RESUMO
This study was conducted in treatment-naive adults with drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to assess the safety, bactericidal activity, and pharmacokinetics of nitazoxanide (NTZ). This was a prospective phase II clinical trial in 30 adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. Twenty participants received 1 g of NTZ orally twice daily for 14 days. A control group of 10 participants received standard therapy over 14 days. The primary outcome was the change in time to culture positivity (TTP) in an automated liquid culture system. The most common adverse events seen in the NTZ group were gastrointestinal complaints and headache. The mean change in TTP in sputum over 14 days in the NTZ group was 3.2 h ± 22.6 h and was not statistically significant (P = 0.56). The mean change in TTP in the standard therapy group was significantly increased, at 134 h ± 45.2 h (P < 0.0001). The mean NTZ MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates was 12.3 µg/ml; the mean NTZ maximum concentration (Cmax) in plasma was 10.2 µg/ml. Negligible NTZ levels were measured in sputum. At the doses used, NTZ did not show bactericidal activity against M. tuberculosis Plasma concentrations of NTZ were below the MIC, and its negligible accumulation in pulmonary sites may explain the lack of bactericidal activity. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02684240.).
Assuntos
Antituberculosos/farmacocinética , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Nitrocompostos/farmacocinética , Nitrocompostos/uso terapêutico , Tiazóis/farmacocinética , Tiazóis/uso terapêutico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Antituberculosos/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Haiti , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Nitrocompostos/efeitos adversos , Escarro/microbiologia , Tiazóis/efeitos adversos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
SETTING: The Groupe Haïtien d'étude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes (GHESKIO) Centres, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, facilitate "test and treat" strategies by screening all patients for tuberculosis (TB) at human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing.OBJECTIVE: 1) To determine the proportion of patients with chronic cough at HIV testing diagnosed with TB, stratified by HIV test results; and 2) to evaluate the additional diagnostic yield of Xpert® MTB/RIF vs. sputum microscopy.DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis including all adults tested for HIV at GHESKIO from August 2014 to July 2015.RESULTS: Of 29 233 adult patients tested for HIV, 2953 (10%) were diagnosed as HIV-positive. Chronic cough lasting ≥2 weeks was reported by 1116 (38%) HIV-positive patients; 984 (88%) were tested and 265 (27%) were diagnosed with TB. Chronic cough was reported by 5985 (23%) HIV-negative patients; 5654 (94%) were tested and 1179 (21%) were diagnosed with TB. Of all bacteriologically confirmed cases, 27% were smear-negative and Xpert-positive. Among all TB patients, 81% were HIV-negative.CONCLUSIONS: Screening for TB at HIV testing was high-yield, among both HIV-infected and HIV-negative individuals. Testing for both diseases should be conducted among patients who present with chronic cough at HIV testing.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Adulto , Doença Crônica , Tosse/diagnóstico , Tosse/etiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Estudos Retrospectivos , Escarro/microbiologia , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Setting: GHESKIO (Groupe Haitien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes) clinic, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Objective: To evaluate tuberculosis (TB) care continuum outcomes among adolescents. Design: Among a retrospective cohort of 10-24 year olds diagnosed with active TB, we report completion of the following steps of the TB care continuum stratified by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status: diagnosis of microbiologically confirmed TB, initiation of anti-tuberculosis treatment, retention in care at 2 months on anti-tuberculosis treatment, and TB treatment success. Factors associated with attrition at each step were identified using multivariable regression. Results: A total of 1005 adolescents were diagnosed with active TB; 74 (7%) were HIV-positive at the time of TB diagnosis. HIV-positive patients had poorer outcomes than non-HIV-infected patients: 73% vs. 85% initiated anti-tuberculosis treatment (P < 0.01), 46% vs. 74% were retained in care at 2 months (P < 0.01), and 41% vs. 68% achieved TB treatment success (P < 0.01). Among those who initiated treatment, same-day initiation resulted in less treatment failure. Attrition before treatment initiation was associated with female sex and HIV coinfection. Attrition after treatment initiation was associated with age ⩾16 years and HIV coinfection. Conclusion: Outcomes across the TB care continuum are suboptimal among adolescents, with only two thirds of patients achieving treatment success. Interventions tailored to adolescents are needed to improve retention in care, particularly for those who are co-infected with HIV.
