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Pleopeltis crassinervata is a fern documented in ethnobotanical records for its use in Mexican traditional medicine to treat gastric disorders and mouth ulcers. Consequently, conducting biological and pharmacological assays is crucial to validate the therapeutic efficacy of this plant within the context of traditional medicine. In the present study, we investigated the biological activity of extracts and fractions obtained from P. crassinervata organs against bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli) and Trichomonas vaginalis using in vitro models. The precipitate fraction obtained from the frond methanolic extract showed significant antibacterial activity (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] 120 µg/mL) against the Staphylococcus aureus strain and was effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The hexane fraction also obtained from frond methanolic extract, showed a trichomonacidal effect with an IC50 of 82.8 µg/mL and a low cytotoxic effect. Hsf6 exhibited the highest activity against T. vaginalis, and the GC-MS analysis revealed that the predominant compound was 16-pregnenolone. The remaining identified compounds were primarily terpene-type compounds.

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This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of thymol and carvacrol in inhibiting Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovar Typhimurium inoculated on a fresh green salad through the vapor phase. A film-forming solution was prepared by dissolving starch, sorbitol, and variying concentrations of carvacrol, thymol, and a mixture of both. The film-forming solution containing the respective antimicrobial agent was then added lid, which was sealed rigidly and hermetically to achieve different concentrations (105 mg/L of air of carvacrol, 105 mg/L of air of thymol, and a mixture of 52 mg/L of air of carvacrol and 52 mg/L of air of thymol). Each active package contained fresh green salad inoculated with E. coli or Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. The active packages were then sealed and refrigerated at a temperature of 6 °C for 48 h. Growth/inhibition curves were modelled using the Weibull equation, and consumer acceptance was evaluated. Carvacrol can reduce up to 0.5 log-cycles, while thymol can reach almost 1 log cycle. Blending the components with half the concentration has a synergistic effect, inhibiting up to 2.5 log cycles. Consumer ratings revealed no significant differences between the packages. However, the average score was 5.4 on a 9-point hedonic scale, evaluators' comments did not indicate dislike or a strong taste characteristic of thymol and carvacrol.

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During Toxoplasma gondii chronic infection, certain internal factors that trigger the proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), such as brain inflammation, cell death, and changes in cytokine levels, are observed. NPCs give rise to neuronal cell types in the adult brain of some mammals. NPCs are capable of dividing and differentiating into a restricted repertoire of neuronal and glial cell types. In this study, the proliferation of NPCs was evaluated in CD-1 adult male mice chronically infected with the T. gondii ME49 strain. Histological brain sections from the infected mice were evaluated in order to observe T. gondii tissue cysts. Sagittal and coronal sections from the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and from the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, as well as sagittal sections from the rostral migratory stream, were obtained from infected and non-infected mice previously injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). A flotation immunofluorescence technique was used to identify BrdU+ NPC. The scanning of BrdU+ cells was conducted using a confocal microscope, and the counting was performed with ImageJ® software (version 1.48q). In all the evaluated zones from the infected mice, a significant proliferation of the NPCs was observed when compared with that of the control group. We concluded that chronic infection with T. gondii increased the proliferation of NPCs in the three evaluated zones. Regardless of the role these cells are playing, our results could be useful to better understand the pathogenesis of chronic toxoplasmosis.

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El perfeccionamiento de los tres procesos sustantivos de la universidad, la docencia, la investigación y la extensión universitaria ha sido una prioridad para la educación superior cubana que ha desarrollado una serie de cambios y transformaciones en aras de garantizar una excelente formación de los profesionales que egresan de ella. En este sentido, la investigación abordó el tema de la extensión universitaria en la superación profesional y tuvo como objetivo favorecer la superación de los docentes universitarios y su vinculación con los avances científicos en un curso de posgrado para la Licenciatura en Cultura Física y Deportes, desde la extensión universitaria. El proceso investigativo se rigió por el método dialectico-materialista y se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico como el histórico-lógico y el análisis-síntesis y del nivel empírico el análisis documental, la entrevista en profundidad y la encuesta, para interpretar los resultados obtenidos en cada etapa de la investigación. Los resultados mostraron como principales debilidades el insuficiente reconocimiento de la importancia de la extensión universitaria en el contexto docente, así como la poca producción científica relacionada con la temática. Del estudio realizado se concluye que la extensión universitaria en la superación de este profesional constituye una vía expedita para un mejor conocimiento, gestión, preservación y difusión de actividades intra- y extracurriculares y en la mejora de la calidad de vida, con el fin de contribuir a formar ciudadanos capaces de ser, conocer, hacer y convivir juntos.

