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INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic was declared in early 2020, requiring different prevention and intervention measures on a large scale. In the case of Colombia, a series of measures focused on isolation and remote services provision were introduced in a context marked by health inequities. This article reviews the theoretical and normative references on primary care interventions in the Colombian response to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A literature review was conducted in PubMed, LILACS, MEDLINE, and official documents and regulations issued in Colombia, the World Health Organization, and the Pan American Health Organization. A narrative synthesis was done of 33 documents based on their contribution to the implementation of primary care in Colombia and their role in the pandemic. RESULTS: The information was organized into two categories: Actions taken in Colombia in response to COVID-19 and Opportunities in primary care in response to COVID-19. Colombias actions were contrasted with world experience. Better pandemic control was found in countries that adopted primary care as a response. Primary care has strengthened the handling of the pandemic through community action, the provision of coordinated services, mental health inclusion, and the adoption of telemedicine processes. CONCLUSIONS: In Colombia, primary care is presented as an opportunity to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and the problems and needs derived from this situation. However, despite the above, there is resistance in the country to adopt this type of approach and complement the hospital-centric model to face the pandemic.
INTRODUCCIÓN: A comienzos de 2020 se declaró la pandemia por COVID-19, lo cual requirió adoptar diferentes medidas de prevención e intervención a gran escala. En el caso de Colombia, implicó tomar una serie de medidas enfocadas en aislamiento y prestación de servicios a distancia, en un contexto marcado por las inequidades de salud del país. El presente artículo revisa la literatura disponible sobre las intervenciones fundamentadas en atención primaria para responder al COVID-19 en Colombia. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en PubMed, LILACS, MEDLINE, así como documentos y normativas oficiales expedidas en Colombia, la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Se realizó una síntesis narrativa de 33 documentos en función de su aporte a la implementación de la atención primaria en Colombia y su papel frente a la pandemia. RESULTADOS: La información se organizó en dos categorías: acciones tomadas en Colombia frente al COVID-19 y oportunidades en atención primaria frente al COVID-19. Se contrastaron las acciones de Colombia con la experiencia mundial, encontrando un mejor control de la situación en países que adoptaron la atención primaria como respuesta. La atención primaria se consolida como el principal mecanismo para enfrentar la pandemia a través de acciones comunitarias, prestación de servicios articulados, inclusión de la salud mental y adopción de procesos de telemedicina. CONCLUSIONES: En Colombia, la atención primaria se presenta como una oportunidad para responder al COVID-19, y a los problemas y necesidades derivados de esta situación. Sin embargo, en el país, a pesar de lo anterior, hay resistencia para adoptar este tipo de enfoque y complementar el modelo hospitalocentrista para enfrentar la pandemia.
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COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Assistência Ambulatorial , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Disseminação de Informação , Saúde Mental , Distanciamento Físico , Quarentena/organização & administração , TelemedicinaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objectives: To conduct a systematic review and a meta-analysis of observational and experimental studies that explore the relation between asthma and cold exposure. Materials and methods: Systematic review of experimental and observational studies published up to August 2015 in Pubmed, Embase and Lilacs. Two researchers selected studies that measured the occurrence of asthma in individuals exposed to different environmental temperatures. A meta-analysis used RevMan 5.3's random effects model to calculate a summary weighted Odds Ratio with 95% confidence intervals, and a sensitivity analysis identified the influence of each study. Subsequent subgroup analyses identified summary measures by type of cold exposure and study design. Additional analysis measured heterogeneity and risk of bias. Results: We found 86 studies measuring the relation between cold exposure and asthma. We included 11.6% (10/86) of the studies in the meta-analysis and found an association between cold exposure and asthma with all the studies (ORw 2.0 95%CI 1.28-3.14), with the subgroup of experimental studies (ORw 3.8 IC95% 1.70-8.86), and with cold environmental air (ORw 1.59 IC95% 1.10-2.30). The studies had high risk of bias and statistical heterogeneity [I2: 63.1% (27%-81.4%)]. Conclusions: The results support the hypothesis of an association between asthma and cold exposure. This study encourages to explore the concepts proposed by traditional medicine to establish its benefits on prevention and care of respiratory diseases, such as asthma.