Contexte : Centre de santé, Groupe Haitien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.Objectif : Evaluer les résultats tout au long de la prise en charge de la tuberculose (TB) parmi les adolescents.Schéma : Parmi une cohorte rétrospective d'adolescents âgés de 1024 ans ayant eu un diagnostic de TB active, nous rapportons le déroulement des étapes suivantes des soins de la TB stratifiés par statut virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) : diagnostic de TB confirmée par microbiologie ; mise en route du traitement de la TB ; rétention en soins à 2 mois sous traitement de TB ; et succès du traitement de TB. Les facteurs associés à l'attrition à chaque étape ont été identifiés grâce à une régression logistique multivariée.Résultats: Des 1005 adolescents qui ont eu un diagnostic de TB active, 74 (7%) ont été positifs au VIH au moment du diagnostic de TB. Les patients VIH positifs ont eu des résultats plus médiocres comparés aux patients non infectés par le VIH : 73% contre 85% ont mis en route le traitement de TB (P < 0,01), 46% contre 74% sont restés sous traitement à 2 mois (P < 0,01) et 41% contre 68% ont achevé le traitement avec succès (P < 0,01). Parmi ceux qui ont mis en route le traitement, une prise dès le premier jour a abouti à moins d'échec du traitement. L'attrition avant le début du traitement a été associée au sexe féminin et à la coinfection à VIH. L'attrition après mise en route du traitement a été associée à un âge ⩾16 ans et à la coinfection à VIH.Conclusion : Les résultats au niveau de la continuité des soins de TB sont sousoptimaux parmi les adolescents, dont seulement deux tiers achèvent le traitement avec succès. Des interventions adaptées aux adolescents sont requises pour améliorer la rétention en soins, particulièrement pour ceux qui sont coinfectés par le VIH.
Marco de Referencia: El centro du Groupe Haitien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes de Port-au-Prince, en Haití.Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados del proceso asistencial continuo de la tuberculosis (TB) en los adolescentes.Método: En una cohorte retrospectiva de jóvenes de 1024 años de edad con diagnóstico de TB activa, se comunican los resultados logrados en las siguientes etapas del proceso asistencial continuo de la TB, estratificados según la situación frente al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH): diagnóstico de TB confirmada microbiológicamente; inicio del tratamiento antituberculoso; retención en la atención a los 2 meses del tratamiento; y el éxito del tratamiento antituberculoso. Se determinaron los factores asociados con el abandono en cada etapa mediante un modelo de regresión multivariante.Resultados: Se diagnosticó TB activa en 1005 adolescentes; 74 de ellos (7%) eran positivos frente al VIH en el momento del diagnóstico de TB. Los pacientes positivos frente al VIH presentaron desenlaces más desfavorables que los pacientes sin infección por el VIH (73% contra 85% inició el tratamiento antituberculoso, P < 0,01; 46% contra 74% continuaba en la atención a los 2 meses, P < 0,01; y 41% contra 68% alcanzó un tratamiento antituberculoso exitoso, P < 0,01). Los jóvenes que iniciaron tratamiento el mismo día de la consulta presentaron menos fracasos terapéuticos. El abandono antes de iniciar el tratamiento se asoció con el sexo femenino y la coinfección por el VIH. El abandono después de haber iniciado el tratamiento se asoció con la edad ⩾16 años y la coinfección por el VIH.Conclusión: Los resultados a lo largo de la continuidad asistencial de la TB son deficientes en los adolescentes, pues solo dos tercios de ellos alcanzan el éxito terapéutico. Se precisan intervenciones adaptadas a los adolescentes que mejoren la retención en los servicios de atención, sobre todo en los pacientes coinfectados por el VIH.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Peripheral blood transcriptome signatures that distinguish active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) from control groups have been reported, but correlations of these signatures with sputum mycobacterial load are incompletely defined. METHODS: We assessed the performance of published TB transcriptomic signatures in Haiti, and identified transcriptomic biomarkers of TB bacterial load in sputum as measured by Xpert® MTB/RIF molecular testing. People in Port au Prince, Haiti, with untreated pulmonary TB (n = 51) formed the study cohort: 19 people with low and 32 with high sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis load. Peripheral whole blood transcriptomes were generated using RNA sequencing. RESULTS: Twenty of the differentially expressed transcripts in TB vs. no TB were differentially expressed in people with low vs. high sputum mycobacterial loads. The difference between low and high bacterial load groups was independent of radiographic severity. In a published data set of transcriptomic response to anti-tuberculosis treatment, this 20-gene subset was more treatment-responsive at 6 months than the full active TB signature. CONCLUSION: We identified genes whose transcript levels in the blood distinguish active TB with high vs. low M. tuberculosis loads in the sputum. These transcripts may reveal mechanisms of mycobacterial control of M. tuberculosis during active infection, as well as identifying potential biomarkers for bacterial response to anti-tuberculosis treatment.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Escarro/microbiologia , Transcriptoma , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Adulto , Carga Bacteriana , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Haiti , Humanos , Masculino , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Análise de Sequência de RNARESUMO
