RESUMO
"Migration between the urban areas of the State of Jalisco and the United States has undergone profound transformations in the last twenty years. These are apparent in the recent decrease of the flow of first time migrants and the migration balance; the growing participation of women in this flow; and in the diversity of activities carried out by the migrants, both in their place of origin and in the United States.... Migration is translated by an important transfer of currency, mostly used for the support of the families of the migrants; by a shift in the activities of the migrants, from wages towards different forms of self-employment; and by the sway of the primary and secondary sectors of economy towards the tertiary sector, once the migrants reinstall themselves in their cities of origin." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
Assuntos
Economia , Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Dinâmica Populacional , América , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Migrantes , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: The authors present a historical overview of urbanization in Venezuela. The impact of the oil economy on population change and spatial distribution is emphasized. A typology of cities based on socioeconomic function and on a demographic classification of urban centers is devised. Future trends in urbanization are also considered. (SUMMARY IN ENG)^ieng
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Demografia , Economia , Dinâmica Populacional , Urbanização , América , Países em Desenvolvimento , Meio Ambiente , Geografia , América Latina , População , América do Sul , População Urbana , VenezuelaRESUMO
Immigration to Venezuela is examined using census data with the focus on the period 1971-1981. A brief overview of trends since the beginning of the twentieth century is first presented. The analysis indicates that "immigration to Venezuela is clearly of a short-term nature. Flows follow job opportunities and adjust to the labour market and to the financial capacity of the exchange market. The large increase of migratory movements to Venezuela in the 1970's is characterized by a diversification of their places of origin and by a greater instability. To a large extent, the migrants are illegal, especially those coming from Colombia and the Caribbean islands. Because of the crisis of the early 1980's, which is now worsened by the down trend of both oil prices and the U.S. dollar, Venezuela has become less attractive to immigrants, particularly from neighbouring countries." The authors observe that migrants in Venezuela are not well integrated and may depart, disrupting the labor supply in certain technical and specialized occupations (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Etnicidade , Mão de Obra em Saúde , Ocupações , Migrantes , América , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , América do Sul , VenezuelaRESUMO
PIP: Data from the 1977 Venezuela Fertility survey were used to assess recent trends in fertility and to attempt an understanding of future fertility based on observed trends. Between 1951-61, the total fertility rate increased from 5.96 to 6.61. In the 1960s, the fertility of women aged 15-30 years declined somewhat and the use of contraception and sterilization became more widespread, so that by 1971 the total fertility rate fell to 5.58. It is possible that the 1977 fertility survey slightly underrepresented women in the Caracas area, which would tend to overestimate fertility at the national level. The small sample size of 4361 women aged 15-44 involved considerable fluctuations in fertility rates from year to year. The risk of errors resulting from the method of retrospective reporting of live births appeared to be small since the recall period was relatively short. A series of quinquennial rates for women aged 15-39 was constructed for each age group from 1968-77. Fertility rates estimated for 1971 and 1976 respectively from the Venezuela Fertility Survey results using a moving average for 3 years were 120.7 and 105.1 for women 15-19, 259.0 and 225.1 for women 20-24, 255.0 and 213.1 for women 25-29, 214.3 and 167.7 for women 30-34, and 150.0 and 103.6 for women 35-39. The results were quite close to fertility rates estimated in other sources. The 1977 fertility survey indicated a trend toward later age at marriage and a correlation of ideal family size with age. The ideal number of children was 4.2 for the total sample, 5 children for women aged 35-39 years, 4.5 for those aged 30-34, 3.9 for those 25-29, and 3.5 for those aged 20-24. 55% of women in union stated they wanted no more children. 46% of women exposed to risk of pregnancy used a modern method of contraception; the proportion varied from 40% of those with 1 child to 56% with 4 children. The fertility decline, reduced ideal family size, and use of modern contraception were closely associated with education, urbanization, and female labor force participation. Induced abortion may also contribute to the fertility decline but accurate data are lacking. High and low projections through the year 2001 based on the survey findings call for total fertility rates of 3.16 or 2.28 respectively in 2001, compared to the 4.39 observed in the survey.^ieng