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Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease of domestic and wild pigs. Despite mass vaccination and continuous eradication programs, CSF remains endemic in Asia, some countries in Europe, the Caribbean and South America. Since June 2013, Northern Colombia has reported 137 CSF outbreaks, mostly in backyard production systems with low vaccination coverage. The purpose of this study was to characterize the virus responsible for the outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length E2 sequence shows that the virus is closely related to CSF virus (CSFV) genotype 2.6 strains circulating in Southeast Asia. The pathotyping experiment suggests that the virus responsible is a moderately virulent strain. The 190 nucleotide stretch of the E2 hypervariable region of these isolates also shows high similarity to the CSFV isolates from Colombia in 2005 and 2006, suggesting a common origin for the CSF outbreaks caused by genotype 2.6 strains. The emergence of genotype 2.6 in Colombia suggests a potential transboundary spread of CSFV from Asia to the Americas, complicating the ongoing CSF eradication efforts in the Americas, and emphasizes the need for continuous surveillance in the region.

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La evaluación, como categoría didáctica en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la carrera Licenciatura en Cultura Física y Deporte, enfrenta desafíos que obligan a los diferentes colectivos pedagógicos a proyectar acciones que le permitan una visión contextualizada e integral de la misma. La unidad del sistema de influencias educativas es una necesidad para la evaluación formativa, compartida, personalizada, centrada en evidencias de conocimiento, de producto y de desempeño en la formación y desarrollo de competencias en esta Carrera. El objetivo del trabajo es valorar el proceso evaluativo integrador de las competencias, en los estudiantes de la Práctica Laboral Investigativa de tercer año, de la Carrera de licenciatura en Cultura Física y Deporte, a través de la disciplina principal integradora Formación Laboral Investigativa. Para ello, se aplicaron métodos de investigación empíricos, como el análisis de documentos, la entrevista y la observación. Los resultados permitieron fundamentar una propuesta metodológica que potencie la evaluación integradora, sobre la base el enfoque integral físico-educativo, en el proceso de estudio. El diseño de los resultados fue de tipo experimental, en su variante pre-experimento. La aplicación parcial de la propuesta validó su pertinencia y contribuyó de forma favorable al mejoramiento del desempeño profesional y humano de los que participan.

A avaliação, como categoria didática no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do curso de Bacharelado em Cultura Física e Esporte, enfrenta desafios que obrigam os diferentes coletivos pedagógicos a planejar ações que permitam uma visão contextualizada e integral da mesma. A unidade do sistema de influências educacionais é uma necessidade para a avaliação formativa, compartilhada e personalizada, focada na evidência de conhecimento, produto e desempenho na formação e no desenvolvimento de competências nesse curso de graduação. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar o processo de avaliação integrativa das competências dos alunos do terceiro ano do Estágio de Pesquisa no Bacharelado em Cultura Física e Esporte, por meio da principal disciplina integrativa do Estágio de Pesquisa. Para isso, foram aplicados métodos de pesquisa empírica, como análise de documentos, entrevista e observação. Os resultados permitiram fundamentar uma proposta metodológica que aprimora a avaliação integrativa, com base na abordagem físico-educacional integral, no processo de estudo. O desenho dos resultados foi experimental, em sua variante pré-experimental. A aplicação parcial da proposta validou sua relevância e contribuiu favoravelmente para a melhoria do desempenho profissional e humano dos envolvidos.

Evaluation, as a didactic category in the teaching-learning process of the Bachelor's Degree in Physical Culture and Sports, faces challenges that force the different pedagogical groups to project actions that allow a contextualized and comprehensive vision of it. The unity of the system of educational influences is a necessity for formative, shared, personalized evaluation, focused on evidence of knowledge, product and performance in the training and development of competencies in this Career. The objective of the work is to assess the integrative evaluative process of the competencies, in the students of the third-year Investigative Work Practice, of the Bachelor's Degree in Physical Culture and Sports, through the main integrative discipline Investigative Work Training. To achieve this, empirical research methods were applied, such as document analysis, interviews and observation. The results allowed to base a methodological proposal that enhances the integrative evaluation, based on the comprehensive physical-educational approach, in the study process. The design of the results was experimental, in its pre-experiment variant. The partial application of the proposal validated its relevance and contributed favorably to the improvement of the professional and human performance of those who participate.