A melhoria dos três processos substantivos da universidade, o ensino, a pesquisa e a extensão universitária, tem sido uma prioridade para o ensino superior cubano, que tem desenvolvido uma série de mudanças e transformações a fim de garantir uma excelente formação dos profissionais que nela se graduam. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa abordou a questão da extensão universitária no desenvolvimento profissional e seu objetivo foi promover o desenvolvimento dos professores universitários e sua vinculação com os avanços científicos em um curso de pós-graduação para o Bacharelado em Cultura Física e Esportes, a partir da perspectiva da extensão universitária. O processo de pesquisa foi regido pelo método dialético-materialista, utilizando métodos teóricos como o histórico-lógico e a análise-síntese e métodos empíricos como a análise documental, a entrevista em profundidade e o survey, para interpretar os resultados obtidos em cada etapa da pesquisa. Os resultados apontaram como principais fragilidades o insuficiente reconhecimento da importância da extensão universitária no contexto do ensino, bem como a pouca produção científica relacionada ao tema. A partir do estudo realizado, conclui-se que a extensão universitária no aprimoramento desse profissional constitui um caminho expedito para um melhor conhecimento, gerenciamento, preservação e divulgação das atividades intra e extracurriculares e na melhoria da qualidade de vida, com o objetivo de contribuir para formar cidadãos capazes de ser, saber, fazer e conviver.

The improvement of the three substantive processes of the university, teaching, research and university extension has been a priority for Cuban higher education that has developed a series of changes and transformations in order to guarantee an excellent training of the professionals who graduate from it. In this sense, the research addressed the issue of university extension in professional upgrading and had the objective of promoting the improvement of university teachers and their link with scientific advances in a postgraduate course for the Degree in Physical Culture and Sports, from the university extension. The research process was governed by the dialectical-materialist method; theoretical level methods such as historical-logical and analysis-synthesis and empirical level ones as documentary analysis, in-depth interview and survey were used to interpret the results obtained in each stage of the research. The results showed as main weaknesses the insufficient recognition of the importance of university extension in the teaching context, as well as the little scientific production related to the subject. From the study carried out, it is concluded that the university extension in the improvement of this professional constitutes an expeditious way for a better knowledge, management, preservation and dissemination of intra- and extracurricular activities and in the improvement of the quality of life, in order to contribute to form citizens capable of being, knowing, doing and living together.

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Con el objetivo de evaluar la diversidad fenotípica de ocho cultivares de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) procedentes de Vietnam, para su introducción en los programas de mejora y en la producción en Cuba, apoyados en caracteres morfoagronómicos y técnicas de análisis multivariado, fue desarrollado este trabajo en la Unidad Científico Tecnológica de Base "Los Palacios", perteneciente al Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas de Cuba. Los cultivares vietnamitas se sembraron en campo junto a los comerciales INCA LP-5 e INCA LP-7, para ser caracterizados agronómicamente con la utilización de 29 descriptores cualitativos y 22 cuantitativos. Los resultados mostraron que 16 caracteres cualitativos resultaron homogéneos para los ocho cultivares procedentes de Vietnam y los dos cultivares comerciales cubanos, la asociación entre varios caracteres cuantitativos reafirma la influencia que ejercen algunos componentes sobre el rendimiento, los que son considerados como marcadores para la selección, tres cultivares de procedencia vietnamita (GL301, LCG3-4 y DS1) no pueden ser utilizados en la producción arrocera en Cuba, por su susceptibilidad a Tagosodes. Todos los cultivares mostraron resistencia a Rhizoctonia solani y Sarocladium oryzae y dos (GL 301 y LTH 31) fueron susceptibles a Pyricularia grisea. Los cultivares OM6976, OM5451 y OM8087 alcanzaron valores altos de rendimiento, por lo que pudieran ser utilizados, como progenitores en los programas de mejora, así como cultivares comerciales.