We aimed to quantify the proportion of people receiving care for HIV-infection that are 50 years or older (older HIV patients) in Latin America and the Caribbean between 2000 and 2015 and to estimate the contribution to the growth of this population of people enrolled before (<50yo) and after 50 years old (yo) (⩾50yo). We used a series of repeated, cross-sectional measurements over time in the Caribbean, Central and South American network (CCASAnet) cohort. We estimated the percentage of patients retained in care each year that were older HIV patients. For every calendar year, we divided patients into two groups: those who enrolled before age 50 and after age 50. We used logistic regression models to estimate the change in the proportion of older HIV patients between 2000 and 2015. The percentage of CCASAnet HIV patients over 50 years had a threefold increase (8% to 24%) between 2000 and 2015. Most of the growth of this population can be explained by the increasing proportion of people that enrolled before 50 years and aged in care. These changes will impact needs of care for people living with HIV, due to multiple comorbidities and high risk of disability associated with aging.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Região do Caribe , Demografia/tendências , Feminino , Humanos , América Latina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
SETTING: Haiti has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the Americas, with an estimated prevalence of 254 per 100 000 population. The Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (Groupe Haïtien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes, GHESKIO) conducted active case finding (ACF) for TB at the household level in nine slums in Port-au-Prince. OBJECTIVE: We report on the prevalence of undiagnosed TB detected through GHESKIO's ACF campaign. DESIGN: From 1 August 2014 to 31 July 2015, we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using GHESKIO's ACF campaign data. All individuals who reported chronic cough (cough î¶2 weeks) were tested for TB at GHESKIO, and those aged î¶10 years were included in the analyses. RESULTS: Of 104 097 individuals screened in the community, 5598 (5%) reported chronic cough and satisfied the study inclusion criteria. A total of 1110 (20%) were diagnosed with active TB disease (prevalence of 1066/100 000). Of the 5472 (98%) patients tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 528 (10%) were HIV-positive; 143 (3%) patients were diagnosed with both diseases. CONCLUSION: Household-level screening for cough with TB and HIV testing for symptomatic patients was a high-yield strategy, leading to the detection of a prevalence of undiagnosed disease exceeding national estimates by more than four-fold for TB, and by five-fold for HIV.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Áreas de Pobreza , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Doença Crônica , Estudos de Coortes , Tosse/diagnóstico , Tosse/etiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
SETTING: Port-au-Prince, Haiti. OBJECTIVE: To determine long-term effects of early vs. delayed initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on immune recovery and tuberculosis (TB) risk in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. DESIGN: Open-label randomized controlled trial of immediate ART in HIV-infected adults with CD4 counts between 200 and 350 cells/mm(3) vs. deferring ART until the CD4 count was <200 cells/mm(3). The primary comparisons were CD4 counts over time and risk for incident TB, with 5 years of follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 816 participants were enrolled, with 408 in each treatment arm. The early treatment group started ART within 2 weeks, while the deferred treatment group started ART a median of 1.3 years after enrollment. After 5 years, the mean CD4 count in the early treatment group was significantly higher than in the deferred treatment group (496 cells/mm(3), 95% confidence interval [CI] 477-515 vs. 373 cells/mm(3), 95%CI 357-389; P < 0.0001). TB risk was higher in the deferred treatment group (unadjusted HR 2.41, 95%CI 1.56-3.74; P < 0.0001) and strongly correlated with lower CD4 counts in time-dependent multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Delays in ART initiation for HIV-infected adults with CD4 counts of 200-350 cells/mm(3) can result in long-term immune dysfunction and persistent increased risk for TB.
