RESUMO
A taxonomic conspectus is presented for the genus Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917, which is one of the most species-rich genera of New World flesh flies. It has its center of diversity in the Neotropical Region, with some species reaching into the Nearctic and a few species introduced to the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Species within this genus are primarily dung-breeders, but some species have also been bred from vertebrate carcasses. Oxysarcodexia is defined and diagnosed, and a diagnosis, distributional data and known biological data are provided for each species together with figures of the habitus and male terminalia. Oxysarcodexia currently comprises 91 valid species, including six species newly described herein: O. alectoris sp. n. (French Guiana), O. angulosa sp. n. (Costa Rica), O. ariozanoi sp. n. (Brazil), O. graminifolia sp. n. (Colombia and Ecuador), O. maiae sp. n. (Ecuador), and O. rimata sp. n. (Ecuador). Two nominal species based on a male holotype, Oxysarcodexia bomplandi (Hall, 1937) and O subsericans (Walker, 1858), were left unidentified pending examination of their terminalia. Four nominal species, O. aureiceps (Macquart, 1855), O. dorisae Dodge, 1965, O. flavifrons (Macquart, 1846) and O. neivae Mattos, 1919, all described solely based on females, are considered of uncertain status pending a comprehensive study of females of this genus. Asioboettcheria Verves, 2001 is proposed as a junior synonym of Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917, syn. n., Oxysarcodexia cuernavaca Dodge, 1966 is proposed as a junior synonym of O. ventricosa (Wulp, 1895), syn. n., and Stackelbergeola papei Nandi, 1994 is proposed as a junior synonym of O. thornax (Walker, 1849), syn. n. A lectotype is designated for Sarcophaga varia Walker, 1836 [= O. varia (Walker, 1836)]. The newly-described O. ariozanoi and O. maiae are included in the "xon group" (former "Xarcophaga group"). New country-level distributional records are provided for O. adunca Lopes, 1975 (Ecuador), O. berlai Lopes, 1975 (Peru), O. cocais Carvalho-Filho, Sousa Esposito, 2017 (Argentina), O. insolita Lopes, 1946 (Ecuador), O. jamesi Dodge, 1968 (Costa Rica), O. marina (Hall, 1938) (Brazil), O. nitida Soares Mello-Patiu, 2010 (Ecuador), O. notata Soares Mello-Patiu, 2010 (Brazil and Ecuador), and O. terminalis (Wiedemann, 1830) (Paraguay).
Assuntos
Dípteros , Sarcofagídeos , Animais , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
Crude oil and gases in the seabed provide an important energy source for subsurface microorganisms. We investigated the role of archaea in the anaerobic degradation of non-methane alkanes in deep-sea oil seeps from the Gulf of Mexico. We identified microscopically the ethane and short-chain alkane oxidizers "Candidatus Argoarchaeum" and "Candidatus Syntrophoarchaeum" forming consortia with bacteria. Moreover, we found that the sediments contain large numbers of cells from the archaeal clade "Candidatus Methanoliparia," which was previously proposed to perform methanogenic alkane degradation. "Ca. Methanoliparia" occurred abundantly as single cells attached to oil droplets in sediments without apparent bacterial or archaeal partners. Metagenome-assembled genomes of "Ca. Methanoliparia" encode a complete methanogenesis pathway including a canonical methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) but also a highly divergent MCR related to those of alkane-degrading archaea and pathways for the oxidation of long-chain alkyl units. Its metabolic genomic potential and its global detection in hydrocarbon reservoirs suggest that "Ca. Methanoliparia" is an important methanogenic alkane degrader in subsurface environments, producing methane by alkane disproportionation as a single organism.IMPORTANCE Oil-rich sediments from the Gulf of Mexico were found to contain diverse alkane-degrading groups of archaea. The symbiotic, consortium-forming "Candidatus Argoarchaeum" and "Candidatus Syntrophoarchaeum" are likely responsible for the degradation of ethane and short-chain alkanes, with the help of sulfate-reducing bacteria. "Ca. Methanoliparia" occurs as single cells associated with oil droplets. These archaea encode two phylogenetically different methyl-coenzyme M reductases that may allow this organism to thrive as a methanogen on a substrate of long-chain alkanes. Based on a library survey, we show that "Ca. Methanoliparia" is frequently detected in oil reservoirs and may be a key agent in the transformation of long-chain alkanes to methane. Our findings provide evidence for the important and diverse roles of archaea in alkane-rich marine habitats and support the notion of a significant functional versatility of the methyl coenzyme M reductase.
