RESUMO

During the intervals of February 1993 to January 1994 and November 1994 to February 1995, in the southern São Paulo state, we studied the breeding activity of Scinax rizibilis (Bokermann, 1964), the only known hylid species with oviposition in foam nests. The foam nests were constructed by female jumps, during the oviposition. The clutches contained 850-1250 eggs, which were almost black, except for the small clear vegetative pole. The construction of foam nest in S. rizibilis is unique among the other species with this characteristic. The complexity of a foam nest is intermediate, and egg development was faster when eggs were surrounded by foam. It is possible to recognize a progression from less developed structures, represented by the bubble nests of some microhylid frogs, to more complex examples, such as the foam nests of Leptodactylidae or Leiuperidae.

RESUMO

The communities of anuran amphibians, especially in tropical regions, are directly influenced by environmental conditions, whfich play an important role in structuring and regulating communities. This study aimed to determine the diversity of reproductive modes, season of vocalization and to test correlation among climatic variables and richness, abundance of adult frogs and tadpoles, and activity of vocalization of males in 12 water bodies located in and around the Emas National Park, southwestern state of Goiás, Brazil. Sixteen samples were carried out between December 2005 and March 2008. A total of 25 species from five families were recorded: Bufonidae (one species), Hylidae (nine species), Leptodactylidae (eight species), Leiuperidae (six species) and Microhylidae (one species). Four patterns of reproductive activity were recognized among the species: continuous, intermediate, long and explosive. The richness of adult frogs, the abundance and activity of the calling males were positively related to air temperature, humidity and precipitation. The richness of tadpoles was positively related to precipitation and water temperature, but there was no relationship between the abundance of tadpoles with no descriptors of climate. Six reproductive modes were recorded, 56% of species had widespread aquatic reproductive modes (mode 1 and 4) and 44% deposit eggs in nests of foam (modes 11, 13, 30 and 32). The species recorded in this study showed a predominance of reproductive modes and general reproductive pattern typically associated with the warm and rainy period, as expected for tropical and seasonal regions. However, the temporal segregation between groups of species within the rainy season seems to facilitate the coexistence of generalist species typical of open and/or anthropogenic areas.

As comunidades de anfíbios anuros, principalmente de regiões tropicais, são influenciadas diretamente pelas condições ambientais, as quais desempenham um papel importante na estruturação e regulação das comunidades. Esse estudo teve como objetivo determinar a diversidade de modos reprodutivos, a temporada de vocalização e testar a correlação das variáveis climáticas sobre a riqueza, a abundância dos anuros adultos e dos girinos e sobre a atividade de vocalização dos machos em 12 corpos d'água localizados no interior e entorno do Parque Nacional das Emas, sudoeste do estado de Goiás, Brasil. Foram realizadas 16 amostragens entre dezembro de 2005 e março de 2008. Um total de 25 espécies de cinco famílias foram registradas: Bufonidae (uma espécie), Hylidae (nove espécies), Leptodactylidae (oito espécies), Leiuperidae (seis espécies) e Microhylidae (uma espécie). Quatro padrões de atividade reprodutiva foram reconhecidos entre as espécies: contínuo, intermediário, prolongado e explosivo. A riqueza de anuros adultos, a abundância e atividade de vocalização dos machos foram positivamente relacionadas com a temperatura do ar, umidade e precipitação. A riqueza de girinos foi positivamente relacionada com a precipitação e com a temperatura da água, mas não houve relação da abundância de girinos com nenhum dos descritores climáticos. Foram registrados seis modos reprodutivos: 56% das espécies apresentaram modos reprodutivos aquáticos generalizados (modo 1 e 4), e 44% depositam os ovos em ninhos de espuma (modos 11, 13, 30 e 32). As espécies registradas no presente estudo apresentaram predominância de modos reprodutivos generalizados e padrão reprodutivo tipicamente associado ao período quente e chuvoso, como esperado para regiões tropicais sazonais. Entretanto, a segregação temporal entre grupos de espécies dentro do período chuvoso parece facilitar a coexistência de espécies generalistas típicas de áreas abertas e/ou antrópicas.

