; 2) a specific analysis of females only in which two main clusters (Loreto Bay and northern areas, and San Jose-La Paz Bay area) were revealed by Geneland program. This study provides information indicating that blue whales wintering in the Gulf of California are part of a single population unit and showed a fine-scale structure among females, possibly associated with their high site fidelity, particularly when attending calves. It is likely that the loss of genetic variation is minimized by male mediated gene flow, which may reduce the genetic drift effect. Opportunities for kin selection may also influence calf survival and, in consequence, have a positive impact on population demography in this small and endangered population.

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La alta diversidad de especies de carnívoros del Perú puede generar problemas al momento de decidir los taxa y temas sobre los que deben dirigirse los esfuerzos de investigación. En este trabajo se evalúa el esfuerzo de investigación en base al número de publicaciones realizadas para cada familia y especie de carnívoro en el Perú. Asimismo, se señalan los vacíos de información relevantes para la conservación de cada especie y se presenta la primera evaluación de las prioridades de investigación sobre este grupo animal en el Perú. Se registró 145 publicaciones sobre carnívoros peruanos realizadas desde el año 1943. El número de publicaciones presentó grandes diferencias entre taxa, entre temas estudiados y entre las ecorregiones en las que se realizaron las investigaciones. Según la escala de prioridades propuesta, la especie que debe ser estudiada con mayor prioridad es el coatí andino Nasua olivacea y la de menor prioridad es el ocelote Leopardus pardalis. Los resultados de nuestro trabajo resaltan la urgencia de realizar investigaciones sobre ciertas especies de carnívoros de las que existen pocos datos publicados, tanto a nivel local como global, y que se distribuyen en pocas ecorregiones del Perú. Tanto la escala de prioridades de investigación como la lista de vacíos de información serán de utilidad para guiar esfuerzos logísticos y financieros de investigadores particulares, instituciones privadas y gubernamentales.

The high diversity of Peruvian carnivore species may pose problems when deciding to which taxa and topics new research efforts should be directed. In this publication, we evaluated the research effort made on each taxa -by assessing the number of publications per species-, point out the knowledge gaps that are important to the conservation of each species and present the first evaluation of research priorities for this group of animals to the country. We registered 145 publications about Peruvian carnivores made since 1943. The number of publications is significantly different between taxa, between subjects and between ecoregions where the research was conducted. According to the proposed priority scale, the species to be studied with greater priority is Nasua olivacea and the lowest priority is for Leopardus pardalis. The results of our study highlight the urgent need to conduct research on certain species of carnivores about which there are few published data, locally and globally, and which occupy a low number of ecoregions in the country. Both the scale of research priorities and the list of knowledge gaps presented here will be useful to guide logistical and financial efforts, for individual researchers as well as for private or governmental institutions.

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There have been reports of the presence of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Chile for more than 100 years. Several prevalence studies have revealed that there is a wide spectrum of disease across the country with certain geographic areas where the disease is endemic through to other geographic areas where infection is sporadic and at very low prevalence. In 2009, this information was used to divide Chile into different geographic zones based on prevalence rates. This will enable the correct actions to be undertaken to reduce the prevalence of TB. Thus the northern part of Chile which has a medium to high prevalence of TB will be categorized as a control zone. In contrast, the southern part of Chile which has a high proportion of the bovine population, has a low prevalence of TB and will be classified as an eradication zone (Paredes, 2008). Although there have been several past attempts to create a national control and eradication program in Chile, none has been successful. A national program is proposed, and outlined in this paper. Progress toward program initiation in 2009 has been difficult, mostly because of the global economic crisis, difficulties in the milk and meat industry, and social and political issues.

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BACKGROUND: After severe brachial palsy involving the shoulder, many different muscle transfers have been advocated to restore movement and stability of the shoulder. Paralysis of the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles can be treated by transfer of the trapezius. METHODS: We treated 10 patients, 8 males and 2 females, by transfer of the trapezius to the proximal humerus. In 6 patients the C5 and C6 roots had been injured; in one C5, C6 and C7 roots; and 3 there were complete brachial plexus injuries. Eight of the 10 had had neurosurgical repairs before muscle transfer. Their average age was 28.3 years (range 17 to 41), the mean delay between injury and transfer was 3.1 years (range 14 months to 6.3 years) and the average follow-up was 17.5 months (range 6 to 52), reporting the clinical and radiological results. Evaluation included physical and radiographic examinations. A modification of Mayer's transfer of the trapezius muscle was performed. The principal goal of this work was to evaluate the results of the trapezius transfer for flail shoulder after brachial plexus injury. RESULTS: All 10 patients had improved function with a decrease in instability of the shoulder. The average gain in shoulder abduction was 46.2 degrees; the gain in shoulder flexion average 37.4 degrees. All patients had stable shoulder (no subluxation of the humeral head on radiographs). CONCLUSION: Trapezius transfer for a flail shoulder after brachial plexus palsy can provide satisfactory function and stability.

RESUMO

Objetivo: Obtener información acerca de comportamientos y percepción de riesgo de adquirir infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS-VIH-SIDA) en mujeres adolescentes de 16 y 17 años que se inscriben al servicio militar. Diseño: Estudio aleatorio transversal anónimo, realizado en Lima y Callao en el año 2001. Material y Métodos: Muestreo por conglomerados en tres etapas, con probabilidades proporcionales al tamaño; la muestra para el estudio resultó 755 adolescentes. Se utilizó un cuestionario autoaplicado. El análisis estadístico se desarrolló en tres etapas, descriptivo univariado, bivariado y se desarrolló un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Resultados: La media de la edad de las adolescentes encuestadas fue 16,4ñ0,49 años, y la media de inicio de relaciones sexuales 15,4 años. La proporción global de uso de condón fue 23,4 por ciento; 16 por ciento refirió haber tenido dos o más parejas sexuales en el último año, 33 por ciento haber tenido síntomas sugestivos de ITS, mientras que 88,3 por ciento percibió no tener algún riesgo de adquirir una enfermedad de transmisión sexual con su vida sexual actual. Del total de adolescentes, 26 por ciento no reconoció el condón como una forma de prevención del SIDA. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos de baja percepción de riesgo de ITS/VIH/SIDA y la alta referencia de signos de ITS, señalan la necesidad de priorizar esta población para realizar estrategias de prevención. El resultado del análisis de senderos subraya la importancia de considerar factores racionales (nivel de información, número de parejas sexuales) y no racionales (emociones y percepciones) en el desarrollo de estrategias de intervención para disminuir comportamiento de riesgo.

Assuntos