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Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of contagious bovine mastitis (CBM) in Brazil. The GBS population is composed of host-generalist and host-specialist lineages, which may differ in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and zoonotic potential, and the surveillance of bovine GBS is crucial to developing effective CBM control and prevention measures. Here, we investigated bovine GBS isolates (n = 156) collected in Brazil between 1987 and 2021 using phenotypic testing and whole-genome sequencing to uncover the molecular epidemiology of bovine GBS. Clonal complex (CC) 61/67 was the predominant clade in the 20th century; however, it was replaced by CC91, with which it shares a most common recent ancestor, in the 21st century, despite the higher prevalence of AMR in CC61/67 than in CC91, and high selection pressure for AMR from indiscriminate antimicrobial use in the Brazilian dairy industry. CC103 also emerged as a dominant CC in the 21st century, and a considerable proportion of herds had two or more GBS strains, suggesting poor biosecurity and within-herd evolution due to the chronic nature of CBM problems. The majority of bovine GBS belonged to serotype Ia or III, which was strongly correlated with CCs. Ninety-three isolates were resistant to tetracycline (≥8 µg/mL; tetO = 57, tetM = 34 or both = 2) and forty-four were resistant to erythromycin (2.0 to >4 µg/mL; ermA = 1, ermB = 38, mechanism unidentified n = 5). Only three isolates were non-susceptible to penicillin (≥8.0 µg/mL), providing opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship through the use of narrow-spectrum antimicrobials for the treatment of dairy cattle. The common bovine GBS clades detected in this study have rarely been reported in humans, suggesting limited risk of interspecies transmission of GBS in Brazil. This study provides new data to support improvements to CBM and AMR control, bovine GBS vaccine design, and the management of public health risks posed by bovine GBS in Brazil.

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The in vitro algaecide activity of quaternary ammonium (QA) against Prototheca isolated from bovine clinical mastitis was investigated, in which the clinical severity was scored, milk samples were subjected to microbiological culture, and algal species were identified by molecular typing. A total of 4275 milk clinical samples of different cows from ten large dairy farms were used. Forty-four (1%) samples of cows from three dairy farms yielded growth of Prototheca, of which 88.6% (39/44) were identified as Prototheca bovis and 11.3% (5/44) as Prototheca sp. by MALDI-TOF MS, whereas 100% of the isolates were identified as P. bovis using PCR sequencing of the cytb gene. Among cows for which clinical severity scoring was available, 78.8% (26/33) and 21.2% (7/33) had mild and moderate infections, respectively, whereas no animal showed severe clinical signs. The algaecide activity of QA in Prototheca was observed in low concentrations among all isolates, in 20.4% (9/44) at 35 ppm, 36.4% (16/44) at 17 ppm, and 43.2% (19/44) at an 8 ppm, in addition to activity on three reference Prototheca strains. Overall, the study highlights the predominance of P. bovis as the causative agent of algal mastitis in bovines. Prototheca induced abnormalities preponderantly in the milk and mammary gland tissue of cows, and to our knowledge, our study is the first to apply clinical severity scoring in protothecal mastitis. In addition, the study underlines the activity of QA in low concentrations against Prototheca, indicating its potential use as an antiseptic/disinfectant in milking facilities and dairy environments.

RESUMO

AIMS: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of rotavirus and coronavirus in dipterans that commonly inhabit the environment of dairy farms. METHODS AND RESULTS: We collected 217 insect specimens from nine dairy farms, which were examined through hemi-nested RT-PCR followed by Sanger sequencing in search of VP1 and N genes for rotavirus and bovine coronavirus-BCoV, respectively. With a predominance of Muscidae (152/217 = 70%) 11 families of Diptera were identified. Rotavirus A (RVA) and betacoronavirus (BCoV) were detected in 14.7% (32/217) and 4.6% (10/217) of the dipterans, respectively. Sequencing of the amplicons was possible for 11.5% (25/217) of RVA and 0.5% (1/217) of BCoV, confirming the presence of these pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the role of dipterans as carriers of RVA and BCoV of great relevance for public and animal health.

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Ancylostoma spp. are the most prevalent canine nematode parasites in Brazil. Despite their widespread parasitism in juvenile dogs, infections may occur regardless of host age. Although eosinophilia is a frequent finding in experimental infections, it is uncommon in naturally infected dogs. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. and the eosinophil blood counts (EBC) in naturally infected dogs, with or without comorbidities, admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu campus, São Paulo state, Brazil, from 2009 to 2018. All retrospective data were gathered from veterinary medical records (VMR); diagnosis of Ancylostoma infection required the identification of eggs in fecal samples by the simple flotation test (SFT). Ancylostoma-infected animals were evaluated for other intestinal parasitic coinfections (IPC) by either the SFT or the centrifugal-flotation test. Dogs free of any gastro-intestinal parasites were prospectively included in control group (Group C). Ancylostoma-infected animals were defined: Ancylostoma spp. only intestinal parasite infection (Group A), Ancyslostoma spp. with concurrent IPC (Group B), Ancylostoma spp. only intestinal parasite infection with concurrent systemic disorders (Group D), and Ancylostoma spp. with both IPC and concurrent systemic disorders (Group E). The overall prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. was 12.1% (207/1715), that was decreased from 2014 to 2018 (9.7%) relative to the 2009-to-2013 period (13.9%). Prevalence was not significantly different between dogs <1-year-old (10.7% [51/478]) and ≥ 1 year-old (11.7% [130/1109]). IPC was observed in 45.4% (93/205) of the animals positive for Ancylostoma spp., while dogs <1 year old experienced IPC more often (58.8% [30/51]) than dogs ≥1 year old (38.5% [50/130]) (P = 0.02). Group A (n = 35) exhibited median EBC of 1.05 × 109/L, and an eosinophilia ratio of 34.3% that was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than Group C (0.45 × 109/L and 4.1%, respectively). Both variables did not differ in Group B (n = 20), D (n = 39) or E (n = 36) in comparison to Group C (P > 0.05). By ROC curve analysis, only Group A generated a significant area under the curve (0.72). With EBC cutoff of 0.85 × 109 eosinophils/L, sensitivity and specificity were 65.7% and 70.8%, respectively. Eosinophil counts alone may be helpful in raising suspicion of an Ancylostoma spp. infection if further intestinal parasites and concurrent disorders are absent. However, local prevalence data and epidemiological findings should also be evaluated, since eosinophilia is less frequently observed with Ancylostoma spp. infections in the presence of comorbidities.