RESUMO

During the intervals of February 1993 to January 1994 and November 1994 to February 1995, in the southern São Paulo state, we studied the breeding activity of Scinax rizibilis (Bokermann, 1964), the only known hylid species with oviposition in foam nests. The foam nests were constructed by female jumps, during the oviposition. The clutches contained 850-1250 eggs, which were almost black, except for the small clear vegetative pole. The construction of foam nest in S. rizibilis is unique among the other species with this characteristic. The complexity of a foam nest is intermediate, and egg development was faster when eggs were surrounded by foam. It is possible to recognize a progression from less developed structures, represented by the bubble nests of some microhylid frogs, to more complex examples, such as the foam nests of Leptodactylidae or Leiuperidae.

RESUMO

A new species of Scinax Wagler, 1830 belonging to the S. catharinae species group is described from the state of Goiás, in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. Scinax skaios sp. nov. is characterized by short snout-vent length (males ranging 23.2-29.6 mm; females 30.7- 36.1 mm), snout subovoid in dorsal view and protruding in lateral view; no tubercle on canthus rostralis; an inverted triangular interorbital blotch; no externally expanded vocal sac; dorsal skin texture moderately rugose; absence of a thick externally well differentiated inguinal gland; hidden areas of the thigh with vermiculate color pattern. The descriptions of the vocalizations are provided.

RESUMO

The communities of anuran amphibians, especially in tropical regions, are directly influenced by environmental conditions, whfich play an important role in structuring and regulating communities. This study aimed to determine the diversity of reproductive modes, season of vocalization and to test correlation among climatic variables and richness, abundance of adult frogs and tadpoles, and activity of vocalization of males in 12 water bodies located in and around the Emas National Park, southwestern state of Goiás, Brazil. Sixteen samples were carried out between December 2005 and March 2008. A total of 25 species from five families were recorded: Bufonidae (one species), Hylidae (nine species), Leptodactylidae (eight species), Leiuperidae (six species) and Microhylidae (one species). Four patterns of reproductive activity were recognized among the species: continuous, intermediate, long and explosive. The richness of adult frogs, the abundance and activity of the calling males were positively related to air temperature, humidity and precipitation. The richness of tadpoles was positively related to precipitation and water temperature, but there was no relationship between the abundance of tadpoles with no descriptors of climate. Six reproductive modes were recorded, 56% of species had widespread aquatic reproductive modes (mode 1 and 4) and 44% deposit eggs in nests of foam (modes 11, 13, 30 and 32). The species recorded in this study showed a predominance of reproductive modes and general reproductive pattern typically associated with the warm and rainy period, as expected for tropical and seasonal regions. However, the temporal segregation between groups of species within the rainy season seems to facilitate the coexistence of generalist species typical of open and/or anthropogenic areas.

As comunidades de anfíbios anuros, principalmente de regiões tropicais, são influenciadas diretamente pelas condições ambientais, as quais desempenham um papel importante na estruturação e regulação das comunidades. Esse estudo teve como objetivo determinar a diversidade de modos reprodutivos, a temporada de vocalização e testar a correlação das variáveis climáticas sobre a riqueza, a abundância dos anuros adultos e dos girinos e sobre a atividade de vocalização dos machos em 12 corpos d'água localizados no interior e entorno do Parque Nacional das Emas, sudoeste do estado de Goiás, Brasil. Foram realizadas 16 amostragens entre dezembro de 2005 e março de 2008. Um total de 25 espécies de cinco famílias foram registradas: Bufonidae (uma espécie), Hylidae (nove espécies), Leptodactylidae (oito espécies), Leiuperidae (seis espécies) e Microhylidae (uma espécie). Quatro padrões de atividade reprodutiva foram reconhecidos entre as espécies: contínuo, intermediário, prolongado e explosivo. A riqueza de anuros adultos, a abundância e atividade de vocalização dos machos foram positivamente relacionadas com a temperatura do ar, umidade e precipitação. A riqueza de girinos foi positivamente relacionada com a precipitação e com a temperatura da água, mas não houve relação da abundância de girinos com nenhum dos descritores climáticos. Foram registrados seis modos reprodutivos: 56% das espécies apresentaram modos reprodutivos aquáticos generalizados (modo 1 e 4), e 44% depositam os ovos em ninhos de espuma (modos 11, 13, 30 e 32). As espécies registradas no presente estudo apresentaram predominância de modos reprodutivos generalizados e padrão reprodutivo tipicamente associado ao período quente e chuvoso, como esperado para regiões tropicais sazonais. Entretanto, a segregação temporal entre grupos de espécies dentro do período chuvoso parece facilitar a coexistência de espécies generalistas típicas de áreas abertas e/ou antrópicas.

