RESUMO
Adenosine is involved in classic preconditioning in most species and acts especially through adenosine A1 and A3 receptors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether remote ischemic preconditioning (rIPC) activates adenosine A1 receptors and improves mitochondrial function, thereby reducing myocardial infarct size. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion [ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)]. In a second group, before isolation of the heart, a rIPC protocol (3 cycles of hindlimb I/R) was performed. Infarct size was measured with tetrazolium staining, and Akt/endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) expression/phosphorylation and mitochondrial function were evaluated after ischemia at 10 and 60 min of reperfusion. As expected, rIPC significantly decreased infarct size. This beneficial effect was abolished only when 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (adenosine A1 receptor blocker) and NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (NO synthesis inhibitor) were administered during the reperfusion phase. At the early reperfusion phase, rIPC induced significant Akt and eNOS phosphorylation, which was abolished by the perfusion with an adenosine A1 receptor blocker. I/R led to impaired mitochondrial function, which was attenuated by rIPC and mediated by adenosine A1 receptors. In conclusion, we demonstrated that rIPC limits myocardial infarct by activation of adenosine A1 receptors at early reperfusion in the isolated rat heart. Interestingly, rIPC appears to reduce myocardial infarct size by the Akt/eNOS pathway and improves mitochondrial function during myocardial reperfusion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Adenosine is involved in classic preconditioning and acts especially through adenosine A1 and A3 receptors. However, its role in the mechanism of remote ischemic preconditioning is controversial. In this study, we demonstrated that remote ischemic preconditioning activates adenosine A1 receptors during early reperfusion, inducing Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and improving mitochondrial function, thereby reducing myocardial infarct size.
Assuntos
Precondicionamento Isquêmico Miocárdico , Mitocôndrias Cardíacas , Receptor A1 de Adenosina , Antagonistas do Receptor A1 de Adenosina/uso terapêutico , Trifosfato de Adenosina/biossíntese , Animais , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial , Infarto do Miocárdio/diagnóstico por imagem , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/diagnóstico por imagem , Traumatismo por Reperfusão Miocárdica/fisiopatologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/antagonistas & inibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Nitroarginina/uso terapêutico , Consumo de Oxigênio , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Xantinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: Es conocido que la adenosina está involucrada en el mecanismo de precondicionamiento isquémico clásico, actuando a través de los receptores A1 y A3. Objetivo: El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar si el precondicionamiento isquémico remoto (rIPC) activa los receptores de adenosina A1 antes de la isquemia o en la reperfusión y, de ese modo, reduce el tamaño del infarto de miocardio. Corazones aislados de rata fueron sometidos a 30 minutos de isquemia y 60 minutos de reperfusión (I/R). En otro grupo de ratas, se realizó un protocolo de rIPC. El tamaño del infarto se midió con trifenil de tetrazolio. Resultados: El rIPC disminuyó significativamente el tamaño del infarto. Este efecto fue abolido cuando se administró DPCPX (bloqueante del receptor A1) o L-NAME (inhibidor de la síntesis de óxido nítrico) durante la reperfusión. Conclusión: Empleando un modelo de corazón aislado de rata demostramos que el rIPC reduce el tamaño del infarto de mio cardio mediante la activación del receptor A1 de adenosina al inicio de la reperfusión miocárdica. Este efecto protector también estaría mediado por la activación de la enzima óxido nítrico sintasa durante la reperfusión.
RESUMO
Transition from compensated to decompensated left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is accompanied by functional and structural changes. Here, the aim was to evaluate dystrophin expression in murine models and human subjects with LVH by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and aortic stenosis (AS), respectively. We determined whether doxycycline (Doxy) prevented dystrophin expression and myocardial stiffness in mice. Additionally, ventricular function recovery was evaluated in patients 1 year after surgery. Mice were subjected to TAC and monitored for 3 weeks. A second group received Doxy treatment after TAC. Patients with AS were stratified by normal left ventricular end-diastolic wall stress (LVEDWS) and high LVEDWS, and groups were compared. In mice, LVH decreased inotropism and increased myocardial stiffness associated with a dystrophin breakdown and a decreased mitochondrial O2 uptake (MitoMVO2). These alterations were attenuated by Doxy. Patients with high LVEDWS showed similar results to those observed in mice. A correlation between dystrophin and myocardial stiffness was observed in both mice and humans. Systolic function at 1 year post-surgery was only recovered in the normal-LVEDWS group. In summary, mice and humans present diastolic dysfunction associated with dystrophin degradation. The recovery of ventricular function was observed only in patients with normal LVEDWS and without dystrophin degradation. In mice, Doxy improved MitoMVO2. Based on our results it is concluded that the LVH with high LVEDWS is associated to a degradation of dystrophin and increase of myocardial stiffness. At least in a murine model these alterations were attenuated after the administration of a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.
Assuntos
Distrofina/deficiência , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias Cardíacas/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Proteólise , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Doxiciclina/efeitos adversos , Doxiciclina/farmacologia , Humanos , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/induzido quimicamente , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/genética , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Mitocôndrias Cardíacas/genética , Mitocôndrias Cardíacas/patologia , Miocárdio/patologiaRESUMO
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