RESUMO
Rhynchonycteris is a monotypic genus of Embalonurid bats, whose geographic distribution extends from southern Mexico to tropical regions of the South American continent, including Trinidad and Tobago. Although species that have a wide geographic distribution are frequently revealed to be polytypic, to date, no study has evaluated the taxonomic status of populations of Rhynchonycteris naso. Thus, the aim of this study is to address the patterns of phylogeographic structure and taxonomic subdivision of R. naso using molecular phylogenetics, morphometric data and ecological niche modeling. Phylogenetic results recovered using the genes COI, Cytb, Chd1, Dby, and Usp9x, supported the monophyly of the genus Rhynchonycteris, in addition, a deep phylogeographic structure was revealed by the mitochondrial gene COI for the populations of Belize and Panama in comparison to those of South America. The PCA, and the linear morphometry indicated an apparent differentiation between the cis-Andean and trans-Andean populations. Furthermore, according to the skull morphology, at least two morphotypes were identified. Ecological niche modeling projections in the present have shown that the Andean cordillera acts as a climatic barrier between these two populations, with the depression of Yaracuy (Northwest Venezuela) being the only putative climatically suitable path that could communicate these two populations. On the other hand, projections for the last glacial maximum showed a drastic decrease in climatically suitable areas for the species, suggesting that cycles of lower temperatures played an important role in the separation of these populations.
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Animais , Filogenia , Filogeografia , Quirópteros/genética , Ecossistema , América do Sul , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Variação GenéticaRESUMO
Satellite DNAs (satDNAs) constitute one of the main components of eukaryote genomes and are involved in chromosomal organization and diversification. Although largely studied, little information was gathered about their evolution on holocentric species, i.e., diffuse centromeres, which, due to differences in repeat organization, could result in different evolutionary patterns. Here, we combined bioinformatics and cytogenetic approaches to evaluate the evolution of the satellitomes in Mahanarva holocentric insects. In two species, de novo identification revealed a high number of satDNAs, 110 and 113, with an extreme monomer length range of 18-4228 bp. The overall abundance of satDNAs was observed to be 6.67% in M. quadripunctata and 1.98% in M. spectabilis, with different abundances for the shared satDNAs. Chromosomal mapping of the most abundant repeats of M. quadripunctata and M. spectabilis on other Mahanarva reinforced the dynamic nature of satDNAs. Variable patterns of chromosomal distribution for the satDNAs were noticed, with the occurrence of clusters on distinct numbers of chromosomes and at different positions and the occurrence of scattered signals or nonclustered satDNAs. Altogether, our data demonstrated the high dynamism of satDNAs in Mahanarva with the involvement of this genomic fraction in chromosome diversification of the genus. The general characteristics and patterns of evolution of satDNAs are similar to those observed on monocentric chromosomes, suggesting that the differential organization of genome compartments observed on holocentric chromosomes compared with monocentric chromosomes does not have a large impact on the evolution of satDNAs. Analysis of the satellitomes of other holocentric species in a comparative manner will shed light on this issue.
Assuntos
Centrômero , DNA Satélite , Animais , DNA Satélite/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Centrômero/genética , Genômica , Insetos/genética , Evolução MolecularRESUMO
Mahanarva Distant, the neotropical spittlebug genus contains 48 species and many of them are only known from their original descriptions and one location. A group of species of this genus stand out due to their similarities and are studied here. Based on comparisons between 28 Mahanarva tristis (Fabricius) specimens and the original drawings of the other species, we demonstrate strong morphological similarities. Examinations of the tegmina showed a polymorphism with different dot and stripe patterns. Those patterns are not exclusive for one species and are found throughout the taxa. Again, studying the male genitals no species-specific characters can be found. Furthermore, differences of the parameres were explained by different angle positions of these genital plates which alter the resulting photos and drawings significantly. On the other hand, changes of the aedeagus can be explained due to its fragile structure and the resulting manipulations during handling. In addition, the overlapping known distribution of the taxa leads to the conclusion that the four species are in fact synonyms of M. tristis and that there is no evidence for the validity of the subspecies. We conclude that the New World spittlebug M. tristis is considered a senior synonym of Mahanarva fraseri (Distant) n. syn., Mahanarva mura (China & Myers) n. syn., Mahanarva raripila (Jacobi) n. syn., and Mahanarva trifissa (Jacobi) n. syn. Aside from that, there was no evidence for the validity of the M. tristis subspecies Mahanarva tristis guppyi (Urich) n. syn., Mahanarva tristis monagasi (Fennah) n. syn., Mahanarva tristis quadrimaculata (Fennah) n. syn., Mahanarva tristis suffusa (Walker) n. syn., and Mahanarva tristis walkeri (Lallemand) n. syn. Unfortunately, it was not possible to conclude the taxonomic state of Mahanarva tristis stalii (Lallemand) because there are no known specimens or types available. So, the subspecies is considered a species inquirenda.