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A randomized clinical trial was conducted to assess efficacy of intramammary cloxacillin and ampicillin (CLOXIMM), intramammary cefquinome (CEFIMM), and intramuscular cefquinome (CEFIM) to treat Streptococcus agalactiae intramammary infections (Trial 1). Subsequently, two treatment groups were extended to assess whether CLOXIMM was not inferior to CEFIMM (Trial 2). Nine farms were included in the study. Milk samples were collected from all quarters of all lactating cows for microbiological identification of S. agalactiae. Positive cows were randomly allocated into four groups: CLOXIMM, CEFIMM, CEFIM, or negative control (CONTROL). Study outcomes were bacteriological cure at 14 (CURE14), 21 (CURE21), and 14 and 21 (CURE1421) days after treatment onset, and somatic cell count. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of cure between each treatment and CONTROL. Non-inferiority analysis was performed considering a one-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) and non-inferiority margins (Δ) of 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25. Adjusted S. agalactiae bacteriological cure for CLOXIMM, CEFIMM, CEFIM, and CONTROL was 86, 98, 55, and 25% at day 14; 82, 93, 52, and 0% at day 21; and 82, 92, 40, and 0% at days 14 and 21, respectively. Treatment with CLOXIMM and CEFIMM resulted in greater bacteriological cure rates, as compared with CEFIM or CONTROL, which does not justify the use of CEFIM in S. agalactiae eradication programs. The CURE14 difference between CEFIMM and CLOXIMM was of 12.1 percentage points (95% CI: 0.056-0.184). CLOXIMM was considered not inferior to CEFIMM for Δ = 0.20 or 0.25 and inconclusive for Δ = 0.10 or 0.15. Thus, it should be pondered by veterinarians whether an expected 12.1 (5.6-18.4) percentage points increase in cure rate would justify the use of a fourth-generation cephalosporin, as opposed to a combination of traditional IMM drugs (cloxacillin and ampicillin) to treat S. agalactiae subclinical mastitis.

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In Brazil, meat inspection occurs in a decentralized manner and consists of three types: (i) federal inspection (SIF), (ii) state inspection (SISP), and (iii) municipal inspection (SIM). The objective of this work was to discuss the three current inspection systems through the apparent prevalence of bovine brucellosis, a zoonosis that has an eradication program implemented by the Brazilian government. Nine abattoirs from federal, state, and municipal inspection systems were assessed and 1,490 animals were sampled. Serology for brucellosis was determined by the rose bengal test and the complement fixation test. The overall apparent prevalence (and 95% confidence interval) of brucellosis was 2.2% (1.5 to 2.9%). Apparent prevalence stratified by inspection system for SIF, SISP, and SIM was 0.4% (0.0 to 0.9%), 2.0% (0.8 to 3.2%), and 4.3% (2.5 to 6.1%), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed the odds ratio for finding an animal positive for brucellosis among inspection systems. A statistical difference ( P < 0.0015) was observed among surveillance systems, with SISP × SIF, SIM × SISP, and SIM × SIF having an odds ratio of 4,996, 2,304, and 11,494, respectively. Hence, the need for increasing official surveillance in state and municipal inspection systems seems to be necessary and could assist in the surveillance of bovine brucellosis and other diseases of interest to the federation. In addition, an increase in official presence would help to improve the selection of slaughtered cattle during ante- and postmortem inspection, with consequent impact on food safety and public health.