With the objective of evaluating the phenotypic diversity of eight rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) from Vietnam, for their introduction in breeding programs and production in Cuba, supported by morphoagronomic characters and multivariate analysis techniques, this work was developed in Scientific and Technological Base Unit belonging to the National Agricultural Sciences Institute of Cuba. The Vietnamese cultivars were planted in the field together with the commercial cultivars INCA LP-5 and INCA LP-7, to be characterized agronomically with the use of 29 qualitative and 22 quantitative descriptors. The results showed that 16 qualitative characters were homogeneous for the eight cultivars from Vietnam and the two Cuban commercial cultivars, the association between various quantitative characters reaffirms the influence exerted by some components on yield, which are considered as markers for selection. Three cultivars of Vietnamese origin (GL301, LCG3-4 and DS1) cannot be used in Cuban rice production, due to their susceptibility to Tagosodes. All cultivars showed resistance to Rhizoctonia solani and Sarocladium oryzae and two (GL 301 and LTH 31) were susceptible to Pyricularia grisea. The OM6976, OM5451 and OM8087 cultivars reached high yield values, so they could be used as parents in breeding programs, as well as commercial cultivars.

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Pleopeltis crassinervata (Pc) is a fern that, according to ethnobotanical records, is used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal ailments. Recent reports indicate that the hexane fraction (Hf) obtained from Pc methanolic frond extract affects Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite viability in vitro; therefore, in the present study, the activity of different Pc hexane subfractions (Hsf) obtained by chromatographic methods was evaluated in the same biological model. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out for hexane subfraction number one (Hsf1), as it showed the highest anti-Toxoplasma activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 23.6 µg/mL, a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 398.7 µg/mL in Vero cells, and a selective index (SI) of 16.89. Eighteen compounds were identified by Hsf1 GC/MS analysis, with the majority being fatty acids and terpenes. Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester was the most commonly found compound (18.05%) followed by olean-13(18)-ene, 2,2,4a,8a,9,12b,14a-octamethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,12,12a,12b,13,14,14a,14b-eicosahydropicene, and 8-octadecenoid acid, methyl ester, which were detected at 16.19%, 12.53%, and 12.99%, respectively. Based on the mechanisms of action reported for these molecules, Hsf1 could exert its anti-Toxoplasma activity mainly on T. gondii lipidomes and membranes.

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The development of composite materials with thermo-optical properties based on smart polymeric systems and nanostructures have been extensively studied. Due to the fact of its ability to self-assemble into a structure that generates a significant change in the refractive index, one of most attractive thermo-responsive polymers is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), as well as its derivatives such as multiblock copolymers. In this work, symmetric triblock copolymers of polyacrylamide (PAM) and PNIPAM (PAMx-b-PNIPAMy-b-PAMx) with different block lengths were prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT). The ABA sequence of these triblock copolymers was obtained in only two steps using a symmetrical trithiocarbonate as a transfer agent. The copolymers were combined with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to prepare nanocomposite materials with tunable optical properties. The results show that copolymers behave differently in solution due to the fact of variations in their composition. Therefore, they have a different impact on the nanoparticle formation process. Likewise, as expected, an increase in the length of the PNIPAM block promotes a better thermo-optical response.

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The modulation of nanoparticles' size, shape, and dispersion by polymers has attracted particular attention in different fields. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information regarding the use of charged macromolecules as assistants in the nanostructures' nucleation and growth processes. Prompted by this, the in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) aided by hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPAM), with different chemical structures, was developed. In contrast to the conventional synthesis of nanostructures assisted by polyacrylamide, here, the polymerization, hydrolysis, and nanostructure formation processes were carried out simultaneously in the same milieu. Likewise, the growing chains acted as a template for the nanoparticles' growth, so their conformations and chemical structure, especially the amount of charges along the chain, played an important role in the AuNPs' morphology, size, and some of the final composite features. The nanocomposite was thoroughly characterized with appropriate techniques, including ATR-FTIR, GPC, UV-Vis, and SEM.