Assuntos
Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Tempo para o Tratamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Adulto , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Seguimentos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Haiti , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Tuberculose/imunologiaRESUMO
SETTING: The uptake of tests endorsed by the World Health Organization to detect and appropriately confirm multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in low-income countries remains insufficient. OBJECTIVE: To validate the implementation of line-probe assays (LPA) and liquid culture to develop an algorithm to detect MDR-TB in the challenging setting of Haiti. METHODS: Through an EXPAND-TB (Expanding Access to New Diagnostics for TB) partnership, proficiency testing and validation of 221 acid-fast bacilli positive specimens were performed. Sensitivity, cost and processing time were analysed. RESULTS: Using liquid vs. solid culture shortened the turnaround time from 54 to 19 days, with a sensitivity of 100% vs. 98.6% and a total cost reduction of 13%. LPA detected all TB and MDR-TB cases at a lower cost than culture, in a mean time of 7.5 days. CONCLUSION: The combined use of molecular and liquid culture techniques accelerates the accurate diagnosis of TB and susceptibility testing against first-line drugs in a significantly shorter time, and is less expensive. The implementation of this new algorithm could significantly and accurately improve the screening and treatment follow-up of patients affected with TB and MDR-TB.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/economia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Procedimentos Clínicos , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Países em Desenvolvimento , Haiti , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/economia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Escarro/microbiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/economia , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/economia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologiaRESUMO
SETTING: The Groupe Haitien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes (the GHESKIO AIDS and TB Center) in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. OBJECTIVE: To measure the effectiveness of the standard TB retreatment regimen (2HRZES/1HRZE/5HRE) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected adults. DESIGN: Cohort study. RESULTS: Of 1318 HIV-infected patients with access to antiretroviral therapy following World Health Organization guidelines, 56 were diagnosed with recurrent pulmonary TB and retreated with the standard retreatment regimen: 10 patients (18%) died during retreatment, 3 (5%) defaulted, and 2 (4%) failed treatment. Forty-one patients (73%) achieved retreatment 'success' (cure, treatment completed). Of these, 8 (20%) died during follow-up, 5 (12%) were lost, and 5 (12%) had a second recurrence of TB. Only 26 (46%) of the 56 patients remained alive, in care, and TB-free after a median of 36 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: HIV-infected patients treated for recurrent TB with the standard retreatment regimen have high mortality and poor long-term outcomes.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Coinfecção , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/mortalidade , Adulto , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Estudos de Coortes , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Recidiva , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/mortalidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a component of the innate immune response and binds microbial surfaces through carbohydrate recognition domains. MBL deficiency may contribute to susceptibility to a variety of infectious diseases, particularly in young children. MBL binds to the Cryptosporidium sporozoite and may be important in resistance to cryptosporidiosis. METHODS: We studied the association of serum MBL levels and cryptosporidiosis in a case-control study of young Haitian children with cryptosporidiosis versus children who were control subjects. RESULTS: Ninety-nine children were enrolled, as follows: 49 children with cryptosporidiosis, 41 healthy controls, and 9 children with diarrhea from other causes. Case children were more malnourished than controls, and 49% had persistent or chronic diarrhea. At enrollment, mean serum MBL levels were markedly lower in children with cryptosporidiosis (P = .002), as was the number of children with an MBL deficiency of < or = 70 ng/mL (P = .005). In multivariate analysis, the association of cryptosporidiosis and MBL deficiency persisted (P = .002; adjusted odds ratio, 22.4), as did the association of cryptosporidiosis with general malnutrition. The subset of children with cryptosporidiosis and MBL deficiency were more likely to be male (P = .025). CONCLUSIONS: MBL may be an important component of innate immune protection against Cryptosporidium infection in young children. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether MBL intestinal losses, deficient epithelial expression, and/or genetic polymorphisms in the MBL gene contribute to MBL deficiency in cryptosporidiosis and other enteric infections in young children.