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The objective of this work was to verify the microbiological profile of different types of salads from hospital kitchens. During the period from 2010 to 2014, the Public Food Guidance Service (SOAP) received 641 samples of salads from two public hospitals in the Central West region of the São Paulo state, where they were submitted to microbiological analysis in order to determine the most probable number (MPN) of coliforms at 35 and 45ºC, carry out Salmonella spp. study and coagulase-positive staphylococci count. The results showed that in 30.56% of samples the coliform count at 35ºC was above 1,100 MPN/g and 12.17% of samples presented coliforms at 45ºC above 100 MPN/g, which is the maximum limit established by Brazilian law. The prevalence of contaminated samples among those without heat treatment was at 97.44%, and for samples with heat treatment the prevalence was at 2.56% for both cooked and braised foods. All samples were negative for Salmonella spp. presence and showed coagulase-positive staphylococci count at < 1.0 × 102 UFC/g. Although no pathogenic agents were found, the high count for indicator microorganisms in a large number of samples suggests that the practices of obtaining and manipulating these foods are inadequate, facilitating the risk of contamination with pathogens, including other agents not included in this research. Thus, food and nutrition units must pay attention to food preparation procedures, especially since these meals are served to indoor patients.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o perfil microbiológico de diferentes tipos de saladas provenientes de cozinhas hospitalares. No período de 2010 a 2014, o Serviço de Orientação à Alimentação Pública (SOAP) recebeu 641 amostras de saladas provenientes de dois hospitais públicos da região centro-oeste do estado de São Paulo, onde foram submetidas às análises microbiológicas para a determinação do número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes a 35 e 45ºC, pesquisa de Salmonella spp. e contagem de estafilococos coagulase positiva. Os resultados revelaram que em 30,56% das amostras a contagem de coliformes a 35ºC foi maior que 1.100 NMP/g, e 12,17% apresentaram coliformes a 45ºC acima de 100 NMP/g, limite máximo estabelecido pela legislação brasileira. A prevalência de amostras contaminadas sem tratamento térmico foi de 97,44% e de 2,56% para amostras com tratamento térmico, cozidas ou refogadas. Todas as amostras foram negativas para presença de Salmonella spp. e apresentaram contagem de estafilococos coagulase positiva < 1,0 × 102 UFC/g. Embora não tenham sido encontrados agentes patogênicos, as altas contagens de micro-organismos indicadores em grande parte das amostras sugerem que as práticas de obtenção e manipulação desses alimentos estão inadequadas, possibilitando risco de contaminação por patógenos, inclusive outros agentes não contemplados nesta pesquisa. Portanto, as unidades de alimentação e nutrição hospitalares devem se atentar quanto aos procedimentos de preparo de alimentos, sobretudo porque essas refeições são servidas a indivíduos hospitalizados.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this work was to verify the microbiological profile of different types of salads from hospital kitchens. During the period from 2010 to 2014, the Public Food Guidance Service (SOAP) received 641 samples of salads from two public hospitals in the Central West region of the São Paulo state, where they were submitted to microbiological analysis in order to determine the most probable number (MPN) of coliforms at 35 and 45ºC, carry out Salmonella spp. study and coagulase-positive staphylococci count. The results showed that in 30.56% of samples the coliform count at 35ºC was above 1,100 MPN/g and 12.17% of samples presented coliforms at 45ºC above 100 MPN/g, which is the maximum limit established by Brazilian law. The prevalence of contaminated samples among those without heat treatment was at 97.44%, and for samples with heat treatment the prevalence was at 2.56% for both cooked and braised foods. All samples were negative for Salmonella spp. presence and showed coagulase-positive staphylococci count at < 1.0 × 102 UFC/g. Although no pathogenic agents were found, the high count for indicator microorganisms in a large number of samples suggests that the practices of obtaining and manipulating these foods are inadequate, facilitating the risk of contamination with pathogens, including other agents not included in this research. Thus, food and nutrition units must pay attention to food preparation procedures, especially since these meals are served to indoor patients.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o perfil microbiológico de diferentes tipos de saladas provenientes de cozinhas hospitalares. No período de 2010 a 2014, o Serviço de Orientação à Alimentação Pública (SOAP) recebeu 641 amostras de saladas provenientes de dois hospitais públicos da região centro-oeste do estado de São Paulo, onde foram submetidas às análises microbiológicas para a determinação do número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes a 35 e 45ºC, pesquisa de Salmonella spp. e contagem de estafilococos coagulase positiva. Os resultados revelaram que em 30,56% das amostras a contagem de coliformes a 35ºC foi maior que 1.100 NMP/g, e 12,17% apresentaram coliformes a 45ºC acima de 100 NMP/g, limite máximo estabelecido pela legislação brasileira. A prevalência de amostras contaminadas sem tratamento térmico foi de 97,44% e de 2,56% para amostras com tratamento térmico, cozidas ou refogadas. Todas as amostras foram negativas para presença de Salmonella spp. e apresentaram contagem de estafilococos coagulase positiva < 1,0 × 102 UFC/g. Embora não tenham sido encontrados agentes patogênicos, as altas contagens de micro-organismos indicadores em grande parte das amostras sugerem que as práticas de obtenção e manipulação desses alimentos estão inadequadas, possibilitando risco de contaminação por patógenos, inclusive outros agentes não contemplados nesta pesquisa. Portanto, as unidades de alimentação e nutrição hospitalares devem se atentar quanto aos procedimentos de preparo de alimentos, sobretudo porque essas refeições são servidas a indivíduos hospitalizados.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this work was to verify the microbiological profile of different types of salads from hospital kitchens. During the period from 2010 to 2014, the Public Food Guidance Service (SOAP) received 641 samples of salads from two public hospitals in the Central West region of the São Paulo state, where they were submitted to microbiological analysis in order to determine the most probable number (MPN) of coliforms at 35 and 45ºC, carry out Salmonella spp. study and coagulase-positive staphylococci count. The results showed that in 30.56% of samples the coliform count at 35ºC was above 1,100 MPN/g and 12.17% of samples presented coliforms at 45ºC above 100 MPN/g, which is the maximum limit established by Brazilian law. The prevalence of contaminated samples among those without heat treatment was at 97.44%, and for samples with heat treatment the prevalence was at 2.56% for both cooked and braised foods. All samples were negative for Salmonella spp. presence and showed coagulase-positive staphylococci count at < 1.0 × 102 UFC/g. Although no pathogenic agents were found, the high count for indicator microorganisms in a large number of samples suggests that the practices of obtaining and manipulating these foods are inadequate, facilitating the risk of contamination with pathogens, including other agents not included in this research. Thus, food and nutrition units must pay attention to food preparation procedures, especially since these meals are served to indoor patients.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o perfil microbiológico de diferentes tipos de saladas provenientes de cozinhas hospitalares. No período de 2010 a 2014, o Serviço de Orientação à Alimentação Pública (SOAP) recebeu 641 amostras de saladas provenientes de dois hospitais públicos da região centro-oeste do estado de São Paulo, onde foram submetidas às análises microbiológicas para a determinação do número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes a 35 e 45ºC, pesquisa de Salmonella spp. e contagem de estafilococos coagulase positiva. Os resultados revelaram que em 30,56% das amostras a contagem de coliformes a 35ºC foi maior que 1.100 NMP/g, e 12,17% apresentaram coliformes a 45ºC acima de 100 NMP/g, limite máximo estabelecido pela legislação brasileira. A prevalência de amostras contaminadas sem tratamento térmico foi de 97,44% e de 2,56% para amostras com tratamento térmico, cozidas ou refogadas. Todas as amostras foram negativas para presença de Salmonella spp. e apresentaram contagem de estafilococos coagulase positiva < 1,0 × 102 UFC/g. Embora não tenham sido encontrados agentes patogênicos, as altas contagens de micro-organismos indicadores em grande parte das amostras sugerem que as práticas de obtenção e manipulação desses alimentos estão inadequadas, possibilitando risco de contaminação por patógenos, inclusive outros agentes não contemplados nesta pesquisa. Portanto, as unidades de alimentação e nutrição hospitalares devem se atentar quanto aos procedimentos de preparo de alimentos, sobretudo porque essas refeições são servidas a indivíduos hospitalizados.