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Apicomplexan parasites are the causal agents of different medically important diseases, such as toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, and malaria. Toxoplasmosis is considered a neglected parasitosis, even though it can cause severe cerebral complications and death in immunocompromised patients, including children and pregnant women. Drugs against Toxoplasma gondii, the etiological agent of toxoplasmosis, are highly toxic and lack efficacy in eradicating tissue cysts, promoting the establishment of latent infection and acute relapsing disease. Cryptosporidiosis has been recognized as the most frequent waterborne parasitosis in US outbreaks; anti-cryptosporidium drug discovery still faces a major obstacle: drugs that can act on the epicellular parasite. Severe malaria is most commonly caused by the progression of infection with Plasmodium falciparum. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of antimalarial drugs and vaccines, although the resistance of P. falciparum to artemisinin has recently gained a foothold in Africa. As seen, the search for new drugs against these parasites remains a challenge. Peptide-based drugs seem to be attractive alternative therapeutic agents recently recognized by the pharmaceutical industry, as they can kill different infectious agents and modulate the immune response. A review of the experimental effects of bioactive peptides on these parasites follows, along with comments. In addition, some biological and metabolomic generalities of the parasites are reviewed to elucidate peptide mechanisms of action on Apicomplexan targets.

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This review aims to evaluate the state of saffron's main bioactive compounds and their relationship with its commercial quality. Saffron is the commercial name for the dried red stigmas of the Crocus sativus L. flower. It owes its sensory and functional properties mainly to the presence of its carotenoid derivatives, synthesized throughout flowering and also during the whole production process. These compounds include crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal, which are bioactive metabolites. Saffron's commercial value is determined according to the ISO/TS3632 standard that determines their main apocatotenoids. Other techniques such as chromatography (gas and liquid) are used to detect the apocarotenoids. This, together with the determination of spectral fingerprinting or chemo typing are essential for saffron identification. The determination of the specific chemical markers coupled with chemometric methods favors the discrimination of adulterated samples, possible plants, or adulterating compounds and even the concentrations at which these are obtained. Chemical characterization and concentration of various compounds could be affected by saffron's geographical origin and harvest/postharvest characteristics. The large number of chemical compounds found in the by-products (flower parts) of saffron (catechin, quercetin, delphinidin, etc.) make it an interesting aromatic spice as a colorant, antioxidant, and source of phytochemicals, which can also bring additional economic value to the most expensive aromatic species in the world.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of CLDN4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and pulmonary tissue as an early indicator of LIRI and its relationship with changes in pulmonary physiology, edema formation and histology in an experimental porcine model of LTx with CIT of 50 min or 6 h. METHODS: In 12 pigs, LIRI was produced by: group I (n = 6) LTx with 50 min of CIT (LTx-50 min-CIT); and group II (n = 6) LTx with 6 h of CIT (LTx-6h-CIT). The lung function, edema formation, macroscopic and microscopic changes were assessed. CLDN4 expression in BALF and pulmonary tissue were determined. RESULTS: Both groups presented similar clinical, edema, and histological damage, as well as similar expression of CLDN4 in BALF and tissue (p > 0.05, RM-ANOVA). CONCLUSION: CLDN4 expressed in BALF and the pulmonary tissue during the first 5 h within 72 h of the PGD window are not associated by the deterioration of lung function, edema and lung histological injury, in LTx with CIT 50 min or 6 h, CLDN4 does not seem to be a valuable indicator of LIRI.