Assuntos
Criptosporidiose/metabolismo , Lectina de Ligação a Manose/deficiência , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criptosporidiose/sangue , Criptosporidiose/imunologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Feminino , Haiti , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/fisiologia , Lactente , Masculino , Lectina de Ligação a Manose/sangue , Lectina de Ligação a Manose/imunologiaRESUMO
Intestinal parasites and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are major health problems in Haiti. Both entities are known to interact strongly with cell-mediated immunity. The purpose of this study undertaken in Port-au-Prince, Haiti was to evaluate the risk of enteric parasite transmission between HIV-infected patients and family members. Routine examination of stool specimens for parasites was conducted in 90 HIV-infected undergoing treatment for intestinal disorders due mainly to Cryptosporidium sp. (62%) and 123 healthy family member volunteers. A stool sample preserved in 10% formalin solution was examined to detect protozoa (MIF, modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain, Uvibio fluorescence technique, Weber stain) and helminth ova (Bailenger technique). In addition to Cryptosporidium sp., 14 parasitic species were identified: 6 Rhizopoda, 3 Flagellata (including Giardia duodenalis), 1 Coccidia (Cyclospora cayetanensis), 3 Nematoda (mainly Ascaris lumbricoides) and 1 Cestoda (Hymenolepis nana). This is the first time that 5 protozoa, i.e., Blastocystis hominis, Entamoeba hartmanni, E. polecki, Chilomastix mesnili, and Enteromonas hominis, have been reported in Haiti. As expected, enteric parasites were less common in HIV-infected subjects undergoing medical treatment (11.1%) than in uninfected family members (41.5%) (p = 0.0000). Multiple intestinal parasitism (infection by 2 to 4 parasites) was observed in 19.5% of family members. The findings of this study indicate that detecting and treating intestinal parasites in subjects living in close contact with HIV-infected patients as well as informing family members of the importance of personal hygiene in Haiti are highly recommended measures to preserve the health of AIDS patients.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Enteropatias Parasitárias/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Haiti , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeAssuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Doenças Endêmicas/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Isoniazida/uso terapêutico , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the integration of tuberculosis screening into the activities of an HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) centre in a country with endemic tuberculosis. SETTING: An HIV VCT centre in Port au Prince, Haiti. DESIGN: All patients presenting for HIV VCT who reported cough received same-day evaluation for active tuberculosis. Of the 1327 adults presenting to the centre for the first time between January and April 1997, 263 (20%) reported cough and of these 241 (92%) were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 241 patients evaluated for cough, 76 (32%) were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Of the 76 patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis, 28 (37%) had a positive smear for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), 14 (18%) had a negative AFB smear but a positive sputum culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and 34 (45%) had culture-negative tuberculosis. Also, 31 out of 241 (13%) VCT clients evaluated for cough were diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia. CONCLUSION: This report confirms that in areas with a high HIV and tuberculosis prevalence, a high proportion of VCT clients have active pulmonary tuberculosis. The integration of tuberculosis screening offers several benefits, including the diagnosis and treatment of large numbers of individuals with tuberculosis, a decreased risk of nosocomial tuberculosis transmission, and the opportunity to provide tuberculosis prophylaxis to HIV-positive patients in whom tuberculosis has been excluded. Future studies are needed to determine the cost-effectiveness of integrated tuberculosis and HIV VCT services, and whether integration should be recommended in all countries with high HIV and tuberculosis rates.