Assuntos
Hemípteros , Masculino , Animais , Polimorfismo Genético , Genitália , Especificidade da Espécie , ChinaRESUMO
A new species of Tunaima Fennah, 1968 is described and illustrated from Southeastern Brazil (Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states) and a distribution map is provided. Tunaima mejdalanii sp. nov. is characterized by having tegmen brownish with two orange spots, spine-like process located between middle and apical third of dorsal margin of subgenital plate, paramere booth-shaped, dorsal margin irregular with a mountain-shape elevation. The type series of the new species belongs to the Museu Nacional (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro) collection. Fortunately, this series has been sent on loan to the second author before the tragic fire that destroyed the Quinta da Boa Vista Palace in 2018.
Assuntos
Hemípteros , Lepidópteros , Animais , BrasilRESUMO
After a morphological analysis of several tarantula specimens of the genus Eupalaestrus, including recently collected specimens from previously unrecorded localities, we herein describe two new species. They differ from congeners by the presence of a large area with spiniform setae between the coxae IV. They differ from each other in general size and in the thickening of the tibia and metatarsus IV. Eupalaestrus crassimetatarsis sp. nov. is distributed in the Brazilian States of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, and in Misiones Province in Argentina. Eupalaestrus roccoi sp. nov. is distributed in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. These natural grasslands are under threat from rapidly encroaching arable and livestock farming.
RESUMO
A new species of Neotropical spittlebug (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Clastopteridae), Paraclastoptera erwini sp. n., is described and illustrated from Orellana, Ecuador. This species exhibits unique features differentiating it from all known Clastoptera and serves as the genotype for a new genus Paraclastoptera gen. n. This is the second extant New World genus for the Clastopteridae, hitherto represented solely by the widespread, abundant and speciose genus Clastoptera.
Assuntos
Hemípteros , AnimaisRESUMO
A new species of Ferorhinella Carvalho & Webb 2004 from southeastern Brazil is described and illustrated, and a taxonomic key to species in the genus is provided. Ferorhinella itatiaiensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from other known species of the genus mainly by the paramere with rounded apex and two subapical lateral spines on outer surface, one long, dorsally inserted and the other one small, ventrally inserted; and dorsal margin of the subgenital plates with a rectangular elevation, covered with small, tooth-like spines.
Assuntos
Hemípteros , Animais , BrasilRESUMO
Dung beetle species were collected between May 2016 and July 2017 with pitfall traps baited with human feces in four Atlantic Forest sites with different levels of disturbance in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. We sampled 5,535 individuals belonging to 46 species. Canthidium aff. trinodosum (20.71%), Eurysternus parallelus Castelnau, 1840 (14.82%), Onthophagus catharinensis Paulian, 1936 (12.09%), Scybalocanthon nigriceps (Harold, 1868) (7.61 %), Eurysternus caribaeus (Herbst, 1789) (7.49%), and Canthon rutilans cyanescens Harold, 1868 (7.22%) were the most abundant species, which represented 70% of the individuals sampled. Moreno Fortes Biological Reserve had the higher richness and Morro do Cerrito the higher abundance, while Val Feltrina presented the lowest values. The greatest similarity occurred between Turvo State Park and Moreno Fortes Biological Reserve, while Moreno Fortes Biological Reserve and Val Feltrina had the lowest similarity. Only 11 species (23.9%) occurred in all sites, while 14 species were restricted to only one of the fragments. Both abundance and richness of dung beetles were positively correlated with site temperature but not with precipitation.
Espécies de rola-bostas foram coletadas entre maio de 2016 e julho de 2017 com armadilhas de queda iscadas com fezes humanas em quatro localidades de Mata Atlântica com diferentes níveis de perturbação no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Foram amostrados 5.535 indivíduos pertencentes a 46 espécies. Canthidium aff. trinodosum (20,71%), Eurysternus parallelus Castelnau, 1840 (14,82%), Onthophagus catharinensis Paulian, 1936 (12,09%), Scybalocanthon nigriceps (Harold, 1868) (7,61%), Eurysternus caribaeus (Herbst, 1789) (7,49%) e Canthon rutilans cyanescens Harold, 1868 (7,22%) foram as espécies mais abundantes, que representaram 70% dos indivíduos amostrados. A Reserva Biológica Moreno Fortes teve a maior riqueza e o Morro do Cerrito a maior abundância, enquanto Val Feltrina apresentou os menores valores. A maior similaridade ocorreu entre o Parque Estadual do Turvo e a Reserva Biológica Moreno Fortes, enquanto a Reserva Biológica Moreno Fortes e a Val Feltrina tiveram a menor similaridade. Apenas 11 espécies (23,9%) ocorreram em todos os locais, enquanto 14 espécies foram restritas a apenas um dos fragmentos. Tanto a riqueza como a abundância de Scarabaeinae foram positivamente correlacionadas com a temperatura do local, mas não com a precipitação.