RESUMO

During the intervals of February 1993 to January 1994 and November 1994 to February 1995, in the southern São Paulo state, we studied the breeding activity of Scinax rizibilis (Bokermann, 1964), the only known hylid species with oviposition in foam nests. The foam nests were constructed by female jumps, during the oviposition. The clutches contained 850-1250 eggs, which were almost black, except for the small clear vegetative pole. The construction of foam nest in S. rizibilis is unique among the other species with this characteristic. The complexity of a foam nest is intermediate, and egg development was faster when eggs were surrounded by foam. It is possible to recognize a progression from less developed structures, represented by the bubble nests of some microhylid frogs, to more complex examples, such as the foam nests of Leptodactylidae or Leiuperidae.

RESUMO

A new species of Scinax Wagler, 1830 belonging to the S. catharinae species group is described from the state of Goiás, in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. Scinax skaios sp. nov. is characterized by short snout-vent length (males ranging 23.2-29.6 mm; females 30.7- 36.1 mm), snout subovoid in dorsal view and protruding in lateral view; no tubercle on canthus rostralis; an inverted triangular interorbital blotch; no externally expanded vocal sac; dorsal skin texture moderately rugose; absence of a thick externally well differentiated inguinal gland; hidden areas of the thigh with vermiculate color pattern. The descriptions of the vocalizations are provided.

RESUMO

A new species of Scinax Wagler, 1830 belonging to the S. catharinae species group is described from the state of Goiás, in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. Scinax skaios sp. nov. is characterized by short snout-vent length (males ranging 23.2-29.6 mm; females 30.7- 36.1 mm), snout subovoid in dorsal view and protruding in lateral view; no tubercle on canthus rostralis; an inverted triangular interorbital blotch; no externally expanded vocal sac; dorsal skin texture moderately rugose; absence of a thick externally well differentiated inguinal gland; hidden areas of the thigh with vermiculate color pattern. The descriptions of the vocalizations are provided.

RESUMO

To assess genetic structure and phenotypic diversity of Eupemphix nattereri Steindachner, 1863, morphometric and molecular analyses were carried out for nine populations from the State of Goiás. A total of 11 morphometric traits were evaluated and genetic information was estimated using RAPD markers. Genetic and phenotypic distances were determined as a function of geographical origin. Correlation among genetic, morphometric, micro, and macroenviromental were analyzed by the Mantel test. Genetic data indicated high levels of genetic diversity (st= 0.3) among the nine populations. Mantel tests did not reveal a significant positive correlation between genetic and geographical distances, indicating that locally geographical populations were not genetically similar, even in distances smaller than 50 km. Discriminant analysis on 11 morphometric measurements showed a high divergence among the nine populations. However, a marginally significant correlation (P=0.08) between genetic and morphometric distances was found. The observed correlation was not causal in terms of the relationship between phenotype and genotype, but indicated common spatial structures. Thus, our results suggest that isolation-by-distance processes may explain population divergence in Eupemphix nattereri.

Visando conhecer a estrutura genética e a diversidade fenotípica da espécie Eupemphix nattereri Steindachner, 1863, análises morfométricas e moleculares foram realizadas em nove populações do Estado de Goiás. Onze caracteres morfométricos foram avaliados e a diversidade genética foi estimada com o uso de marcadores RAPD. As matrizes de distâncias genéticas e fenotípicas foram correlacionadas com as distâncias geográficas e dados macro e microambientais, utilizando o teste de Mantel. Em relação aos caracteres genéticos, foram encontrados altos níveis de diversidade (st= 0,3) entre as nove populações. Não houve, entretanto, uma correlação positiva significativa entre as distâncias genéticas e geográficas, indicando que populações geograficamente próximas não seriam geneticamente similares, mesmo estando situadas entre distâncias menores do que 50 km. Uma análise discriminante dos onze caracteres morfométricos evidenciou também uma elevada divergência entre as nove populações. Entretanto, foi encontrada uma correlação quase significativa (P=0,008) entre as distâncias genéticas e morfométricas. A correlação observada não foi casual entre fenótipo e genótipo, mas indicou estruturas espaciais comuns. Desta forma, nossos resultados sugerem que processos de isolamento por distância poderiam explicar a divergência populacional na espécie Eupemphix nattereri.