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Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen in the swine industry. This article is the first to report the occurrence, risk factors, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. suis recovered from employees and environmental samples of swine slaughterhouses in Brazil. Tonsillar swabs from all 139 pig-slaughtering employees and 261 environmental swabs were collected for detection of S. suis and serotyping by monoplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk-diffusion method. Although S. suis was not detected in any of the tested employees, it was isolated from 25% of the environmental samples. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the occurrence of S. suis were observed between slaughterhouses and between areas of low, medium, and high risk. The most frequent serotypes were 4 and 29, each accounting for 12% of the isolates, followed by 5, 12, 21, and 31, each accounting for 6%. High rates of susceptibility to the antimicrobials doxycycline (100%), ceftiofur (94%), ampicillin (81%), and cephalexin (75%) were observed. However, multidrug resistance was observed in all the isolates. Because S. suis is present in the environment of swine slaughterhouses, on carcasses and knives, as well as on the hands of employees in all areas, all employees are at risk of infection.

Streptococcus suis est un agent pathogène important dans l'industrie porcine. Cet article est le premier à rapporter la fréquence, les facteurs de risque, la distribution des sérotypes, et la sensibilité aux antimicrobiens d'isolats de S. suis provenant des employés et d'échantillons de l'environnement d'abattoirs de porcs au Brésil. Des échantillons des amygdales des 139 employés et 261 échantillons environnementaux furent prélevés pour détection de S. suis et sérotypage par réaction d'amplification en chaine monoplex et multiplex, respectivement. La sensibilité aux antimicrobiens a été déterminée par la méthode de diffusion en disque. Bien que S. suis ne fut isolé d'aucun des employés testés, la bactérie a été isolée de 25 % des échantillons environnementaux. Des différences significatives (P < 0,05) dans la fréquence de S. suis furent observées entre les abattoirs et entre les zones à risque faible, moyen, et élevé. Les sérotypes 4 et 29 étaient les plus fréquents, comptant chacun pour 12 % des isolats, suivi des sérotypes 5, 12, 21, et 31, chacun comptant pour 6 %. Des pourcentages élevés de sensibilité à la doxycycline (100 %), au ceftiofur (94 %), à l'ampicilline (81 %) et à la céphalexine (75 %) ont été notés. Toutefois, de la résistance multiple fut observée chez tous les isolats. Étant donné que S. suis est présent dans l'environnement des abattoirs de porc, sur les carcasses et les couteaux, ainsi que sur les mains des employés dans toutes les zones, tous les employés sont à risque de s'infecter.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

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The present study evaluated the development of equine conceptus transferred to non-cyclic recipient mares treated with altrenogest. Twenty four mares were used as embryo recipients during the ovulatory phase (Control group; n=8) or anestrus/transitional phases (Altrenogest group; n=16) and were evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography, at five day intervals, to monitor the development of embryonic vesicles from 15 to 45 days of pregnancy and embryo proper/fetus from 20 to 60 days. Embryonic vesicle's features such as shape, embryo location within the vesicle and umbilical cord development were similar between cyclic and non-cyclic recipient mares. The embryonic vesicle and embryo proper/fetus growth was significant (P<0.05) between 15 and 60 days of gestation in Altrenogest and Control groups, except for days 20 to 30, where embryonic vesicle growth decrease was observed (P>0.05). The embryonic vesicle and embryo proper/fetus growth was similar (P>0.05) when gestational days were compared between groups. The similarity in conceptus growth between cyclic and non-cyclic recipient mares during early pregnancy indicates that the uterine environment of non-cyclic recipient mares treated with progestins provides similar conditions for the development of transferred embryos.

O presente trabalho avaliou o desenvolvimento de conceptos equinos transferidos para éguas receptoras acíclicas, tratadas com altrenogest. Vinte e quatro receptoras gestantes por transferência de embrião durante a fase cíclica (grupo Controle; n=8) ou acíclica (grupo Altrenogest; n=16) foram avaliadas por meio de ultrassonografia transretal, a cada cinco dias, para monitorar o desenvolvimento da vesícula embrionária entre 15 e 45 dias de gestação e embrião/feto dos 20 aos 60 dias. As características da vesícula embrionária quanto ao formato, localização do embrião dentro da vesícula e formação do cordão umbilical foram similares em receptoras cíclicas e acíclicas. O crescimento da vesícula embrionária e embrião/feto foi significativo (P<0,05) entre 15 e 60 dias de gestação nos grupos Altrenogest e Controle, com exceção dos dias 20 a 30, em que redução no crescimento da vesícula embrionária foi observada (P>0,05). O crescimento da vesícula embrionária e embrião/feto também foi similar (P>0,05) entre grupos nos diferentes dias de gestação. A similaridade no crescimento do concepto entre éguas receptoras cíclicas e acíclicas durante o início da gestação indica que o ambiente uterino de receptoras acíclicas, mantidas com progestágeno, oferece condições similares para o desenvolvimento de um embrião transferido.