Assuntos
Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde , Programas de Rastreamento , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Adulto , Aconselhamento , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Haiti , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Escarro/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated a novel approach to the delivery of directly observed therapy (DOT) for tuberculosis in Haiti. METHODS: A total of 194 patients (152 HIV seropositive, 42 HIV seronegative) received daily unsupervised triple-drug therapy for 4 to 8 weeks, followed by twice-weekly 2-drug therapy for the remainder of the 6-month period. DOT was deferred until initiation of the twice-weekly phase. RESULTS: A total of 169 of 194 patients (87.1%) completed the 6-month course. The program of deferred DOT had an effectiveness of 85%. Overall cost was reduced by approximately 40%. CONCLUSIONS: Flexible approaches to DOT, integrating behavioral knowledge, cost considerations, and practicality may improve completion rates and program effectiveness.
Assuntos
Antituberculosos/administração & dosagem , Soropositividade para HIV , Cooperação do Paciente , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Antituberculosos/economia , Comorbidade , Análise Custo-Benefício , Esquema de Medicação , Doenças Endêmicas , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Tuberculose Pulmonar/economia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients with HIV-1 infection respond well to treatment for active tuberculosis, but whether such patients are at increased risk of disease recurrence after complete cure is uncertain. We did a randomised trial in Port au Prince, Haiti, to determine whether recurrent tuberculosis after curative tuberculosis treatment is more common in HIV-1-infected individuals than HIV-1-uninfected individuals, and to determine whether post-treatment isoniazid prophylaxis decreases the risk of recurrent tuberculosis. METHODS: Patients older than 18 years who were diagnosed with a first episode of tuberculosis at the national HIV testing centre in Haiti, and who successfully completed a 6-month rifampicin-containing regimen for active pulmonary tuberculosis, were randomly assigned 1 year of post-treatment isoniazid prophylaxis or placebo. The primary outcome measure was rate of recurrent tuberculosis after at least 24 months. An intention-to-treat analysis was used. FINDINGS: Of 354 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, 274 successfully completed treatment, and 233 were randomised. Of 142 HIV-1-positive patients, 68 were assigned isoniazid and 74 placebo. Of 91 HIV-1-negative individuals, 51 were assigned isoniazid and 40 placebo. The rate of recurrent tuberculosis was 4.8 per 100 person-years in HIV-1-infected individuals and 0.4 per 100 person-years in uninfected individuals (relative risk 10.7 [95% CI 1.4-81.6]). Among HIV-1-positive patients receiving isoniazid, the tuberculosis recurrence rate was 1.4 per 100 person-years, and among HIV-1-positive patients receiving placebo, it was 7.8 per 100 person-years (0.18 [0.04-0.83]). Among HIV-1-positive individuals, all cases of recurrent tuberculosis occurred in individuals with a history of HIV-1-related symptoms before initial tuberculosis diagnosis. INTERPRETATION: The rate of recurrent tuberculosis is higher in HIV-1-positive individuals than in HIV-1-negative individuals, and is strongly associated with a history of symptomatic HIV-1 disease before initial tuberculosis diagnosis. Post-treatment isoniazid prophylaxis decreases the risk of recurrence in HIV-1-positive individuals, and should be considered for HIV-1-positive individuals with a history of HIV-1-related symptoms at the time of tuberculosis diagnosis.
