RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The traditional ecological knowledge of land of the Ch'ol originary people from southeast Mexico forms part of their cultural identity; it is local and holistic and implies an integrated physical and spiritual worldview that contributes to improve their living conditions. We analyzed the nomenclature for soil classification used in the Mexican state of Tabasco by the Ch'ol farmers with the objective of contributing to the knowledge of the Maya soil classification. METHODS: A map of the study area was generated from the digital database of parcels in the ejido Oxolotán in the municipality of Tacotalpa, to which a geopedological map was overlaid in order to obtain modeled topographic profiles (Zavala-Cruz et al., Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios 3:161-171, 2016). In each modeled profile, a soil profile was made and classified according to IUSS Working Group WRB (181, 2014) in order to generate a map of soil groups, which was used to survey the study area with the participation of 245 local Ch'ol farmers for establishing an ethnopedological soil classification (Ortiz et al.: 62, 1990). In addition, we organized a participatory workshop with 35 people to know details of the names of the soils and their indicators of fertility and workability, from which we selected 15 participants for field trips and description of soil profiles. RESULTS: The color, texture, and stoniness are attributes important in the Ch'ol nomenclature, although the names do not completely reflect the visible characteristic of the soil surface. On the other hand, the mere presence of stones is sufficient to name a land class, while according to IUSS Working Group WRB (181, 2014), a certain amount and distribution of stones in the soil profiles is necessary to be taken into consideration in the name. Perception of soil quality by local farmers considers the compaction or hardness of the cultivable soil layer, because of which black or sandy soils are perceived as better for cultivation of banana, or as secondary vegetation in fallow. Red, yellow, or brown soils are seen as of less quality and are only used for establishing grasslands, while maize is cultivated in all soil classes. CONCLUSIONS: Farmers provided the Ch'ol nomenclature, perceived problems, and uses of each class of soil. Translation of Ch'ol soil names and comparison with descriptions of soil profiles revealed that the Ch'ol soil nomenclature takes into account the soil profile, given it is based on characteristics of both surface and subsurface horizons including color of soil matrix and mottles, stoniness, texture, and vegetation.

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RESUMO

Se evaluó el efecto de la vinaza y composta de cachaza sobre las propiedades químicas del suelo, en la nutrición del cultivo, el rendimiento de caña, la calidad de los jugos y en el análisis comparativo de los costos de su uso como abonos orgánicos. El experimento fue realizado en el Ingenio Pujiltic, en Chiapas, México. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron vinaza de 150 y 250m³·ha-1, fertilización química NPK (160-80-80), composta de cachaza de 15t·ha-1 y un testigo, utilizando análisis de varianza. Los resultados muestran que las aplicaciones de vinaza y composta no afectaron el pH, la conductividad eléctrica ni la capacidad de intecambio catiónico del suelo. Se observó que los tratamientos de vinaza de 250m³·ha-1 y composta de cachaza incrementaron los niveles de materia orgánica, K y P en el suelo. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el rendimiento de tallos y la calidad de los jugos no se vio afectada. Los efectos de la vinaza y composta de cachaza sobre el suelo no afectaron sus propiedades químicas; sin embargo, un año de estudio es poco tiempo para determinar con precisión su efecto residual.

The effects of vinasse and filter cake compost were evaluated on the chemical properties of the soil, culture nutrition, sugarcane yield and juice quality, as well as on the comparative analysis of the costs of its use as an organic fertilizer. The experiment was carried out in the Pujiltic sugarmill, Chiapas, México. The treatments were vinasse of 150 and 250m³·ha-1, NPK fertilization (160-80-80), filtercake compost fertilizer of 15t·ha-1 and a control treatment. Variance analysis was used. The results show that the vinasse and compost fertilizer applications did not affect the pH., the electrical conductivity or the cationic interchange capacity of the soil. Treatments with 250m³·ha-1 filtercake vinasse and compost increased the levels of organic matter, K and P in the soil. There were no significant differences in the yield of stems and juice quality was not affected. Finally, the application of filtercake vinasse and compost fertilizer on the soil did not affect its chemical properties. However, a year of research is not enough time to determine with precision the residual effects of this product.

Se avaliou o efeito da vinhaça e composto de cachaça sobre as propriedades químicas do solo, na nutrição do cultivo, o rendimento de cana, a qualidade dos sucos e na análise comparativa dos custos de seu uso como adubos orgânicos. O experimento foi realizado no Engenho Pujiltic, em Chiapas, México. Os tratamentos avaliados foram vinhaça de 150 e 250m³·ha-1, fertilização química NPK (160-80-80), composto de cachaça de 15t·ha-1 e um testemunho, utilizando análise de variância. Os resultados mostram que as aplicações de vinhaça e composto não afetaram o pH, a condutividade elétrica nem a capacidade de intercâmbio catiônico do solo. Observou-se que os tratamentos de vinhaça de 250m³·ha-1 e composto de cachaça incrementaram os níveis de matéria orgânica, K e P no solo. Não se encontraram diferenças significativas no rendimento de caules e a qualidade dos sucos não se viu afetada. Os efeitos da vinhaça e composto de cachaça sobre o solo não afetaram suas propriedades químicas; no entanto, um ano de estudo é pouco tempo para determinar com precisão seu efeito residual.

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En el ingenio Santa Rosalía Tabasco, México, las (8200ha) de suelo dedicadas al cultivo de la caña de azúcar han estado en monocultivo por más de 30 años. La mecanización del cultivo y la baja de fertilización NPK aplicada en el suelo Vertisol afectan las propiedades físicas y la productividad de los suelos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los cambios en las propiedades químicas y físicas de un suelo Vertisol cultivado con caña de azúcar. Los tratamientos consistieron en lotes de suelo con 5,10,20 y 30 años bajo uso continuo de caña de azúcar, con doce repeticiones cada uno. Como testigo se empleó un lote de suelo virgen con selva mediana perennifolia, con cuatro repeticiones. En cada lote de caña, una muestra compuesta se formó con 3 submuestras de suelo sobre el surco y 3 entre surcos, a la profundidad de 0 a 30cm. Se estudio pH,Mo,Nt,P,K,Ca,Mg,Na,CIC, textura y densidad aparente (Da). El suelo Vertisol cultivado con caña de azúcar mantuvo, de manera relativamente constante, los niveles de pH,K y CIC, por lo que éstos se consideran los únicos factores que conservan la fertilidad del suelo. Los valores de MO y Nt disminuyeron, implicando la pérdida de fertilidad del suelo. La textura (arcillosa) y la Da (1,42g.cm-3) no se modificaron por el monocultivo de caña, bajo las condiciones de este estudio. Los cambios observados en el suelo Vertisol no pueden generalizarse a los otros suelos cañeros del área de estudio debido a que cada suelo responde de manera diferente, por lo cual considera conveniente el desarrollo de estudios similares por cada tipo de suelo

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