RESUMO

The present study evaluated the development of equine conceptus transferred to non-cyclic recipient mares treated with altrenogest. Twenty four mares were used as embryo recipients during the ovulatory phase (Control group; n=8) or anestrus/transitional phases (Altrenogest group; n=16) and were evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography, at five day intervals, to monitor the development of embryonic vesicles from 15 to 45 days of pregnancy and embryo proper/fetus from 20 to 60 days. Embryonic vesicle's features such as shape, embryo location within the vesicle and umbilical cord development were similar between cyclic and non-cyclic recipient mares. The embryonic vesicle and embryo proper/fetus growth was significant (P<0.05) between 15 and 60 days of gestation in Altrenogest and Control groups, except for days 20 to 30, where embryonic vesicle growth decrease was observed (P>0.05). The embryonic vesicle and embryo proper/fetus growth was similar (P>0.05) when gestational days were compared between groups. The similarity in conceptus growth between cyclic and non-cyclic recipient mares during early pregnancy indicates that the uterine environment of non-cyclic recipient mares treated with progestins provides similar conditions for the development of transferred embryos.(AU)

O presente trabalho avaliou o desenvolvimento de conceptos equinos transferidos para éguas receptoras acíclicas, tratadas com altrenogest. Vinte e quatro receptoras gestantes por transferência de embrião durante a fase cíclica (grupo Controle; n=8) ou acíclica (grupo Altrenogest; n=16) foram avaliadas por meio de ultrassonografia transretal, a cada cinco dias, para monitorar o desenvolvimento da vesícula embrionária entre 15 e 45 dias de gestação e embrião/feto dos 20 aos 60 dias. As características da vesícula embrionária quanto ao formato, localização do embrião dentro da vesícula e formação do cordão umbilical foram similares em receptoras cíclicas e acíclicas. O crescimento da vesícula embrionária e embrião/feto foi significativo (P<0,05) entre 15 e 60 dias de gestação nos grupos Altrenogest e Controle, com exceção dos dias 20 a 30, em que redução no crescimento da vesícula embrionária foi observada (P>0,05). O crescimento da vesícula embrionária e embrião/feto também foi similar (P>0,05) entre grupos nos diferentes dias de gestação. A similaridade no crescimento do concepto entre éguas receptoras cíclicas e acíclicas durante o início da gestação indica que o ambiente uterino de receptoras acíclicas, mantidas com progestágeno, oferece condições similares para o desenvolvimento de um embrião transferido.(AU)

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The bitch has reproductive peculiarities that differentiate it from other species. Several experiments have been conducted to establish efficient protocols for maturation; however, the results appear to be unsatisfactory. In this respect, the reproductive female donor should be considered, since it can be a factor of variability of findings in this species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the estrous cycle phases phase diestrus and anestrus on canine oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM). The ovaries were transported in sodium chloride 0.9% solution, and were cut into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) selected in tissue culture medium (TCM), supplemented with 199 HEPES. A total of 469 grade 1 oocytes were collected from bitches in anestrus and diestrus. These selected oocytes were transferred to the maturation medium for a period of 72 hours, then subjected to hyaluronidase solution and stained with Hoechst 33342 to assess nuclear configuration. The comparison of anestrus and diestrus phase showed no differences (p > 0.05) between the nuclear maturation stages. Thus, the phase of the estrous cycle did not influence the in vitro maturation of canine oocytes, increasing the rates of M-II in this species.

A cadela apresenta particularidades reprodutivas que a diferencia de outras espécies. Diversos experimentos têm sido realizados visando estabelecer protocolos eficientes para a maturação, entretanto os resultados mostram-se insatisfatórios. Nesse aspecto, a fase reprodutiva da fêmea doadora deve ser considerada, já que pode ser um fator de variabilidade dos achados ate então presenciados nessa espécie. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influencia das fases do ciclo estral (anestro e diestro) na maturação in vitro (MIV) de cadelas. Os ovários foram transportados em solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9% e seccionados em solução salina fosfato tamponado (PBS) e os complexos cumulus-oócito (COCs) selecionados em meio de cultura de tecidos (TCM) 199 suplementado com HEPES. Foram obtidos 469 oócitos grau 1 de cadelas em anestro e diestro. Esses oócitos selecionados foram transferidos para o meio de maturação por um período de 72 horas, sendo posteriormente submetidos a solução de hialuronidase e corados com HOESCHT 33342 para avaliação da configuração nuclear. A comparação das fases de anestro e diestro não revelou diferença (p > 0,05) entre os estágios de maturação nuclear. Dessa maneira, a fase do ciclo estral não influenciou na maturação in vitro de oócitos caninos, incrementando os índices de M-II nesta espécie.