Assuntos
Animais , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Besouros/classificação , Besouros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , BiodiversidadeRESUMO
ABSTRACT Dung beetle species were collected between May 2016 and July 2017 with pitfall traps baited with human feces in four Atlantic Forest sites with different levels of disturbance in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. We sampled 5,535 individuals belonging to 46 species. Canthidium aff. trinodosum (20.71%), Eurysternus parallelus Castelnau, 1840 (14.82%), Onthophagus catharinensis Paulian, 1936 (12.09%), Scybalocanthon nigriceps (Harold, 1868) (7.61 %), Eurysternus caribaeus (Herbst, 1789) (7.49%), and Canthon rutilans cyanescens Harold, 1868 (7.22%) were the most abundant species, which represented 70% of the individuals sampled. Moreno Fortes Biological Reserve had the higher richness and Morro do Cerrito the higher abundance, while Val Feltrina presented the lowest values. The greatest similarity occurred between Turvo State Park and Moreno Fortes Biological Reserve, while Moreno Fortes Biological Reserve and Val Feltrina had the lowest similarity. Only 11 species (23.9%) occurred in all sites, while 14 species were restricted to only one of the fragments. Both abundance and richness of dung beetles were positively correlated with site temperature but not with precipitation.
RESUMO Espécies de rola-bostas foram coletadas entre maio de 2016 e julho de 2017 com armadilhas de queda iscadas com fezes humanas em quatro localidades de Mata Atlântica com diferentes níveis de perturbação no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Foram amostrados 5.535 indivíduos pertencentes a 46 espécies. Canthidium aff. trinodosum (20,71%), Eurysternus parallelus Castelnau, 1840 (14,82%), Onthophagus catharinensis Paulian, 1936 (12,09%), Scybalocanthon nigriceps (Harold, 1868) (7,61%), Eurysternus caribaeus (Herbst, 1789) (7,49%) e Canthon rutilans cyanescens Harold, 1868 (7,22%) foram as espécies mais abundantes, que representaram 70% dos indivíduos amostrados. A Reserva Biológica Moreno Fortes teve a maior riqueza e o Morro do Cerrito a maior abundância, enquanto Val Feltrina apresentou os menores valores. A maior similaridade ocorreu entre o Parque Estadual do Turvo e a Reserva Biológica Moreno Fortes, enquanto a Reserva Biológica Moreno Fortes e a Val Feltrina tiveram a menor similaridade. Apenas 11 espécies (23,9%) ocorreram em todos os locais, enquanto 14 espécies foram restritas a apenas um dos fragmentos. Tanto a riqueza como a abundância de Scarabaeinae foram positivamente correlacionadas com a temperatura do local, mas não com a precipitação.