RESUMEN Objetivos: Realizar una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis de estudios observacionales y experimentales que exploren la relación entre asma y exposición al frío Materiales y Métodos: Revisión sistemática de estudios experimentales y observacionales publicados hasta agosto de 2015 en Pubmed, Embase y Lilacs. Dos investigadores seleccionaron estudios midiendo la ocurrencia de asma tras la exposición a diferentes temperaturas ambientales. Usando un modelo de efectos aleatorios en RevMan 5.3, un meta-análisis calculó un resumen de Odds Ratio ponderado con intervalos de confianza de 95%. Un análisis de sensibilidad identificó la influencia de cada estudio. Análisis de subgrupo identificaron las medidas de resumen de acuerdo a tipo de exposición al frío y diseño de estudio. Finalmente, medimos heterogeneidad y riesgo de sesgos. Resultados: Encontramos 86 estudios explorando la relación entre la exposición al frío y el asma. Incluimos 11.6% (10/86) de los estudios en el meta-análisis y encontramos una asociación entre la exposición al frío y asma en todos los estudios (ORw 2.0 95%CI 1.28-3.14), en el subgrupo de estudios experimentales (ORw 3.8 IC95% 1.70-8.86), y aire frío ambiental (ORw 1.59 IC95% 1.10-2.30). Los estudios tienen alto riesgo de sesgos y heterogeneidad [I2: 63.1% (27%-81.4%)]. Conclusiones: Los resultados apoyan la hipótesis de una asociación entre asma y exposición al frío. Este estudio invita a explorar los conceptos de la medicina tradicional para la prevención y cuidado de enfermedades respiratorias.
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PURPOSE: The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection have determined a need for an approach to include Equity Focus (EF) and Social Determinants of Health (SDH) in health training programmes in Colombia. We studied the incorporation of EF and SDH in the curricula of several universities in Colombia to identify opportunities to strengthen their inclusion. METHODS: Qualitative methodology was performed in two stages: (i) initial exploration (self-administered questionnaires and review of curricula) and (ii) validation of the information (semi-structured interviews). RESULTS: The inclusion of the EF and SDH in university curricula is regarded as an opportunity to address social problems. This approach addresses a broad cross-section of the curriculum, especially in the subjects of public health and Primary Health Care (PHC), where community outreach generates greater internalization by students. The dominance of the biomedical model of study plans and practice scenarios focusing on disease and little emphasis on community outreach are factors that limit the inclusion of the approach. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of EF and SDH in university curricula in Colombia has primarily focused on increasing the knowledge of various subjects oriented towards understanding the social dynamics or comprehensiveness of health and disease and, in some programmes, through practical courses in community health and PHC. Increased integration of EF and SDH in subjects or modules with clinical orientation is recommended.
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Currículo , Educação Médica/organização & administração , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Colômbia , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Estudantes , Inquéritos e Questionários , UniversidadesRESUMO
Aproximarse a la salud comunitaria exige precisar conceptos como salud y comunidad, sus relaciones, y el contexto en el que ocurren, pues estos conceptos condicionan formas específicas de intervención. La medicina moderna está estructurada sobre las ciencias positivistas que se han desarrollado a partir de la revolución científica de los siglos XV y Las intervenciones de promoción de la salud también están condicionadas por los conceptos clásicos de enfermedad, transmisión y riesgo, los cuales orientan las intervenciones comunitarias. Los sistemas de atención sanitaria están llamados a pasar de un enfoque asistencialista y curativo, hacia un enfoque preventivo y promotor de la salud y la vida, como lo menciona la estrategia de Atención Primaria en Salud. Para ello es crucial revisar el concepto de salud imperante, a la luz de una flexibilización o apertura epistemológica.
Approaching community health requires to clarify concepts such as health and community, its relationships, and the context in which they occur, as these concepts determine specific forms of intervention. Modern medicine is structured on the positivist science developed from the scientific revolution of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The interventions of health promotion are also conditioned by the classical concepts of disease, transmission and risk, which guide community interventions. The health care systems are called to move from a welfare and curative approach to a preventive approach and promoting health and life, as mentioned by the strategy of Primary Health Care. It is crucial to review the concept of health prevailing, in the light of an easing or epistemological opening.