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Introducción: En el contexto de la pandemia, la gestión eficiente de los flujos de pacientes con enfoque en su trayectoria es crucial. En este sentido, el enfoque Lean permite aumentar el rendimiento del sistema sanitario, al eliminar actividades que no generan valor al paciente. Objetivo: Realizar un análisis integral de los flujos de pacientes de alto riesgo con COVID-19 en Matanzas, utilizando el enfoque Lean. Materiales y métodos: Se implementó una metodología de tipo cuantitativa, estructurada en cuatro etapas, para la gestión integrada de los flujos de pacientes de alto riesgo con COVID-19, mediante el enfoque Lean. Esta metodología integra herramientas para la selección de expertos, representación de procesos, análisis estructural y mapas de flujos de valor. Se aplicó durante del período de mayor incidencia de la pandemia en Matanzas (1 de mayo al 1 de agosto de 2021). Resultados: Se identificaron deficiencias relacionadas con los flujos de pacientes de alto riesgo con COVID-19 en Matanzas. Se realizó un análisis integral de los flujos, con el fin de realizar una propuesta de mejoras con enfoque Lean. La propuesta garantizó una optimización de 1510 minutos por ciclos de atención, con una eficiencia del 85,86 % del tiempo total de cada ciclo (etapa del tratamiento), y del 59,38 % de los tiempos de espera entre ellos. Conclusiones: Las herramientas Lean permiten realizar un análisis integral de los flujos de pacientes, además de mostrar una vía para su gestión, centrada en la trayectoria y no en la ocupación del recurso.

Introduction: In the context of the pandemic, the efficient management of the patients flow with a focus on their trajectory is crucial. In this sense, the Lean approach allows to increase the performance of the health care system, eliminating activities that do not generate value for the patient. Objective: To carry out an integral analysis of the high risk patients flow with COVID-19 in Matanzas, using the Lean approach. Materials and methods: A quantitative methodology, structured in four stages was implemented for the integrated management of the flow of high risk patients with COVID-19, using the Lean approach. This methodology integrates tools for the selection of experts, process representation, structural analysis and value flow maps. It was applied during the period of highest incidence of the pandemic in Matanzas (May 1st to August 1st 2021). Results: Deficiencies related to the flows of high risks patients with COVID-19 in Matanzas were identified. A comprehensive analysis of the flows was carried out in order to make a proposal for improvements with a Lean approach. The proposal guaranteed an optimization of 1 500 minutes per service cycle, with an efficiency of 85.86% of the total time of each cycle (treatment stage), and 59.38% of the waiting times between them. Conclusions: Lean tools allow a comprehensive analysis of the patients' flow, in addition to showing a route for their management, focused on the trajectory and not on the occupation of the resource.

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Self-perception of ethnicity is a complex social trait shaped by both, biological and non-biological factors. We developed a comprehensive analysis of ethnic self-perception (ESP) on a large sample of Latin American mestizos from five countries, differing in age, socio-economic and education context, external phenotypic attributes and genetic background. We measured the correlation of ESP against genomic ancestry, and the influence of physical appearance, socio-economic context, and education on the distortion observed between both. Here we show that genomic ancestry is correlated to aspects of physical appearance, which in turn affect the individual ethnic self-perceived ancestry. Also, we observe that, besides the significant correlation among genomic ancestry and ESP, specific physical or socio-economic attributes have a strong impact on self-perception. In addition, the distortion among ESP and genomic ancestry differs across age ranks/countries, probably suggesting the underlying effect of past public policies regarding identity. Our results indicate that individuals' own ideas about its origins should be taken with caution, especially in aspects of modern life, including access to work, social policies, and public health key decisions such as drug administration, therapy design, and clinical trials, among others.

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Current point cloud extraction methods based on photogrammetry generate large amounts of spurious detections that hamper useful 3D mesh reconstructions or, even worse, the possibility of adequate measurements. Moreover, noise removal methods for point clouds are complex, slow and incapable to cope with semantic noise. In this work, we present body2vec, a model-based body segmentation tool that uses a specifically trained Neural Network architecture. Body2vec is capable to perform human body point cloud reconstruction from videos taken on hand-held devices (smartphones or tablets), achieving high quality anthropometric measurements. The main contribution of the proposed workflow is to perform a background removal step, thus avoiding the spurious points generation that is usual in photogrammetric reconstruction. A group of 60 persons were taped with a smartphone, and the corresponding point clouds were obtained automatically with standard photogrammetric methods. We used as a 3D silver standard the clean meshes obtained at the same time with LiDAR sensors post-processed and noise-filtered by expert anthropological biologists. Finally, we used as gold standard anthropometric measurements of the waist and hip of the same people, taken by expert anthropometrists. Applying our method to the raw videos significantly enhanced the quality of the results of the point cloud as compared with the LiDAR-based mesh, and of the anthropometric measurements as compared with the actual hip and waist perimeter measured by the anthropometrists. In both contexts, the resulting quality of body2vec is equivalent to the LiDAR reconstruction.

