RESUMO
Abortion is regulated in Mexico at the state level, and it is permitted under certain criteria in all 32 states, except in Mexico City where first-trimester abortion is decriminalized. Yet, more than a million abortions occur in Mexico each year. But most terminations occurring outside of Mexico City are clandestine and unsafe due to profound stigma against the procedure, lack of trained providers, lack of knowledge of where to find a safe abortion and poor knowledge of the laws. While this situation is moderated by the increasing use of misoprostol, a relatively safe method of abortion, the safety of the procedure cannot be assured in restrictive legal contexts. The purpose of this study is to explore women's experiences with induced abortion in three federal entities with different legal contexts, and whether abortion seeking behavior and experiences differ across these settings. The study was carried out in three states, representing three different degrees of restrictiveness of abortion legislation. Queretaro with the "most restrictive" law, Tabasco with a "moderately restrictive" law, and Mexico state with the "least restrictive" law. We hypothesize that women living in more restrictive states will resort to the use of more unsafe and risky methods and providers for their abortion than their counterparts in less restrictive states. Women who recently obtained abortions were selected through snowball sampling and qualitative data were collected from them using semi-structured indepth interviews. Data collection took place between mid-2014 and mid-2015, with a final sample size N = 60 (20 from each state). Various themes involved in the process of abortion seeking behavior were developed from the IDIs and examined here: women's knowledge of the abortion law in their state, reasons for having an abortion; the methods and providers used and women's positive and negative experiences with abortion methods and providers used. Our results indicate that abortion safety is not associated with the restrictiveness of abortion legislation. Findings show that there is a new pattern of abortion service provision in Mexico, with misoprostol, a relatively safe and easy to use method, playing an important role. Nevertheless, while access to misoprostol tends to increase the safety of abortion, the improvement is moderated by women and their informants (relatives, friends and partners) not having accurate information on how to safely self-induce an abortion with misoprostol. On the other hand, some women manage to have safe abortion in illegal setting by going to Mexico City or with the support of NGOs knowlegeable on abortion. Findings demonstrate the importance of decriminalization of abortion, but meanwhile, harm reduction strategies, including promotion of accurate information about self-use of misoprostol where abortion is legally restricted will result in safe abortion.
Assuntos
Abortivos não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Aspirantes a Aborto/psicologia , Aborto Induzido/psicologia , Misoprostol/administração & dosagem , Aborto Criminoso , Aborto Induzido/legislação & jurisprudência , Aborto Legal , Adulto , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Comportamentos de Risco à Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , México , Gravidez , Medicina Estatal , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ResumenLas escifomedusas se alimentan principalmente de crustáceos microscópicos, huevos y larvas de peces, moluscos y de otras medusas. La distribución y abundancia de la escifomedusa tiene una importancia económica y ecológica ya que son depredadores que influyen en la dinámica poblacional de otras pesquerías. El presente trabajo se realizó de septiembre 2013 hasta agosto 2014 en el sistema lagunar Arrastradero-Redonda, Tabasco, con el objetivo de aportar información sobre la distribución y abundancia espacial y temporal de la escifomedusa Stomolophus meleagris y su relación con los parámetros ambientales. Para su realización se efectuaron recorridos mensuales durante un ciclo anual y se recolectaron muestras biológicas; realizándose tres arrastres en cada una de las estaciones, en una área de 1 km2, con una duración de 5 a 10 min con un chinchorro playero de monofilamento de 20 m de longitud por 3 m de altura y luz de malla de 1.5 cm, con esos datos se realizó el análisis de eficiencia pesquera, (CPUE con Org./Unidad de superficie evaluada) y se determinó la relación con los parámetros ambientales. Se estableció que la mayor abundancia se presentó de la estación 1 a la 3 con 7 a 19 Org/km2 en los meses de abril hasta agosto 2014 y su menor abundancia se observó en las estaciones 6 a 10 con un promedio de 1 Org./km2 desde octubre 2013 a marzo 2014. El análisis de correlación múltiple por pasos indicó que existe una fuerte asociación entre la CPUE y algunas variables ambientales estudiadas, observándose el 70.9 % de la variabilidad de los datos. La salinidad fue la variable más influyente explicando el 64.3 % de la variabilidad, seguida por la temperatura con un 3.6 % mientras el oxígeno disuelto explica solo el 2.9 % de variabilidad, principalmente debido a que en la zona confluyen una serie de factores geológicos, oceanográficos y biológicos favorables para la proliferación de esta especie debido al aporte de agua marina de la barra de Tupilco. Sin embargo falta realizar mayores investigaciones que permita cuantificar este recurso y establecer zonas de explotación comercial y realizar estudios sobre el aspecto biológico, principalmente hábitos reproductivos y alimenticios; que aporten información necesaria para diseñar planes adecuados sobre su posible uso de manera adecuada. Así mismo con los datos obtenidos en el presente trabajo podamos determinar el potencial pesquero de este recurso en el estado de Tabasco.