RESUMO
Dung beetle species were collected between May 2016 and July 2017 with pitfall traps baited with human feces in four Atlantic Forest sites with different levels of disturbance in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. We sampled 5,535 individuals belonging to 46 species. Canthidium aff. trinodosum (20.71%), Eurysternus parallelus Castelnau, 1840 (14.82%), Onthophagus catharinensis Paulian, 1936 (12.09%), Scybalocanthon nigriceps (Harold, 1868) (7.61 %), Eurysternus caribaeus (Herbst, 1789) (7.49%), and Canthon rutilans cyanescens Harold, 1868 (7.22%) were the most abundant species, which represented 70% of the individuals sampled. Moreno Fortes Biological Reserve had the higher richness and Morro do Cerrito the higher abundance, while Val Feltrina presented the lowest values. The greatest similarity occurred between Turvo State Park and Moreno Fortes Biological Reserve, while Moreno Fortes Biological Reserve and Val Feltrina had the lowest similarity. Only 11 species (23.9%) occurred in all sites, while 14 species were restricted to only one of the fragments. Both abundance and richness of dung beetles were positively correlated with site temperature but not with precipitation.(AU)
Espécies de rola-bostas foram coletadas entre maio de 2016 e julho de 2017 com armadilhas de queda iscadas com fezes humanas em quatro localidades de Mata Atlântica com diferentes níveis de perturbação no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Foram amostrados 5.535 indivíduos pertencentes a 46 espécies. Canthidium aff. trinodosum (20,71%), Eurysternus parallelus Castelnau, 1840 (14,82%), Onthophagus catharinensis Paulian, 1936 (12,09%), Scybalocanthon nigriceps (Harold, 1868) (7,61%), Eurysternus caribaeus (Herbst, 1789) (7,49%) e Canthon rutilans cyanescens Harold, 1868 (7,22%) foram as espécies mais abundantes, que representaram 70% dos indivíduos amostrados. A Reserva Biológica Moreno Fortes teve a maior riqueza e o Morro do Cerrito a maior abundância, enquanto Val Feltrina apresentou os menores valores. A maior similaridade ocorreu entre o Parque Estadual do Turvo e a Reserva Biológica Moreno Fortes, enquanto a Reserva Biológica Moreno Fortes e a Val Feltrina tiveram a menor similaridade. Apenas 11 espécies (23,9%) ocorreram em todos os locais, enquanto 14 espécies foram restritas a apenas um dos fragmentos. Tanto a riqueza como a abundância de Scarabaeinae foram positivamente correlacionadas com a temperatura do local, mas não com a precipitação.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Besouros/classificação , Besouros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Análise Espaço-Temporal , BiodiversidadeRESUMO
Spittlebugs, which belong to the family Cercopidae (Auchenorrhyncha, Hemiptera), form a large group of xylem-feeding insects that are best known for causing damage to plantations and pasture grasses. The holocentric chromosomes of these insects remain poorly studied in regards to the organization of different classes of repetitive DNA. To improve chromosomal maps based on repetitive DNAs and to better understand the chromosomal organization and evolutionary dynamics of multigene families in spittlebugs, we physically mapped the U1 snRNA gene with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 10 species of Cercopidae belonging to three different genera. All the U1 snDNA clusters were autosomal and located in interstitial position. In seven species, they were restricted to one autosome per haploid genome, while three species of the genus Mahanarva showed two clusters in two different autosomes. Although it was not possible to precisely define the ancestral location of this gene, it was possible to observe the presence of at least one cluster located in a small bivalent in all karyotypes. The karyotype stability observed in Cercopidae is also observed in respect to the distribution of U1 snDNA. Our data are discussed in light of possible mechanisms for U1 snDNA conservation and compared with the available data from other species.
Assuntos
Hemípteros/genética , RNA Nuclear Pequeno/genética , Animais , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos de Insetos , DNA/química , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Masculino , Sequências Repetitivas de Ácido NucleicoRESUMO
Insects of the Cercopidae family are widely distributed and comprise 59 genera and 431 species in the New World. They are xylemophagous, causing losses in agricultural and pasture grasses, and are considered as emerging pests. Chromosomally, these insects have been studied by standard techniques, revealing variable diploid numbers and primarily X0 sex chromosome systems (males). We performed chromosome studies in 6 Mahanarva (Cercopidae) species using standard and differential chromosome staining as well as mapping of repetitive DNAs. Moreover, the relationship between the repetitive DNAs was analyzed at the interspecific level. A diploid chromosome number of 2n = 19,X0 was documented, with chromosomes gradually decreasing in size. Neutral or GC-rich regions were detected which varied depending on the species. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a (TTAGG)n telomeric motif probe revealed terminal signals, matching those of the Cot DNAs obtained from each species, that were also restricted to the terminal regions of all chromosomes. Dot blot analysis with the Cot fraction from M. quadripunctata showed that at least part of the repetitive genome is shared among the 6 species. Our data highlight the conservation of chromosomal features and organization of repetitive DNAs in the genus Mahanarva, suggesting a low differentiation for chromosomes and repetitive DNAs in most of the 6 species studied.
Assuntos
DNA/genética , Evolução Molecular , Hemípteros/classificação , Hemípteros/genética , Cariótipo , Sequências Repetitivas de Ácido Nucleico/genética , Animais , Diploide , Genoma de Inseto/genética , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Masculino , Cromossomos Sexuais/genética , Especificidade da Espécie , Telômero/genéticaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Deois (Pandysia) paschoali sp. nov. from southern Brazil is described and illustrated. This species can be distinguished from other congeners by the following characters: aedeagus with dorsal margin serrate and paramere with a truncate and serrate spine. A key to species of Pandysia is provided.