Assuntos
Alcanos/metabolismo , Anaerobiose/fisiologia , Euryarchaeota/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos/metabolismo , Metano/metabolismo , Bactérias/metabolismo , Biodegradação Ambiental , Euryarchaeota/classificação , Euryarchaeota/genética , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiologia , Golfo do México , Metagenômica , Campos de Petróleo e Gás/microbiologia , Oxirredução , Oxirredutases , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genéticaRESUMO
Five new Neotropical species of the flesh fly genus Boettcheria Parker, 1914 are described: B. brachion sp. nov. (Venezuela), B. dikros sp. nov. (Costa Rica), B. hirta sp. nov. (Costa Rica), B. tridens sp. nov. (Venezuela), and B. ulo sp. nov. (Venezuela). The definition of the genus is briefly discussed.
Assuntos
Distribuição Animal , Sarcofagídeos , Animais , Costa Rica , VenezuelaRESUMO
Study of all flies (Diptera) collected for one year from a four-hectare (150 x 266 meter) patch of cloud forest at 1,600 meters above sea level at Zurquí de Moravia, San José Province, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Zurquí), revealed an astounding 4,332 species. This amounts to more than half the number of named species of flies for all of Central America. Specimens were collected with two Malaise traps running continuously and with a wide array of supplementary collecting methods for three days of each month. All morphospecies from all 73 families recorded were fully curated by technicians before submission to an international team of 59 taxonomic experts for identification. Overall, a Malaise trap on the forest edge captured 1,988 species or 51% of all collected dipteran taxa (other than of Phoridae, subsampled only from this and one other Malaise trap). A Malaise trap in the forest sampled 906 species. Of other sampling methods, the combination of four other Malaise traps and an intercept trap, aerial/hand collecting, 10 emergence traps, and four CDC light traps added the greatest number of species to our inventory. This complement of sampling methods was an effective combination for retrieving substantial numbers of species of Diptera. Comparison of select sampling methods (considering 3,487 species of non-phorid Diptera) provided further details regarding how many species were sampled by various methods. Comparison of species numbers from each of two permanent Malaise traps from Zurquí with those of single Malaise traps at each of Tapantí and Las Alturas, 40 and 180 km distant from Zurquí respectively, suggested significant species turnover. Comparison of the greater number of species collected in all traps from Zurquí did not markedly change the degree of similarity between the three sites, although the actual number of species shared did increase. Comparisons of the total number of named and unnamed species of Diptera from four hectares at Zurquí is equivalent to 51% of all flies named from Central America, greater than all the named fly fauna of Colombia, equivalent to 14% of named Neotropical species and equal to about 2.7% of all named Diptera worldwide. Clearly the number of species of Diptera in tropical regions has been severely underestimated and the actual number may surpass the number of species of Coleoptera. Various published extrapolations from limited data to estimate total numbers of species of larger taxonomic categories (e.g., Hexapoda, Arthropoda, Eukaryota, etc.) are highly questionable, and certainly will remain uncertain until we have more exhaustive surveys of all and diverse taxa (like Diptera) from multiple tropical sites. Morphological characterization of species in inventories provides identifications placed in the context of taxonomy, phylogeny, form, and ecology. DNA barcoding species is a valuable tool to estimate species numbers but used alone fails to provide a broader context for the species identified.
Assuntos
Dípteros , Animais , Biodiversidade , América Central , Colômbia , Costa Rica , FlorestasRESUMO
Shannoniella cuspidata Townsend, 1939 is redescribed and S. setinervis sp. nov. (Brazil, State of Rio de Janeiro) is newly described as its putative sister taxon, thereby allowing for a strict definition of the genus Shannoniella Townsend, 1939 through explicit synapomorphies. An identification key is provided.