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 produjo una crisis sanitaria afectando las coberturas de vacunación de los países. Objetivo : Describir la cobertura de vacunación de los biológicos trazadores durante el periodo prepandémico (2015- 2019) y pandémico (2020-2021) en Paraguay. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional de corte transverso, que comprendió a niños de 0 a 5 años de edad, de las 18 Regiones Sanitarias del País. Se analizaron las coberturas de vacunación del Programa Ampliado de Inmunización, periodo prepandémico (2015-2019) y pandémico (2020-201). Se incluyeron los biológicos trazadores: BCG, DPT1, DPT3, IPV1 y bOPV3, SPR1, SPR2 y vacuna antiamarílica (AA), el cálculo de cobertura de vacunación a nivel país se realizó por medio del análisis del reporte electrónico semanal de dosis de vacunas administradas por Región Sanitaria. Se estableció la comparación de las coberturas de vacunación por biológico trazador, por periodos y rango de edad. Resultados: Durante la pandemia se constató un descenso de cobertura de vacunación de los biológicos trazadores, para BCG: 4 % (2020), 15% (2021);DPT1: 5 % (2020), 13 % (2021); DPT3: 9 % (2020), 22 %(2021); IPV1: 5 % (2020),16 % (2021); bOPV3: 7% (2020),19 % (2021); SPR1: 9 %, SPR2: 13 % (2020),SPR1:17%, SPR2:16 % (2021) y AA: 7% (2020), 15% (2021). Conclusión: Durante la pandemia de Covid-19 disminuyeron las coberturas de vacunación de todos los biológicos trazadores, similar descenso se constató en otros países de América, existe el riesgo de aparición de brotes de enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación por el acúmulo de susceptibles.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic produced a health crisis affecting countries' vaccination coverage statistics. Objective: To describe the coverage of recommended vaccines during the pre-pandemic (2015-2019) and pandemic (2020-2021) periods in Paraguay. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive, observational cross-sectional study, comprising children from 0 to 5 years of age, from the Country's 18 Health Regions. The vaccination coverage of the National Expanded Immunization Program, pre-pandemic (2015-2019) and pandemic (2020-201) periods were analyzed. The recommended vaccinations included were: BCG, DTP1, DTP3, IPV1 and bOPV3, MMR1, MMR2 and yellow fever vaccine (AA), the calculation of vaccination coverage at the country level was carried out through the analysis of the weekly electronic report of doses of vaccines administered by Health Region. The comparison of vaccination coverage by recommended vaccine was established, by periods and age range. Results: During the pandemic, a decrease in vaccination coverage of the recommended vaccines was observed, for BCG: 4% (2020), 15% (2021); DTP1: 5% (2020), 13% (2021); DTP3: 9% (2020), 22% (2021); IPV1: 5% (2020), 16% (2021); bOPV3: 7% (2020), 19% (2021); MMR1: 9%, MMR2: 13% (2020), MMR1: 17%, MMR2: 16% (2021) and AA: 7% (2020), 15% (2021). Conclusion: During the Covid-19 pandemic, vaccination coverage of all recommended vaccines decreased, a similar decrease was found in other countries in the Americas, there is a risk of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases due to the accumulation of susceptible populations.

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Saffron is derived from the stigmas of the flower Crocus sativus L. The drying process is the most important post-harvest step for converting C. sativus stigmas into saffron. The aim of this review is to evaluate saffron's post-harvest conditions in the development of volatile compounds and its aroma descriptors. It describes saffron's compound generation by enzymatic pathways and degradation reactions. Saffron quality is described by their metabolite's solubility and the determination of picrocrocin, crocins, and safranal. The drying process induce various modifications in terms of color, flavor and aroma, which take place in the spice. It affects the aromatic species chemical profile. In the food industry, saffron is employed for its sensory attributes, such as coloring, related mainly to crocins (mono-glycosyl esters or di-glycosyl polyene).