Assuntos
Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/complicações , HIV-1 , Isoniazida/uso terapêutico , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/complicações , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/mortalidade , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Haiti , Humanos , Masculino , Prevenção Secundária , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose/complicações , Tuberculose/mortalidadeRESUMO
A review was conducted in Haiti to determine the timing and outcome of active tuberculosis (TB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients who had previously received isoniazid (INH) prophylaxis. Of 1005 HIV-seropositive patients who completed INH prophylaxis, 14 (1.4%) subsequently had active TB diagnosed. The median interval between discontinuation of INH prophylaxis and TB diagnosis was 8 months for 6 patients receiving 6 months of INH, 22 months for 5 patients receiving 12-24 months of INH, and 40 months for 3 patients receiving 24-36 months of INH (P = .026). There is a postprophylaxis effect on INH that is dependent upon the duration of therapy.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/prevenção & controle , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Isoniazida/uso terapêutico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: A study was conducted to define the natural history and disease progression of HIV infection in a developing country. DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal cohort study. METHODS: Forty-two patients with documented dates of HIV seroconversion were followed in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Patients were seen at 3 month intervals or when ill. Patients were treated for bacterial, mycobacterial, parasitic, and fungal infections, but antiretroviral therapy was not available. Patients were followed until death or until 1 January 2000; median follow-up was 66 months. RESULTS: By Kaplan-Meier analyses, the median time to symptomatic HIV disease (CDC category B or C) was 3.0 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3-5.0 years]. The median time to AIDS (CDC category C) was 5.2 years (95% CI 4.7-6.5 years), and the median time to death was 7.4 years (95% CI 6.2-10.2 years). Community-acquired infections, including respiratory tract infections, acute diarrhea, and skin infections were common in the pre-AIDS period. AIDS-defining illnesses included tuberculosis, wasting syndrome, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, candida esophagitis, toxoplasmosis, and cryptococcal meningitis. Rapid progression to death was associated with anemia at the time of seroconversion hazards ratio (HR) 4.1 (95% CI 1.1-15.0), age greater than 35 years at seroconversion HR 4.4 (95% CI 1.1-16.6), and lymphopenia at seroconversion HR 11.0 (95% CI 2.3-53.0). CONCLUSION: This report documents rapid disease progression from HIV seroconversion until death among patients living in a developing country. Interventions, including nutritional support and prophylaxis of common community-acquired infections during the pre-AIDS period may slow disease progression and prolong life for HIV-infected individuals in less-developed countries.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The current study followed HIV-infected women through pregnancy and their infants through the first 2 years of life to determine the rate of vertical transmission of HIV infection from Haitian women, factors in maternal health and obstetrical history that might influence such transmission and the natural history of HIV infection in their affected offspring. STUDY DESIGN: The medical histories of 81 infants born of HIV-infected women and of a control group of 88 infants born to uninfected women were documented with close clinical and serologic follow-up. In addition to standard tests for persistence of HIV antibodies, the use of acid-dissociated p24 assays enabled us to assign some additional infants to the HIV-infected cohort. RESULTS: Transmission could be documented in 27% of infants born to HIV-infected women. Excess early deaths occurred in infants of HIV-infected women in Port-au-Prince with 60% of infected infants dead by 6 months of age. This is a more accelerated mortality than that in a group of 42 HIV-infected infants born of Haitian mothers living in Miami where 10% were dead at 6 months. Clinically, in 6 of 19 deaths in HIV-infected children in Haiti, failure to thrive and gastroenteritis lead to a systemic infection manifested as meningitis, sepsis or pneumonia as the immediate cause of death. CONCLUSIONS: Early mortality attributable to perinatally acquired AIDS was identified in Haiti. The comparison of data from Miami and Port-au-Prince suggests that environmental exposures in developing countries may be more operative in this early mortality than viral strain or maternal host factors, both of which might be expected to be similar between the two groups of Haitian ethnicity.