Assuntos
Dípteros/classificação , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais/anatomia & histologia , Estruturas Animais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Brasil , Dípteros/anatomia & histologia , Dípteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feminino , Masculino , Tamanho do ÓrgãoRESUMO
The New World and largely Neotropical genus Peckia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 is revised with a key to all species. Peckia is considered a senior synonym of Guanoxipha Lehrer, 2012, n. syn. and of Sarcodexia Townsend, 1892, n. syn., the first one under Squamatodes Curran and the latter maintained as a valid subgenus, which here is redefined giving the new generic combinations Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann, 1830), n. comb. and P. (S.) notata (Lopes, 1935), n. comb.; and the new subgeneric affiliations P. (S.) aequata (Wulp, 1895), P. (S.) chirotheca (Hall, 1933), P. (S.) dominicana (Lopes, 1982), P. (S.) florencioi (Prado & Fonseca, 1932), P. (S.) roppai (Lopes & Tibana, 1982) and P. (S.) tridentata (Hall, 1937). Peckia virgo (Pape, 1994) is transferred from subgenus Euboettcheria Townsend, 1927 to subgenus Squamatodes Curran, 1927. Sarcophaga adolenda Lopes, 1935 is transferred from its current position in Peckia to the genus Retrocitomyia Lopes, 1982, n. comb. A total of 67 species are recognized and grouped in the subgenera Euboettcheria, Pattonella Enderlein, 1928, Peckia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (sensu stricto), Sarcodexia and Squamatodes. Nine new species are described, viz., Peckia (Euboettcheria) santamariae n. sp. (Colombia), Peckia (Euboettcheria) cacao n. sp. (Costa Rica), Peckia (Euboettcheria) calixtoi n. sp. (Puerto Rico), Peckia (Euboettcheria) hernandosi n. sp. (Ecuador), Peckia (Pattonella) kladosoides n. sp. (Colombia), Peckia (Peckia) cocopex n. sp. (Costa Rica: Cocos Island), Peckia (Peckia) sarmientoi n. sp. (Ecuador), Peckia (Peckia) rosalbae n. sp. (Colombia) and Peckia (Sarcodexia) cocos n. sp. (Costa Rica: Cocos Island). The following new synonymies are proposed as junior synonyms under their respective species: under Peckia (Euboettcheria) tridentata (Hall, 1937) is Euboettcheria alvarengai Lopes & Tibana, 1982, n. syn.; under Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830) is Paraphrissopoda hugolopesiana Lehrer, 2006, n. syn.; under Peckia (Peckia) pexata (Wulp, 1895) are Sarcophaga concinnata Williston, 1896, n. syn., Sarcophaga otiosa Williston, 1896, n. syn. and Paraphrissopoda catiae Lehrer, 2006, n. syn.; under Peckia (Peckia) rubella (Wiedemann, 1830) is Sarcophaga capitata Aldrich, 1916, n. syn. and under Peckia (Squamatodes) trivittata (Curran, 1927) is Squamatodes stahli Dodge, 1966, n. syn. Lectotypes are designated for Sarcophaga aequata Wulp, 1895, Sarcophaga concinnata Williston, 1896, Sarcophaga otiosa Williston, 1896 and Sarcophaga volucris Wulp, 1895. Paraphrissopoda alvesia Lehrer, 2006 is deemed an unavailable name as no depository was given for the putative type material.
Assuntos
Dípteros/anatomia & histologia , Dípteros/classificação , América , Animais , Masculino , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Three new species of Neotropical Sarcophagidae are described. Miltogrammatinae: Oebalia costarica sp. n (Costa Rica) and Senotainia trifida sp. n. (Chile), of which the latter is the first representative of the subfamily with a tripartite phallotreme. Sarcophaginae: Johnsonia woodorum sp. n. (Costa Rica, Panama)
Assuntos
Dípteros/anatomia & histologia , Chile , Costa Rica , PanamáRESUMO
Boettcheria solo sp. n. from the Dominican Republic is described and it is argued that its most probable sister group is B. parkeri Aldrich, 1916 from Jamaica. Boettcheria Parker, 1914 is briefly diagnosed and a list of included species is provided.