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INTRODUCTION: Induced sputum (IS) is an alternative method of obtaining sputum, but IS smears are frequently negative. Culture is more time consuming in its results, and less useful to guide the diagnosis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most common methodology for rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), and few studies evaluated its role in IS samples. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine the diagnostic yield of PCR for TB compared with culture in IS samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study. Inpatients and outpatients of >18 years with respiratory symptoms suggestive of PTB were invited to participate. The subjects were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire, and collected IS. Three samples were obtained for AFB smear and culture. A fourth sample was obtained for PCR test. RESULTS: A total of 116 IS samples were evaluated. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values of PCR were 95.2%, 48.4%, 29.0% and 97.9%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was .72 for the PCR test (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Although the PCR specificity could be underestimated, if we consider PCR to be more sensitive than the culture method used, we believed that these PCR-positive tests mean false positives. The results of PCR should always be interpreted carefully in conjunction with clinical information.

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Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may have poor inspiratory muscle function, which reduces minute and alveolar ventilation, leading to increased hypoxemia and slow pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics. However, little is known about the effect of inspiratory muscle weakness (IMW) on oxygen uptake kinetics in patients with COPD. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that COPD patients with IMW have slowed oxygen uptake kinetics. An observational study was conducted that included COPD patients with moderate to severe airflow limitation and a history of intolerance to exercise. Participants were divided into 2 groups: (IMW+; n = 22) (IMW-; n = 23) of muscle weakness. The maximal inspiratory, expiratory, and sustained inspiratory strength as well as the maximal endurance of the inspiratory muscles were lower in IMW+ patients (36 ± 9.5 cm H2O; 52 ± 14 cm H2O; 20 ± 6.5 cm H2O; 94 ± 84 s, respectively) than in IMW- patients (88 ± 12 cm H2O; 97 ± 28 cm H2O; 82.5 ± 54 cm H2O; 559 ± 92 s, respectively; p < 0.05). Moreover, the 6-min walk test and peak oxygen uptake were reduced in the IMW+ patients. During the constant work test, oxygen uptake kinetics were slowed in the IMW+ compared with IMW- patients (88 ± 29 vs 61 ± 18 s, p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that inspiratory muscle weakness in COPD is associated with slowed oxygen uptake kinetics, and thus, reduced functional capacity.

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Objetivos: Determinar o perfil epidemiológico de pacientes queimados admitidos em um serviço terciário de Caxias do Sul/RS. Método: Estudo transversal, por meio da análise dos prontuários dos pacientes com diagnóstico de queimadura de 2006 a 2011. Os dados foram tabulados em frequência e proporção. Resultados: O sexo masculino foi o mais acometido, com 51,6%; a faixa etária entre 19-59 anos concentrou o maior número de pacientes queimados (71%); o grau de lesão misto foi predominante em 64,5%; em relação à superfície corporal queimada (SCQ), prevaleceram pacientes grandes queimados (83,9); a alta hospitalar predominou em 80,6% dos casos. Conclusão: Conclui-se, com essa pesquisa, que o estudo epidemiológico de qualquer tipo de afecção é de suma relevância para organização de campanhas de prevenção e de elaboração de tratamentos adequados, proporcionando, assim, melhor atendimento e melhor qualidade de vida à população.

Objectives: To determine the epidemiological profile of burn patients admitted to a tertiary Caxias do Sul / RS. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, through the analysis of medical records of patients with diagnosis of burn 2006-2011. Data were tabulated by frequency and proportion. Results: males predominated with 51.6% aged between 19-59 years had the largest number of burn patients (71%), the degree of joint damage was prevalent in 64.5%, compared the SCQ prevailed extensively burned patients (83.9), discharge predominated in 80.6% of cases. Conclusion: It is concluded from this research that the epidemiological study of any type of pathology, is of utmost relevance for organizing prevention campaigns and development of appropriate treatments, thus providing a better service and a better quality of life for the population.