RESUMO

To assess genetic structure and phenotypic diversity of Eupemphix nattereri Steindachner, 1863, morphometric and molecular analyses were carried out for nine populations from the State of Goiás. A total of 11 morphometric traits were evaluated and genetic information was estimated using RAPD markers. Genetic and phenotypic distances were determined as a function of geographical origin. Correlation among genetic, morphometric, micro, and macroenviromental were analyzed by the Mantel test. Genetic data indicated high levels of genetic diversity (st= 0.3) among the nine populations. Mantel tests did not reveal a significant positive correlation between genetic and geographical distances, indicating that locally geographical populations were not genetically similar, even in distances smaller than 50 km. Discriminant analysis on 11 morphometric measurements showed a high divergence among the nine populations. However, a marginally significant correlation (P=0.08) between genetic and morphometric distances was found. The observed correlation was not causal in terms of the relationship between phenotype and genotype, but indicated common spatial structures. Thus, our results suggest that isolation-by-distance processes may explain population divergence in Eupemphix nattereri.

Visando conhecer a estrutura genética e a diversidade fenotípica da espécie Eupemphix nattereri Steindachner, 1863, análises morfométricas e moleculares foram realizadas em nove populações do Estado de Goiás. Onze caracteres morfométricos foram avaliados e a diversidade genética foi estimada com o uso de marcadores RAPD. As matrizes de distâncias genéticas e fenotípicas foram correlacionadas com as distâncias geográficas e dados macro e microambientais, utilizando o teste de Mantel. Em relação aos caracteres genéticos, foram encontrados altos níveis de diversidade (st= 0,3) entre as nove populações. Não houve, entretanto, uma correlação positiva significativa entre as distâncias genéticas e geográficas, indicando que populações geograficamente próximas não seriam geneticamente similares, mesmo estando situadas entre distâncias menores do que 50 km. Uma análise discriminante dos onze caracteres morfométricos evidenciou também uma elevada divergência entre as nove populações. Entretanto, foi encontrada uma correlação quase significativa (P=0,008) entre as distâncias genéticas e morfométricas. A correlação observada não foi casual entre fenótipo e genótipo, mas indicou estruturas espaciais comuns. Desta forma, nossos resultados sugerem que processos de isolamento por distância poderiam explicar a divergência populacional na espécie Eupemphix nattereri.

RESUMO

From January, 1997 to April, 1998, we studied breeding activity in a population of Scinax centralis Pombal & Bastos, 1996, in the state of Goiás, inside the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. The behavior of males and females in the choruses, the relationships between environmental variables and the presence of individuals, the spatial distribution pattern, amplexus and clutches were analyzed. The breeding season occurred from November to May. The majority of males began to call when they entered the chorus; they were defending their calling sites against other males. We found a positive correlation between the number of females and males in the choruses, but no significant correlation was observed between the operational sexual ratio (OSR, number of reproducing females/number of reproducing males) and the number of calling males. OSR was highly male-biased; on average, there were 40 males for each female. The presence of individuals was positively correlated with air temperature of two previous days and negatively correlated with rainfall on the observation day. Generally, males were non-randomly distributed and satellite males were observed. Females were larger and heavier than males. Egg number, but not diameter of the egg, was correlated with the female size.

Entre janeiro de 1997 e abril de 1998, estudou-se a atividade reprodutiva em uma população de Scinax centralis Pombal & Bastos, 1996 no estado de Goiás, no bioma Cerrado, Brasil. Analisou-se o comportamento de machos e fêmeas nos agregados reprodutivos, as relações entre variáveis ambientais e a presença de indivíduos, o padrão de distribuição espacial, amplexos e desovas. A estação reprodutiva ocorreu de novembro a maio. A maioria dos machos começou a vocalizar quando entrou nos agregados; defendendo seus sítios de canto contra outros machos. Nós encontramos uma correlação positiva entre o número de fêmeas e de machos presentes no coro, mas não entre a razão sexual operacional (RSO, número de fêmeas reprodutivas/número de machos reprodutivos). A RSO foi altamente desviada para os machos; em média, haviam 40 machos para cada fêmea. A presença de indivíduos foi correlacionada positivamente com a temperatura do ar dos dois dias anteriores e negativamente correlacionada com a chuva do dia da observação. Geralmente, a distribuição espacial dos machos era uniforme. Machos satellites foram observados. As fêmeas eram maiores e mais pesadas que os machos. O número de ovos, mas não o diâmetro, está correlacionado com o tamanho da fêmea.

