RESUMO
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) manifestation. The worst survival has been associated with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) definitive pattern in high-resolution chest tomography (HRCT) scans. Moreover, the use of methotrexate in RA-ILD is controversial. Our aim was to evaluate prognostic factors including methotrexate in an RA-ILD cohort and their association with survival. RA-ILD patients referred for medical evaluation and treatment at a single center were included. At the baseline, pulmonary function tests were carried out and a HRCT was obtained. A radiologist evaluated the ILD tomographic pattern and the extent of lung disease. Patients were considered as receiving methotrexate therapy if this drug was specifically prescribed for the treatment of RA-ILD at the beginning of follow up. Seventy-eight patients were included. UIP definite pattern in HRCT was not associated to worse survival. Variables associated with mortality reflected the severity of lung disease. Treatment with methotrexate was associated with survival (HR 0.13, 95% CI 0.02-0.64); older patients had worse prognosis (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.003-1.09). After adjusting for confounding variables, methotrexate was strongly associated with survival. Methotrexate treatment during follow up was associated with survival. The severity of lung disease and not the tomographic pattern is associated with mortality; older patients had worse prognosis.
Assuntos
Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Reumatoide/complicações , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/etiologia , Metotrexato/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Artrite Reumatoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Resumen La otitis media aguda (OMA) es una enfermedad con alta prevalencia a nivel mundial principalmente en pacientes en edad pediátrica, debido a factores de riesgo propios del grupo etario, como los factores anatómicos y condiciones ambientales (asistencia a guardería, ausencia de lactancia materna y exposición al humo del tabaco, entre otros). El diagnóstico de certeza de la OMA es clínico y se basa en el inicio súbito del padecimiento, signos y síntomas de otitis media y líquido en el oído medio. El método más certero para evaluar la integridad de la membrana timpánica es la otoscopia simple, aunque la variante neumática es la más efectiva para establecer el compromiso en la movilidad de la membrana timpánica. Para la elección del tratamiento adecuado de la OMA se deben considerar diversos factores, entre ellos la edad del paciente, el estadio clínico, si existen tratamientos previos y el tiempo de evolución. La estrategia "esperar y ver" acompañada de analgésicos sistémicos por 48 a 72 horas disminuye la tasa de prescripción innecesaria de antibióticos en los casos de enfermedad no grave. El tratamiento antibiótico de primera línea, en el caso de que no haya mejoría con la primera estrategia o en forma directa es la amoxicilina a dosis de 80-90 mg/kg, y la combinación de amoxicilina con ácido clavulánico es el siguiente escalón cuando hay falla terapéutica con el primero, y una cefalosporina como la ceftriaxona, cuando se ha tenido falla terapéutica con amoxicilina y otro antimicrobiano previo. El tratamiento recomendado en pacientes alérgicos a la penicilina es claritromicina. La incidencia de complicaciones de la OMA es baja, éstas pueden ser: otitis media recurrente, hipoacusia conductiva, mastoiditis, parálisis del nervio facial, meningitis y absceso cerebral. Se recomienda realizar un seguimiento 3 a 6 meses después de un episodio sin complicaciones.
Abstract Acute otitis media (AOM) is a highly prevalent disease worldwide, primarily in pediatric patients due to the inherent risk factors in their age group, anatomical and environmental conditions such as day care attendance, lack of breastfeeding and exposure to cigarette smoke, among others. The definitive diagnosis of AOM is clinical and is based on a sudden onset of the disease, signs and symptoms of otitis media and fluid in middle ear. The most accurate method to evaluate the integrity of the patient's tympanic membrane is a simple otoscopy, although its pneumatic variant is the most effective tool to determinate loss of tympanic membrane mobility. Several factors, including the patient's age, clinical stage, previous treatment and time evolution should be considered in order to choose the right treatment for AOM. The "wait-and-see prescription" in addition to systemic analgesics for 48-72 hours reduces unnecessary antibiotic prescription in non-severe cases. Amoxicillin 80-90 mg/kg is the first-line antibiotic in case of no improvement with the first strategy. A combination of amoxicillin and clavulanate is the next step when first antibiotic therapy fails. A cephalosporin like Ceftriaxone is indicated in treatment failure with amoxicillin in addition to other previous antimicrobial. The recommended treatment in patients allergic to penicillin is clarithromycin. The incidence of complications of AOM is low, these include: recurrent otitis media, conductive hearing loss, mastoiditis, facial nerve paralysis, meningitis and brain abscess. Monitoring 3-6 months after an episode without complications is recommended.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the association between rheumatoid arthritis disease activity (RA) and interstitial lung damage (inflammation and fibrosis), in a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). METHODS: A retrospective study of RA patients with interstitial lung disease (restrictive pattern in lung function tests and evidence of interstitial lung disease in high resolution computed tomography (HRCT)). Patients were evaluated to exclude other causes of pulmonary disease. RA disease activity was measured with the CDAI index. Interstitial lung inflammation and fibrosis were determined by Kazerooni scale. We compared Kazerooni ground-glass score with the nearest CDAI score to HRCT date scan of the first medical evaluation at our institution. In nine patients, we compared the first ground-glass score with a second one after treatment with DMARDs and corticosteroids. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to evaluate association between RA disease activity and the Kazerooni ground-glass and fibrosis scores. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were included. A positive correlation between CDAI and ground-glass scores was found (rs=0.3767, P<0.028). Fibrosis and CDAI scores were not associated (rs=-0.0747, P<0.6745). After treatment, a downward tendency in the ground-glass score was observed (median [IQR]): (2.33 [2,3] vs. 2 [1.33-2.16]), P<0.056, along with a lesser CDAI score (27 [8-43] vs. 9 [5-12]), P<0.063. CONCLUSION: There is a correlation between RA disease activity and ground-glass appearance in the HRCT of RA-ILD patients. These results suggest a positive association between RA disease activity and lung inflammation in RA-ILD.