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The bitch has reproductive peculiarities that differentiate it from other species. Several experiments have been conducted to establish efficient protocols for maturation; however, the results appear to be unsatisfactory. In this respect, the reproductive female donor should be considered, since it can be a factor of variability of findings in this species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the estrous cycle phases phase diestrus and anestrus on canine oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM). The ovaries were transported in sodium chloride 0.9% solution, and were cut into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) selected in tissue culture medium (TCM), supplemented with 199 HEPES. A total of 469 grade 1 oocytes were collected from bitches in anestrus and diestrus. These selected oocytes were transferred to the maturation medium for a period of 72 hours, then subjected to hyaluronidase solution and stained with Hoechst 33342 to assess nuclear configuration. The comparison of anestrus and diestrus phase showed no differences (p > 0.05) between the nuclear maturation stages. Thus, the phase of the estrous cycle did not influence the in vitro maturation of canine oocytes, increasing the rates of M-II in this species.(AU)

A cadela apresenta particularidades reprodutivas que a diferencia de outras espécies. Diversos experimentos têm sido realizados visando estabelecer protocolos eficientes para a maturação, entretanto os resultados mostram-se insatisfatórios. Nesse aspecto, a fase reprodutiva da fêmea doadora deve ser considerada, já que pode ser um fator de variabilidade dos achados ate então presenciados nessa espécie. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influencia das fases do ciclo estral (anestro e diestro) na maturação in vitro (MIV) de cadelas. Os ovários foram transportados em solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9% e seccionados em solução salina fosfato tamponado (PBS) e os complexos cumulus-oócito (COCs) selecionados em meio de cultura de tecidos (TCM) 199 suplementado com HEPES. Foram obtidos 469 oócitos grau 1 de cadelas em anestro e diestro. Esses oócitos selecionados foram transferidos para o meio de maturação por um período de 72 horas, sendo posteriormente submetidos a solução de hialuronidase e corados com HOESCHT 33342 para avaliação da configuração nuclear. A comparação das fases de anestro e diestro não revelou diferença (p > 0,05) entre os estágios de maturação nuclear. Dessa maneira, a fase do ciclo estral não influenciou na maturação in vitro de oócitos caninos, incrementando os índices de M-II nesta espécie.(AU)

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RESUMO

A fagoterapia é um método de controle de infecções conhecido há mais de cem anos, porém deixou-se de ser utilizada devido à praticidade do uso de antibióticos. No entanto, com o aumento mundial da resistência bacteriana, a fagoterapia ressurge como opção terapêutica, porém os padrões de seleção de amostras utilizados são empíricos. O presente artigo descreve o comportamento in vitro de 62 amostras de bacteriófagos líticos isolados de esgoto hospitalar humano usando uma amostra de Salmonella Enteritidis de origem avícola. No estudo, foram testados quatro perfis distintos comumente utilizados nas pesquisas com bacteriófagos e observou-se que há uma variância comportamental considerável em que atividade lítica, tamanho de halo em gel difusão e índice de proliferação são fatores independentes de virulência, porém amostras prolíferas apresentam maior espectro de atividade lítica.

This article analyzed, in vitro, the behavior of 62 bacteriophages samples lytic for Salmonella Enteritidis. The lytic potential was assessed by analyzing following parameters: proliferation, halo size in gel diffusion, superficial halo size and virulence degree. Proliferation degree of samples was determined by quantifying the amount of plaque forming unit (PFU) using gel diffusion technique. To determine UFP, minor dilution with measurable halos was considered. Lytic spectrum in the gel column was measured with an acrylic precision ruler. For to superficial halo size and virulence degree, the "spot-on-lawn" technique was employed. We observed that lytic activity spectrum, halo size in gel diffusion and proliferation are factors independent of virulence, but prolific samples shown higher spectrum of lytic activity. Prolific samples that present a high degree of virulence demonstrate in vitro a good potential for medical application.

La fagoterapia es un método de control de la infección conocido por más de cien años, sin embargo, su uso se dejó de aplicar debido a la practicidad de los antibióticos. Con el aumento mundial de la resistencia bacteriana, la fagoterapia resurge como una opción terapéutica, pero los patrones de selección de muestras utilizadas son empíricas. En este trabajo, se describe el comportamiento in vitro de 62 muestras de los bacteriófagos líticos aislados de aguas residuales del hospital humano utilizando una muestra de Salmonella Enteritidis original de productos avícolas. En el estúdio, se probaron cuatro diferentes perfiles comúnmente utilizados en la investigación en bacteriófagos y se observó que existe una variación considerable en donde el espectro de comportamiento de actividad lítica, tamaño de halo en gel difusión y el índice de proliferación fueron factores independientes de la virulencia, pero las muestras prolíficos tienen un mayor espectro de acción.

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RESUMO

A Leishmaniose Visceral Americana (LVA) é uma enfermidade de caráter zoonótico, exposta a cerca de 200 milhões de pessoas entre cinco continentes do mundo e apresenta grande impacto na saúde pública, devido à alta letalidade em humanos. No Brasil, o cão doméstico (Canis familiaris) é o principal reservatório para LVA, sendo este animal a principal fonte de infecção para o homem. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar de forma pareada no intervalo de um ano, a situação soro-epidemiológica prospectiva da LVA da população canina da área urbana de 100km2 do município de Botucatu, SP, que é classificado epidemiologicamente como silencioso não receptivo e vulnerável. Para o presente estudo, foram utilizados 360 cães, selecionados aleatoriamente com representatividade da área urbana, os quais tiveram amostras de sangue colhidas no primeiro momento na 41ª campanha de vacinação anual contra Raiva. Para a determinação do tamanho amostral foi utilizado o nível de 95% de confiança juntamente a um erro de estimação da ordem de 10%, associados à participação casual do animal. Após o período de um ano, foram realizadas as repetições das colheitas de sangue nos mesmos cães nos respectivos domicílios. O método sorológico de diagnóstico utilizado, em ambos os momentos, foi a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Os resultados sorológicos nos cães revelaram-se não reagentes. Desta forma, considerando que o presente estudo encontrou apenas resultados sorológicos pareados não reagentes na identificação da LVA canina no Município e que o tamanho amostrado foi significativo para as condições da pesquisa, pode-se afirmar que a população canina da área urbana estudada encontrava-se, na ocasião, sem indicativos da ocorrência da enfermidade.