RESUMO

From January, 1997 to April, 1998, we studied breeding activity in a population of Scinax centralis Pombal & Bastos, 1996, in the state of Goiás, inside the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. The behavior of males and females in the choruses, the relationships between environmental variables and the presence of individuals, the spatial distribution pattern, amplexus and clutches were analyzed. The breeding season occurred from November to May. The majority of males began to call when they entered the chorus; they were defending their calling sites against other males. We found a positive correlation between the number of females and males in the choruses, but no significant correlation was observed between the operational sexual ratio (OSR, number of reproducing females/number of reproducing males) and the number of calling males. OSR was highly male-biased; on average, there were 40 males for each female. The presence of individuals was positively correlated with air temperature of two previous days and negatively correlated with rainfall on the observation day. Generally, males were non-randomly distributed and satellite males were observed. Females were larger and heavier than males. Egg number, but not diameter of the egg, was correlated with the female size.

Entre janeiro de 1997 e abril de 1998, estudou-se a atividade reprodutiva em uma população de Scinax centralis Pombal & Bastos, 1996 no estado de Goiás, no bioma Cerrado, Brasil. Analisou-se o comportamento de machos e fêmeas nos agregados reprodutivos, as relações entre variáveis ambientais e a presença de indivíduos, o padrão de distribuição espacial, amplexos e desovas. A estação reprodutiva ocorreu de novembro a maio. A maioria dos machos começou a vocalizar quando entrou nos agregados; defendendo seus sítios de canto contra outros machos. Nós encontramos uma correlação positiva entre o número de fêmeas e de machos presentes no coro, mas não entre a razão sexual operacional (RSO, número de fêmeas reprodutivas/número de machos reprodutivos). A RSO foi altamente desviada para os machos; em média, haviam 40 machos para cada fêmea. A presença de indivíduos foi correlacionada positivamente com a temperatura do ar dos dois dias anteriores e negativamente correlacionada com a chuva do dia da observação. Geralmente, a distribuição espacial dos machos era uniforme. Machos satellites foram observados. As fêmeas eram maiores e mais pesadas que os machos. O número de ovos, mas não o diâmetro, está correlacionado com o tamanho da fêmea.

RESUMO

The vocalizations of H. raniceps (Cope, 1826) and their functions are described, including an analysis of the influence of temperature, weight, or SVL (snout-vent length) of males on the acoustic parameters. The vocalizations were recorded in three areas in Fazenda Lagoa Grande, Municipality of Pontalina, State of Goiás, central Brazil. Males began their vocalizations just before sunset, extending them, in some cases, to dawn of the following day. The peak of activities happened between 21h and 23h. The height of calling sites varied plenty, being the position horizontal in about 50% of them. Males defended sites in different areas during consecutive nights. Rain and strong winds interrupted the calling activities. Males emitted three vocalizations: advertisement, territorial and distress calls. The advertisement call has pulsionated structures and it is the most common, being emitted in the presence/absence of females. Significant correlation was found between number of notes and air temperature, notes duration and both male weight and air temperature, calling rate and both male SVL or weight, and frequency and male weight.

RESUMO

The vocalizations of H. raniceps (Cope, 1826) and their functions are described, including an analysis of the influence of temperature, weight, or SVL (snout-vent length) of males on the acoustic parameters. The vocalizations were recorded in three areas in Fazenda Lagoa Grande, Municipality of Pontalina, State of Goiás, central Brazil. Males began their vocalizations just before sunset, extending them, in some cases, to dawn of the following day. The peak of activities happened between 21h and 23h. The height of calling sites varied plenty, being the position horizontal in about 50% of them. Males defended sites in different areas during consecutive nights. Rain and strong winds interrupted the calling activities. Males emitted three vocalizations: advertisement, territorial and distress calls. The advertisement call has pulsionated structures and it is the most common, being emitted in the presence/absence of females. Significant correlation was found between number of notes and air temperature, notes duration and both male weight and air temperature, calling rate and both male SVL or weight, and frequency and male weight.