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Introdução: Tuberculose tem diagnóstico e tratamento efetivos em condições ideais. Todavia, vários problemas ocorrem na condução rotineira dos casos, o que implica prejuízos para população. O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar uma série de pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar bacilífera e não bacilífera, descrevendo características demográficas e verificando associação destas, da baciloscopia, HIV e alcoolismo com resultados do tratamento. Métodos: De 2005 a 2007, foram analisados prontuários de pacientes no Centro de Saúde Modelo, Porto Alegre, RS. Casos extrapulmonares, mudança no diagnóstico, transferência e com dados incompletos foram excluídos. Resultados do tratamento: sucesso ou insucesso (abandono/óbito). Resultados: 175 casos de Tuberculose pulmonar, 74,8% com confirmação bacteriológica, sendo 94% pela baciloscopia. A cura prevaleceu (76%), mas ocorreu abandono em 37 casos. Não foi verificada associação da baciloscopia, gênero e idades com os resultados do tratamento. Foi encontrada associação de “insucesso” com a HIV, mas não com o alcoolismo. Menor escolaridade apresentou associação com o insucesso do tratamento. Conclusão: Mais casos de tuberculose pulmonar (bacilífera e não bacilífera) em relação às formas não pulmonares. A doença foi mais frequente em homens brancos, de 20 e 59 anos, 1º e 2° graus. A baciloscopia foi mais utilizada para diagnóstico. Houve mais casos de cura. Houve associação do insucesso com HIV e escolaridade mais baixa, mas não significativamente com o alcoolismo.

Introduction: The diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis is effective under ideal conditions. However, several problems occur in the management of the cases, and this implies in damage to the population. The aim of this study was to investigate a series of patients with bacillary or nonbacillary pulmonary tuberculosis by describing demographic characteristics and assessing the association of these with bacilloscopy, HIV and alcoholism and treatment outcomes. Methods: From 2005 to 2007, we analyzed medical records of patients in a reference health center in Porto Alegre/RS. Extrapulmonary cases, change in diagnosis, transfer, and incomplete data were excluded. Treatment outcomes: success or failure (abandonment/death). Results: 175 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, 74.8% with positive sputum, 94% of which by bacilloscopy. Healing prevailed (76%), but abandonment occurred in 37 cases. No association was found of bacilloscopy, ages and gender with the treatment outcomes. “Failure” was found to be associated with HIV but not with alcoholism. Less schooling was associated with treatment failure. Conclusion: There were more cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (bacillary and non-bacillary) than non-pulmonary forms. The disease was more frequent in white males, 20 and 59 years, 1st and 2nd degrees. Bacilloscopy was mostly used for diagnosis. There were more cases of healing. There was an association of failure with HIV and lower education, but not significantly with alcoholism.

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This study compared perceptions of the teaching and learning process of twenty-four senior dental students from a public school and fifteen from a private school by means of a questionnaire with direct questions. Another five students in each group completed a qualitative survey with five open-ended questions. The questionnaires assessed perceptions of the interaction between didactic and clinical content, the role of professors during the course, and their future professional practice in Brazil. Quantitative data were summarized as means and standard deviations and statistically analyzed with the Student t test, P<0.05. Qualitative data were analyzed using a content analysis method. The results revealed that the students in the private school had more positive perceptions than those in the public school of how much the didactic classes contributed to professional practice, the level of motivation for the topics discussed, and how well coursework related to clinical practice. Both groups mentioned the importance of the clinical component of learning and perceived that professors showed little commitment to the professional preparation of dental students. Students' perceptions of their preparation to work in different Brazilian communities and with different segments of society varied widely. The qualitative analyses confirmed students' dissatisfaction with their learning. No difference was found between students in the public and private schools in their assessment of how well prepared they were to enter the working market. These findings indicate that measures should be taken to improve the quality of teaching and the satisfaction of dental school students in Brazil.

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Reseña la historia de la gestión de los residuos sólidos urbanos analizando las distintas etapas y modalidades de la recolección y la disposición. Está dividido en tres etapas desde 1860 hasta 1904 con la modalidad de quema a cielo abierto; desde 1904 a 1977 con el uso de los incineradores y desde 1977 hasta la actualidad fecha en la que se crea el CEAMSE e introduce la técnica del relleno sanitario

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Reseña la historia de la gestión de los residuos sólidos urbanos analizando las distintas etapas y modalidades de la recolección y la disposición. Está dividido en tres etapas desde 1860 hasta 1904 con la modalidad de quema a cielo abierto; desde 1904 a 1977 con el uso de los incineradores y desde 1977 hasta la actualidad fecha en la que se crea el CEAMSE e introduce la técnica del relleno sanitario

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