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This study aimed to evaluate the volatile or lipophilic chemical profiling and the biological activities of avocado (Persea americana cv. Criollo sp.) seed extracts. Chemical profile of volatile compounds (GC/MS), antioxidant properties (phenolic compounds, DPPH radical scavenging activities and reducing power), and antimicrobial activity (Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus) of avocado (Persea americana cv. Criollo sp.) seed extracts (ethanol and acetone) were characterized. Sixteen volatile chemical compounds were determined, including isoprenoid derivatives (estragole), esters of fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids), and their derivatives (9,12-Octadecadien-1-ol and 9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1-ol). Acetone was the best solvent to obtain volatile compounds from avocado seed; this extract also showed a higher reducing power (56.35 mg AAE/100 g). Maximum S. aureus and S. Typhimurium log reductions were 4.0 ± 0.3 and 1.8 ± 0.3 at the highest amount used (2000 mg/L), without significant effect (p < 0.05) of the solvent used. According to the results of the volatile chemical profiling of avocado (Persea americana cv. Criollo sp.) seed extracts, they can have potential application as antioxidant (212.75 and 183.75 mg Trolox/100 g) and antimicrobial additives.

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RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de métodos combinados para incrementar la vida en anaquel de agua de coco. Métodos El agua de coco fue obtenida de comercios no establecidos en la Ciudad de Puebla, México. El agua de coco fue tratada con luz ultravioleta-C, vainillina o cinamaldehído y almacenada a 5 y 22°C. Se evaluó el efecto de estas tecnologías sobre el crecimiento microbiano de bacterias mesófilas aerobias, mohos y levaduras. Resultados El tratamiento con luz ultravioleta-C redujo la carga microbiana de bacterias mesófilas aerobias y mohos y levaduras en 3,2 y 2,9 ciclos logarítmicos, respectivamente. Durante el almacenamiento del agua de coco, la combinación de luz ultravioleta-C, cinamaldehído y baja temperatura mantuvo una carga microbiana en ambos grupos de microorganismos por debajo de 10 UFC/mL, durante 30 días. Conclusión La aplicación de métodos combinados puede ser una alternativa a bajo costo para la conservación de agua de coco.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effect of combined methods for increasing the shelf life of coconut water. Methods Coconut water was obtained from non-established commerce of Puebla City, Mexico. Coconut water was treated with ultraviolet-C light, vanillin or cinnamaldehyde, and stored at 5 and 22°C. The effect of combined methods was evaluated in the growth of aerobic mesophiles and molds plus yeasts. Results Ultraviolet-C light treatment reduced the microbial load of aerobic mesophiles and molds plus yeast in 3,2 and 2,9 log cycles, respectively. In stored coconut water, the combination of ultraviolet-C light, cinnamaldehyde and low temperature maintained the microbial load in both groups of microorganisms under 10 CFU/mL for 30 days. Conclusion Combined methods may be an alternative at a low cost for the conservation of coconut water.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of thymol and carvacrol added to edible starch films and coatings against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. In vitro evaluation consisted of determining minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of carvacrol and thymol was determined at different pH values against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. With MIC values, binary mixtures were developed. From these results, two coatings formulations were in vivo evaluated on mango and papaya. Physicochemical analysis, color change, fruit lesions and C. gloeosporioides growth were determined during storage. In vitro assay indicated that the MIC value of carvacrol and thymol against C. gloeosporioides was 1500 mg/L at pH 5. An additive effect was determined with 750/750 and 1125/375 mg/L mixtures of carvacrol and thymol, respectively. Coated fruits with selected mixtures of carvacrol and thymol presented a delay in firmness, maturity index and color change. Moreover, a fungistatic effect was observed due to a reduction of lesions in coated fruits. These results were corroborated by the increase in the lag phase value and the reduction of the growth rate. Carvacrol and thymol incorporated into edible films and coatings are able to reduce the incidence of anthracnose symptoms on mango and papaya.

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Resumen En la presente investigación, se ofrece una concentración teórica acerca del proceso de formación de líderes estudiantiles en las carreras pedagógico-deportivas. El objetivo general estuvo dirigido a diseñar una estrategia que contribuya al proceso de formación de líderes estudiantiles desde la Extensión Universitaria en la carrera Cultura Física, de la Universidad de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". Se presentaron los resultados correspondientes a sus dos primeras tareas investigativas. El enfoque general de la investigación fue el dialéctico-materialista y se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico y del nivel empírico como el análisis de documentos, la entrevista y la encuesta. El estudio investigativo realizado acerca del proceso de formación de líderes estudiantiles, desde la Extensión Universitaria, se centra en la realidad de la universidad cubana, desde una mirada crítica acerca del encargo social que tiene un profesional de la carrera Cultura Física para cumplir con su meta de manera competitiva. Constituyen premisas fundamentales el desempeño activo del estudiante en la socialización y cooperación durante la ejecución de las actividades que realiza en el contexto universitario y en la comunidad.