RESUMO
We reviewed Urubaxia Fennah, 1968 and described two new species, Urubaxia solo n.sp. and Urubaxia chewie n.sp. from South America. Species of the genus can be easily distinguished by the shape of the paramere, with two divergent processes, and are usually collected in high altitude zones. An identification key and illustrations are provided.
Assuntos
Hemípteros/anatomia & histologia , Hemípteros/classificação , Altitude , Distribuição Animal , Animais , Classificação , Feminino , Hemípteros/fisiologia , Masculino , América do Sul , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
A new genus of spittlebug is described to include Gervasiella oakenshieldi sp. nov. (holotype male from Brazil, state of Paraná, municipality of Piraquara, Mananciais da Serra at 25°29'46"S, 48°58'54"W, 1000 m a.s.l., 15.XI.2008, P.C. Grossi leg., deposited in DZUP). In addition, Aeneolamia bucca Paladini & Cavichioli, 2013 is transferred to Gervasiella gen. nov. based on the results of a cladistic analysis. Gervasiella gen. nov. can be distinguished from the other cercopid genera by the following: postclypeus inflated with upper portion black and basal one yellowish; color of tylus distinct from color of head and rostrum, barely reaching mesocoxae. Gervasiella oakenshieldi sp. nov. is diagnosed by having the head black with tylus white, postclypeus in profile inflated and convex with a prominent longitudinal carina; tegmina black with two elongate white maculae near costal margin, one on anterior third and the other on posterior third.
Assuntos
Animais , Especificidade da Espécie , Filogenia , Hemípteros/anatomia & histologia , Hemípteros/classificação , BrasilRESUMO
A new genus of spittlebug is described to include Gervasiella oakenshieldi sp. nov. (holotype male from Brazil, state of Paraná, municipality of Piraquara, Mananciais da Serra at 25°29'46"S, 48°58'54"W, 1000 m a.s.l., 15.XI.2008, P.C. Grossi leg., deposited in DZUP). In addition, Aeneolamia bucca Paladini & Cavichioli, 2013 is transferred to Gervasiella gen. nov. based on the results of a cladistic analysis. Gervasiella gen. nov. can be distinguished from the other cercopid genera by the following: postclypeus inflated with upper portion black and basal one yellowish; color of tylus distinct from color of head and rostrum, barely reaching mesocoxae. Gervasiella oakenshieldi sp. nov. is diagnosed by having the head black with tylus white, postclypeus in profile inflated and convex with a prominent longitudinal carina; tegmina black with two elongate white maculae near costal margin, one on anterior third and the other on posterior third.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Hemípteros/anatomia & histologia , Hemípteros/classificação , Especificidade da Espécie , Filogenia , BrasilRESUMO
Gypona (Marganalana) masamune sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on specimens from Brazil, state of Paraná. This species can be distinguished from the others of the genus by the following combination of characters: 1) connective with stalk apex oriented anteriorly; 2) style, in lateral view, L-shaped and broader subapically; apex tapered and acute; 3) aedeagus slender, curved dorsally, with long and slender processes arising on each side of shaft near the base, as long as aedeagus shaft; shaft without apical processes. A key to the six subgenera of Gypona is provided.
Assuntos
Animais , Classificação , Especificidade da Espécie , Hemípteros , América Central , América do Sul , DiagnósticoRESUMO
Gypona (Marganalana) masamune sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on specimens from Brazil, state of Paraná. This species can be distinguished from the others of the genus by the following combination of characters: 1) connective with stalk apex oriented anteriorly; 2) style, in lateral view, L-shaped and broader subapically; apex tapered and acute; 3) aedeagus slender, curved dorsally, with long and slender processes arising on each side of shaft near the base, as long as aedeagus shaft; shaft without apical processes. A key to the six subgenera of Gypona is provided. (AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Classificação , Especificidade da Espécie , Hemípteros , América do Sul , América Central , DiagnósticoRESUMO
Mahanarva (Ipiranga) takiyae sp. nov. (Cercopidae) is described and illustrated from Brazil. This new species can be distinguished from other known species in the genus by the tegmen with three rounded yellow spots and the shape of the paramere. Mahanarva (Mahanarva) rubripennis is transferred to the subgenus Mahanarva (Ipiranga).
Assuntos
Hemípteros/classificação , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Brasil , Feminino , Hemípteros/anatomia & histologia , Hemípteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Tamanho do ÓrgãoRESUMO
Description of two new species of Sphenorhina (Hemiptera, Cercopidae, Tomaspidinae) from the Neotropical region. Two new species of Sphenorhina Amyot & Serville, S. pseudoboliviana SP. NOV: from Bolivia and S. plata SP. NOV: from Argentina are described and illustrated.