Abstract:The scyphomedusae feed mainly on microscopic crustaceans, eggs and fish larvae, molluscs and some other jellyfishes. The distribution and abundance of the scyphomedusae has an economic and ecological impact as they are predators that have an influence on the population dynamics of other fisheries. This investigation took place in the lagoon system 'ArrastraderoRedonda', Tabasco, from September 2013 to August 2014, with the purpose to provide information on the distribution, and spatial and temporal abundance of Stomolophus meleagris; along with its relation to environmental parameters. A total of 10 stations were defined and biological samples were taken on a monthly basis during this annual cycle. For this purpose, three pulls with a beach seine monofilament (20 m long by 3 m height, mesh opening 1.5 cm, 5 to 10 minutes) per station were made within a 1 km2 area. Information obtained was used to calculate the fishing efficiency analysis (CPUE con org./Evaluated Area Unit) and to determine the relationship with the environmental parameters. Our results showed that the abundance in the stations 1 to 3 was from 7 to 19 org./km2 from April to August 2014; less organisms were observed in stations 6 to 10 (an average of 1 org./ km2) from October 2013 to March 2014. The multiple correlation steps analysis indicated that there is a strong association between the CPUE and some environmental investigated variables, and a 70.9 % variability of the data was observed. The salinity resulted the most important variable because it determined a 64.3 % of variation; it was followed by the temperature with a 3.6 %; meanwhile, dissolved oxygen explained only the 2.9 %, this was mainly because within the area there are several geological, oceanographic and biological factors that favor the distribution of this species due to seawater contribution through the Tupilco bar. With the provided data with this investigation we were able to determine the fishery potential of this resource for Tabasco state. However, additional research is required to allow an extended quantification of this resource, to determine the commercial exploitation areas, and drive studies about reproductive and feeding habits, that may provide the necessary information to establish plans for sustainable use. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 167-179. Epub 2017 March 01.
Assuntos
Animais , Distribuição Animal/fisiologia , Cifozoários/fisiologia , Oxigênio/análise , Estações do Ano , Água do Mar/química , Temperatura , Fatores de Tempo , Dinâmica Populacional , Densidade Demográfica , Ecossistema , Salinidade , Golfo do México , Análise Espaço-TemporalRESUMO
The scyphomedusae feed mainly on microscopic crustaceans, eggs and fish larvae, molluscs and some other jellyfishes. The distribution and abundance of the scyphomedusae has an economic and ecological impact as they are predators that have an influence on the population dynamics of other fisheries. This investigation took place in the lagoon system 'Arrastradero-Redonda', Tabasco, from September 2013 to August 2014, with the purpose to provide information on the distribution, and spatial and temporal abundance of Stomolophus meleagris; along with its relation to environmental parameters. A total of 10 stations were defined and biological samples were taken on a monthly basis during this annual cycle. For this purpose, three pulls with a beach seine monofilament (20m long by 3m height, mesh opening 1.5 cm, 5 to 10 minutes) per station were made within a 1 km2 area. Information obtained was used to calculate the fishing efficiency analysis (CPUE con org./Evaluated Area Unit) and to determine the relationship with the environmental parameters. Our results showed that the abundance in the stations 1 to 3 was from 7 to 19 org./km2 from April to August 2014; less organisms were observed in stations 6 to 10 (an average of 1 org./km2) from October 2013 to March 2014. The multiple correlation steps analysis indicated that there is a strong association between the CPUE and some environmental investigated variables, and a 70.9 % variability of the data was observed. The salinity resulted the most important variable because it determined a 64.3 % of variation; it was followed by the temperature with a 3.6 %; meanwhile, dissolved oxygen explained only the 2.9 %, this was mainly because within the area there are several geological, oceanographic and biological factors that favor the distribution of this species due to seawater contribution through the Tupilco bar. With the provided data with this investigation we were able to determine the fishery potential of this resource for Tabasco state. However, additional research is required to allow an extended quantification of this resource, to determine the commercial exploitation areas, and drive studies about reproductive and feeding habits, that may provide the necessary information to establish plans for sustainable use.