Resumo Na presente investigação, é oferecida uma concentração teórica sobre o processo de formação de líderes estudantis nas carreiras pedagógico-desportivas. O objetivo geral foi orientado para conceber uma estratégia que contribua para o processo de formação de líderes estudantis da extensão universitária na carreira da Cultura Física, na Universidade de Pinar del Río. Foram apresentados os resultados correspondentes às suas duas primeiras tarefas de investigação. A abordagem geral da investigação foi a dialética-materialista e foram utilizados métodos do nível teórico e empírico, tais como a análise de documentos, a entrevista e o inquérito. O estudo de investigação realizado sobre o processo de formação de líderes estudantis, a partir da extensão universitária, centra-se na realidade da universidade cubana, de um ponto de vista crítico sobre a tarefa social que um profissional da carreira da Cultura Física tem de cumprir o seu objetivo de uma forma competitiva. O desempenho ativo do estudante na socialização e cooperação durante a execução das atividades que desenvolve no contexto universitário e na comunidade constitui premissas fundamentais.

Abstract In the present research, a theoretical concentration is offered about the process of formation of student leaders in the pedagogical-sports careers. The general objective was directed to design a strategy that contributes to the formation process of student leaders from the university extension in the Physical Culture career, of the University of Pinar del Río. The results corresponding to its first two research tasks were presented. The general approach of the research was the dialectical-materialistic one, and methods from the theoretical level and from the empirical level were used, such as the analysis of documents, the interview and the survey. The research study carried out about the process of formation of student leaders, from the university extension, is centered in the reality of Cuban university, from a critical look about the social assignment that a professional of Physical Culture has to fulfill his/her goal in a competitive way. The active performance of the student in the socialization and cooperation during the execution of the activities that he/she carries out in the university context and in the community constitute fundamental premises.

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We designed and evaluated the efficacy of a computer-based cognitive training program (Executive Function Enhancement Program [EFEP]) to stimulate executive functions through enhancing planning in normally-developing children. A total of 111 Colombian children participated in the study. Fifty-nine (53%) of the children were assigned to the experimental condition (application of the EFEP program) with two levels of planning performance, and fifty-two (47%) to the waiting list control condition with the same two levels of planning. The training program was applied three times a week over six weeks, with post-intervention assessment two weeks after the end of training. A follow-up assessment was carried out three months later. Results showed that the intervention program was particularly effective in the children with lower pre-intervention performance in planning, demonstrating that the program is an efficient therapeutic instrument for enhancing the executive function of planning in children between 5 and 7 years old.

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RESUMEN El cáncer constituye un serio problema de salud para la humanidad y se estima que se incrementará rápidamente en los próximos años. En Cuba las enfermedades malignas pasaron a ocupar la primera causa de muerte en el 2012 y cada año se diagnostican aproximadamente entre 30 y 36 mil casos nuevos. Teniendo en cuenta la importancia que tienen para nuestro sistema social la asistencia médica y la calidad de vida del paciente, el gobierno cubano y el Ministerio de Salud Pública diseñaron un proyecto de Introducción de tecnologías para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento del cáncer en Cuba, el cual incluye la introducción de cinco tecnologías: dos para el diagnóstico del cáncer y tres para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Para el diseño de las demandas técnicas, la planificación del proceso de introducción tecnológica y la formación de los recursos humanos se crearon grupos de trabajo compuestos por especialistas de hospitales, los centros reguladores y el Ministerio de Salud Pública, con el fin de garantizar que se tuviera en cuenta la necesidad de equipamiento, las regulaciones vigentes y los mecanismos de formación del personal requeridos para la asimilación de las diferentes tecnologías. En estos momentos ya han sido instaladas tres de estas tecnologías y se prevé que a fines de 2017 haya concluido el proceso de instalación tecnológica, el cual tendrá un relevante impacto social, tanto en el diagnóstico temprano de las enfermedades malignas, como en el control de las mismas, en todos los grupos de edades.