The American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) is a zoonotic disease, exposed to about 200 million people across five continents of the world and has a great impact on public health, due to high mortality in humans. In Brazil, the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is the main reservoir for AVL, and this animal is the main source of infection for man. This research aimed to evaluate in the paired form within one year, the situation seroepidemiological prospective AVL in dog population of the urban area of 100km² of Botucatu, SP, which is classified as epidemiologically silent, unreceptive and vulnerable. To the present study, we used 360 dogs randomly selected that were representative of the urban area, which had blood samples taken for the first time at the 41st annual vaccination campaign against rabies. To determine the sample size it was used at the 95% confidence, coupled to an estimation error of about 10%, associated to the casual participation of the animal. After one year, repetitions of blood samples were made on the same dogs, in their homes. The serological diagnostic method used, both times, was the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The serological results in dogs proved nonreactive. Thus, considering that this study found only paired serological results were also negative in the identification of canine LVA in the city and that the size sampled was significant for the conditions of the research, it can be said that the dog population of the urban area studied was at the time, without any indication of the occurrence of the disease.

La leishmaniasis visceral Americana (LVA) es una enfermedad zoonótica, expuesta a unas 200 millones de personas en los cinco continentes del mundo y tiene un gran impacto en la salud pública, debido a la alta mortalidad en seres humanos. En Brasil, el perro doméstico (Canis familiaris) es el principal reservorio de la LVA, y este animal es la principal fuente de infección para el hombre. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar utilizando muestras sucesivas del mismo animal, en el intervalo de un año, la situación seroepidemiológica prospectiva de la LVA en la población canina de la zona urbana de 100km² de Botucatu, SP, que es clasificado epidemiológicamente silencioso, no receptivo y vulnerable. Para el presente estudio, se utilizaron 360 perros seleccionados al azar representativos de la zona urbana, que tuvieron muestras de sangre colectadas por primera vez en la 41ª campaña de vacunación anual contra la Rabia. Para determinar el tamaño de la muestra se utilizó el nivel de confianza del 95% acoplado a un error de estimación de alrededor de 10%, asociado a la participación ocasional del animal. Después de un año, se realizaron repeticiones de colecta de muestras de sangre en los mismos perros en sus domicilios. El método de diagnóstico serológico utilizado, en ambas ocasiones, fue la prueba de reacción de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (RIFI). Los resultados serológicos en perros se demostraron no reactivos. De esta manera, se considera que el presente estudio encontró solamente resultados serológicos pareados no reactivos en la identificación de LVA canina en Botucatu y que el tamaño de muestra fue significativo para las condiciones del estudio, se puede afirmar que la población canina del área urbana estudiada se encuentra, en ocasión, sin indicativos de ocurrencia de la enfermedad.

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RESUMO

Brainstem auditory-evoked potential (BAEP) has been widely used for different purposes in veterinary practice and is commonly used to identify inherited deafness and presbycusis. In this study, 43 Boxer dogs were evaluated using the BAEP. Deafness was diagnosed in 3 dogs (2 bilateral and 1 unilateral) allowing the remaining 40 Boxers to be included for normative data analysis including an evaluation on the influence of age on the BAEP. The animals were divided into 2 groups of 20 Boxers each based on age. The mean age was 4.54 years (range, 1-8) in group I, and 9.83 years (range, 8.5-12) in group II. The mean latency for I, III, and V waves were 1.14 (±0.07), 2.64 (±0.11), and 3.48 (±0.10) ms in group I, and 1.20 (±0.12), 2.73 (±0.15), and 3.58 (±0.22) ms in group II, respectively. The mean inter-peak latencies for the I-III, III-V and I-V intervals were 1.50 (±0.15), 0.84 (±0.15), and 2.34 (±0.11) ms in group I, and 1.53 (±0.16), 0.85 (±0.15), and 2.38 (±0.19) ms in group II, respectively. Latencies of waves I and III were significant different between group I and II. For the I-III, III-V and I-V intervals, no significant differences were observed between the 2 groups. As far as we know, this is the first normative study of BAEP obtained from Boxer dogs.

O potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico (PEATE) tem sido amplamente utilizado com diferentes finalidades na prática veterinária e é comumente usado para identificar a surdez hereditária e a presbiacusia. No presente estudo, 43 cães da raça Boxer foram pelo teste PEATE. Foi diagnosticada surdez em 3 cães (2 bilaterais e 1 unilateral), e 40 Boxers foram usados no estudo normativo incluindo avaliação da influência da idade no PEATE. Os animais foram divididos de acordo com a idade em 2 grupos de 20 Boxers cada. A idade media foi 4,54 anos (variação de 1-8) no grupo I e 9,83 anos (variação de 8,5-12) no grupo II. A latência media das ondas I, III e V foram: 1,14 (±0,07); 2,64 (±0,11) e 3,48 (±0,10) ms no grupo I; e 1,20 (±0,12); 2,73 (±0,15) e 3,58 (±0,22) ms no grupo II, respectivamente. A latência media para os intervalos I-III, III-V e I-V foram 1,50 (±0,15); 0,84 (±0,15) e 2,34 (±0,11) ms no grupo I; e 1,53 (±0,16); 0,85 (±0,15) e 2,38 (±0,19) ms no grupo II, respectivamente. As latências das ondas I e III foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos I e II. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os dois grupos para os intervalos I-III, III-V e I-V. De acordo com a revisão realizada, este é o primeiro estudo normativo de BAEP realizado em cães da raça Boxer.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Brainstem auditory-evoked potential (BAEP) has been widely used for different purposes in veterinary practice and is commonly used to identify inherited deafness and presbycusis. In this study, 43 Boxer dogs were evaluated using the BAEP. Deafness was diagnosed in 3 dogs (2 bilateral and 1 unilateral) allowing the remaining 40 Boxers to be included for normative data analysis including an evaluation on the influence of age on the BAEP. The animals were divided into 2 groups of 20 Boxers each based on age. The mean age was 4.54 years (range, 1-8) in group I, and 9.83 years (range, 8.5-12) in group II. The mean latency for I, III, and V waves were 1.14 (±0.07), 2.64 (±0.11), and 3.48 (±0.10) ms in group I, and 1.20 (±0.12), 2.73 (±0.15), and 3.58 (±0.22) ms in group II, respectively. The mean inter-peak latencies for the I-III, III-V and I-V intervals were 1.50 (±0.15), 0.84 (±0.15), and 2.34 (±0.11) ms in group I, and 1.53 (±0.16), 0.85 (±0.15), and 2.38 (±0.19) ms in group II, respectively. Latencies of waves I and III were significant different between group I and II. For the I-III, III-V and I-V intervals, no significant differences were observed between the 2 groups. As far as we know, this is the first normative study of BAEP obtained from Boxer dogs.(AU)

O potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico (PEATE) tem sido amplamente utilizado com diferentes finalidades na prática veterinária e é comumente usado para identificar a surdez hereditária e a presbiacusia. No presente estudo, 43 cães da raça Boxer foram pelo teste PEATE. Foi diagnosticada surdez em 3 cães (2 bilaterais e 1 unilateral), e 40 Boxers foram usados no estudo normativo incluindo avaliação da influência da idade no PEATE. Os animais foram divididos de acordo com a idade em 2 grupos de 20 Boxers cada. A idade media foi 4,54 anos (variação de 1-8) no grupo I e 9,83 anos (variação de 8,5-12) no grupo II. A latência media das ondas I, III e V foram: 1,14 (±0,07); 2,64 (±0,11) e 3,48 (±0,10) ms no grupo I; e 1,20 (±0,12); 2,73 (±0,15) e 3,58 (±0,22) ms no grupo II, respectivamente. A latência media para os intervalos I-III, III-V e I-V foram 1,50 (±0,15); 0,84 (±0,15) e 2,34 (±0,11) ms no grupo I; e 1,53 (±0,16); 0,85 (±0,15) e 2,38 (±0,19) ms no grupo II, respectivamente. As latências das ondas I e III foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos I e II. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os dois grupos para os intervalos I-III, III-V e I-V. De acordo com a revisão realizada, este é o primeiro estudo normativo de BAEP realizado em cães da raça Boxer.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential - BAEP) avalia a atividade elétrica do sistema auditivo, desde a cóclea até o tronco encefálico, permitindo diagnóstico de surdez em cães. Como alguns animais não permitem a obtenção do BAEP sem contenção química, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a influência da sedação com morfina e acepromazinano BAEP de 16 cães com audição normal. Os potenciais foram obtidos antes e durante a sedação com administração intramuscular de morfina (0,5mgkg-1) e acepromazina (0,05mgkg-1). O protocolo de sedação utilizado permitiu contenção efetiva e segurança dos animais. A sedação causou prolongamento nas latências das ondas II, III e intervalos I-III e I-V, mas não dificultou as suas identificações. O uso deste protocolo de sedação não interferiu com a interpretação do potencial evocado e pode ser útil em cães. Pelo que se pode observar na literatura compilada, este é o primeiro estudo avaliando a influência da sedação no BAEP em cães no Brasil.

Brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) reflects the electrical activity along the auditory pathway, from the cochlea to the brainstem, and contributes for the diagnosis of deafness in dogs. BAEP recording may require chemical restraint in some cases, so this study was designed to analyze the impact of sedation with morphine and acepromazine on the BAEP recordings of 16 dogs with normal hearing. BAEPs were recorded before and during sedation with a combination of morphine (0.5mgkg-1) and acepromazine (0.05mgkg-1) given intramuscularly. The protocol employed allowed safe and effective animal restraint. Sedation increased the latency of waves II and III and intervals I-III and I-V but did not interfere with wave identification. and showed to be safe in the dogs tested. Based on the current literature this is the first study which assessed the impact of sedation on BAEPs in dogs in Brazil.

RESUMO

O potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential - BAEP) avalia a atividade elétrica do sistema auditivo, desde a cóclea até o tronco encefálico, permitindo diagnóstico de surdez em cães. Como alguns animais não permitem a obtenção do BAEP sem contenção química, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a influência da sedação com morfina e acepromazinano BAEP de 16 cães com audição normal. Os potenciais foram obtidos antes e durante a sedação com administração intramuscular de morfina (0,5mgkg-1) e acepromazina (0,05mgkg-1). O protocolo de sedação utilizado permitiu contenção efetiva e segurança dos animais. A sedação causou prolongamento nas latências das ondas II, III e intervalos I-III e I-V, mas não dificultou as suas identificações. O uso deste protocolo de sedação não interferiu com a interpretação do potencial evocado e pode ser útil em cães. Pelo que se pode observar na literatura compilada, este é o primeiro estudo avaliando a influência da sedação no BAEP em cães no Brasil.(AU)

Brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) reflects the electrical activity along the auditory pathway, from the cochlea to the brainstem, and contributes for the diagnosis of deafness in dogs. BAEP recording may require chemical restraint in some cases, so this study was designed to analyze the impact of sedation with morphine and acepromazine on the BAEP recordings of 16 dogs with normal hearing. BAEPs were recorded before and during sedation with a combination of morphine (0.5mgkg-1) and acepromazine (0.05mgkg-1) given intramuscularly. The protocol employed allowed safe and effective animal restraint. Sedation increased the latency of waves II and III and intervals I-III and I-V but did not interfere with wave identification. and showed to be safe in the dogs tested. Based on the current literature this is the first study which assessed the impact of sedation on BAEPs in dogs in Brazil.(AU)

Assuntos