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , HIV-1 , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Adulto , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Gravidez , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Inquéritos e Questionários , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to describe the characteristics of HIV-1 infection in children in Haiti and to assess its impact on morbidity and mortality. BACKGROUND: Throughout the developing world the female-to-male ratio of HIV-1 infection approaches 1:1, leading to a tremendous burden of vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection. The frequency of transmission, progression of disease and AIDS-defining clinical illnesses are not as well-described in this setting as in the industrial world. METHODS: Children were identified as being HIV-1-seropositive from case findings among family members of individuals presenting for screening at the GHESKIO Centers in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Children who were seronegative from the same population were also enrolled and both groups were followed at regular intervals. The clinical course and illnesses associated with HIV infection were documented. RESULTS: Rapid progression to symptomatic disease and death was seen and a battery of physical findings enabled a clinician over time to assign with high sensitivity and specificity the diagnosis of AIDS to a child. Although many findings are similar, the presentation of HIV-1 infection in Haiti differed in significant ways from observations in the industrial world. In particular signs of malnutrition, failure to thrive and tuberculosis were more common in the Haitian population. CONCLUSION: Pediatric HIV-1 infection in Haiti differs significantly from the illness in the industrial world. Early mortality poses a particular difficulty in diagnosing and ascribing mortality to HIV-1 infection.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , HIV-1 , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , LactenteRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through heterosexual contact, the incidence of HIV infection in heterosexual cohorts has not been well studied, particularly in the developing world. OBJECTIVE: To 1) determine the incidence of HIV infection in discordant heterosexual couples (couples in which one partner had HIV infection and the other did not) in Haiti and 2) assess risk factors for and methods of preventing HIV infection. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: National Institute for Laboratory Research, Portau-Prince, Haiti. PARTICIPANTS: 475 HIV-infected patients and their noninfected regular sex partners. MEASUREMENTS: Patients and their partners were evaluated at 3- to 6-month intervals for HIV infection, sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual practices. The efficacy of counseling and provision of free condoms was also evaluated. RESULTS: Among the 177 couples who remained sexually active during the prospective study period, 20 seroconversions to HIV positivity occurred, for an incidence rate of 5.4 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 5.16 to 5.64 per 100 person-years). Thirty-eight couples (21.5%) discontinued sexual activity during the study. Only 1 seroconversion occurred among the 42 sexually active couples (23.7% of the 177 sexually active couples) who always used condoms. In contrast, the incidence in sexually active couples who infrequently used or did not use condoms was 6.8 per 100 person-years (CI, 6.49 to 7.14 per 100 person-years). Transmission of HIV was associated with genital ulcer disease, syphilis, and vaginal or penile discharge in the HIV-negative partner and with syphilis in the HIV-infected partner. CONCLUSION: Counseling and the provision of free condoms contributed to the institution of safe sex practices or abstinence in 45% of discordant heterosexual couples. However, 55% of couples reported that they continued to have unprotected sex, resulting in an incidence of HIV infection of 6.8 per 100 person-years.
PIP: A prospective study of 475 individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their non-infected regular sex partners indicated that discordant heterosexual couples comprise a major source of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) spread in Haiti. Participants were recruited from the National Institute for Laboratory Research in Port-au-Prince. Of the 2687 HIV-positive individuals who returned to the Institute during 1988-92 to obtain their HIV test result, 1201 brought in a regular sexual partner for testing; 583 (49%) of these partners were HIV-negative. Discordant couples received free condoms and counseling and were evaluated at 3-month intervals. Sexual activity was discontinued by 298 (63%) of couples within 6 months of study entry, largely because of advanced AIDS. Overall, 20 sex partners seroconverted after a median follow-up of 27 months. Seroconversion was associated with non-use of condoms (relative risk, 6.8/100 person-years), the presence of genital ulcer disease in the initially HIV-negative partner (6.55), and syphilis in the HIV-infected index patient (2.9). Counseling increased condom use from none at study entry to 24%. The rate of seroconversion in those who always used condoms was only 1/100 person-years.