ABSTRACT Cancer is a serious health problem for humanity and is expected to increase rapidly in the coming years. In Cuba, malignancies became the leading cause of death in 2012 and each year about 30 to 36 thousand new cases are diagnosed. Given the importance to our social system for medical care and the quality of life of patients, the Government and the Ministry of Health designed a project to introduce five new technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in Cuba. Two technologies are for diagnosing cancer and three for the treatment of this disease. In order to guarantee the technical requirements of this project, the planning of the introduction process of the new technology and training of human resources, working groups, made up by experts from hospitals, regulatory bodies and the Ministry of Public Health (MINSAP) were created. These working groups shall take into account the needed equipment, the regulations in force as well as staff training required by the new technologies. At present three of these technologies are already installed and by the end of 2017, the introduction of all the new technology is expected to be completed, which will have a significant social impact both on the early diagnosis of malignant diseases, and on their control in all age groups.

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las leucemias agudas son neoplasias hematológicas primarias, carac-terizadas por la proliferación anormal de células inmaduras en la médula ósea. OBJETI-VO. Definir las características clínicas, demográficas, de laboratorio y citogenéticas de los pacientes diagnosticados con leucemias agudas; además sus complicaciones durante la inducción a la remisión. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. La población fue de 191 pacientes con diagnóstico de leucemia aguda en la Unidad Téc-nica de Hematología del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín entre enero 2016 y octubre 2018. Los datos fueron tomados de la Historia Clínica documentada en el sistema AS-400, el análisis descriptivo se realizó con el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Versión 25.0. RESULTA-DOS. La leucemia mieloide aguda fue diagnosticada en el 62,30% (118; 191), seguida de la leucemia linfoide aguda en el 34,00% (64; 191). La leucemia aguda fue más común en hombres en un 54,45% (103; 191) que en mujeres. Las alteraciones de laboratorio más frecuentes fueron la hiperleucocitosis, anemia y trombocitopenia. En el 37,50% (69; 184) de los casos se determinó un cariotipo normal, la alteración numérica más frecuente fue la hipoploidía. La complicación más constante durante la inducción fueron las infecciones; el microorganismo hallado en más del 80,00% de los cultivos fueron las bacterias. CON-CLUSIÓN. La leucemia mieloide aguda fue el tipo más común en la población adulta, posterior a la inducción existió alto porcentaje de mortalidad y bajo de remisión completa

INTRODUCTION. Acute leukemias are primary hematologic malignancies, characterized by abnormal proliferation of immature cells in the bone marrow. OBJECTIVE. Define the clinical, demographic, laboratory and cytogenetic characteristics of the patients diagnosed with acute leukemias; also its complications during induction to remission. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Descriptive, retrospective study. The population was 191 patients diag-nosed with acute leukemia in the Technical Unit of Hematology of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital between january 2016 and october 2018. Data were taken from the Clinical History documented in the AS-400 system, the descriptive analysis was perfor-med with the International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Version 25.0. RESULTS. Acute myeloid leukemia was diagnosed in 62,30% (118; 191), followed by acute lymphoid leukemia at 34,00% (64; 191). Acute leukemia was more com-mon in men in 54,45% (103; 191) than in women. The most common laboratory disorders were hyperleukocytosis, anemia and thrombocytopenia. In 37,50% (69; 184) of cases, a normal karyotype was determined, the most frequent numerical alteration was hypoploidy. The most constant complication during induction were infections; the microorganism found in more than 80,00% of the cultures were bacteria. CONCLUSION. Acute myeloid leuke-mia was the most common type in the adult population, after induction there was a high percentage of mortality and a low rate of complete remission.

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