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OBJECTIVES: The diagnosis and treatment of obesity are usually based on traditional anthropometric variables including weight, height, and several body perimeters. Here we present a three-dimensional (3D) image-based computational approach aimed to capture the distribution of abdominal adipose tissue as an aspect of shape rather than a relationship among classical anthropometric measures. METHODS: A morphometric approach based on landmarks and semilandmarks placed upon the 3D torso surface was performed in order to quantify abdominal adiposity shape variation and its relation to classical indices. Specifically, we analyzed sets of body cross-sectional circumferences, collectively defining each, along with anthropometric data taken on 112 volunteers. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed on 250 circumferences located along the abdominal region of each volunteer. An analysis of covariance model was used to compare shape variables (PCs) against anthropometric data (weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences). RESULTS: The observed shape patterns were mainly related to nutritional status, followed by sexual dimorphism. PC1 (12.5%) and PC2 (7.5%) represented 20% of the total variation. In PCAs calculated independently by sex, linear regression analyses provide statistically significant associations between PC1 and the three classical indexes: body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and waist-hip ratio. CONCLUSION: Shape indicators predict well the behavior of classical markers, but also evaluate 3D and geometric features with more accuracy as related to the body shape under study. This approach also facilitates diagnosis and follow-up of therapies by using accessible 3D technology.

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El pensamiento de Fidel ha sido guía estratégica para el desarrollo de la educación médica cubana. Su estudio permanente constituye premisa inexcusable para el logro de una formación de Recursos Humanos en Salud con calidad y pertinencia. Se realizó un estudio socio histórico del pensamiento de Fidel sobre el proceso docente educativo en el área de la educación médica por la vía del análisis de contenido de discursos e intervenciones de Fidel Castro Ruz realizadas entre 1959 y el 2006, con el objetivo de analizar el pensamiento de Fidel como referente para el desarrollo de la educación médica y del capital humano en el Sistema Nacional de Salud cubano. Se tomó como referencia un trabajo realizado por un grupo de profesores expertos del comité académico de la Maestría en Educación Médica de la Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública. Se presentaron los pronunciamientos seleccionados en los 12 discursos e intervenciones de Fidel relacionados con el proceso docente educativo en la Educación Médica, así como las ideas básicas, a partir de las cuales se elaboró la idea integradora y se establecieron las acciones necesarias para garantizar su cumplimiento en la práctica educativa. El pensamiento de Fidel vinculado al desarrollo del proceso docente educativo en la educación médica superior, contribuyó al incremento de la calidad y la pertinencia de los procesos formativos en la Educación Médica Cubana.

Fidel's thinking has been a strategic guide for the development of Cuban medical education. Its permanent study constitutes an inexcusable premise for the achievement of a Human Resources in Health training with quality and relevance. A socio-historical study of Fidel's thinking on the educational teaching process in the area of ​​medical education was conducted through the analysis of the content of speeches and interventions by Fidel Castro Ruz made between 1959 and 2006, with the aim of analyzing the Fidel thought as a reference for the development of medical education and human capital in the Cuban National Health System. A work carried out by a group of expert professors from the academic committee of the Master in Medical Education of the National School of Public Health was taken as a reference. The pronouncements selected in the 12 speeches and interventions of Fidel related to the educational teaching process in Medical Education were presented, as well as the basic ideas, from which the integrative idea was elaborated and the necessary actions were established to ensure compliance In educational practice. Fidel's thinking, linked to the development of the educational teaching process in higher medical education, contributed to the increase in the quality and relevance of the training processes in Cuban Medical Education.

O pensamento de Fidel tem sido um guia estratégico para o desenvolvimento da educação médica cubana. Seu estudo permanente constitui uma premissa indesculpável para a realização de um treinamento de Recursos Humanos em Saúde com qualidade e relevância. Um estudo sócio-histórico do pensamento de Fidel sobre o processo de ensino educacional na área da educação médica foi realizado através da análise do conteúdo dos discursos e intervenções de Fidel Castro Ruz, realizados entre 1959 e 2006, com o objetivo de analisar a Fidel pensou como uma referência para o desenvolvimento da educação médica e do capital humano no Sistema Nacional de Saúde de Cuba. Um trabalho realizado por um grupo de professores especialistas do comitê acadêmico do Mestrado em Educação Médica da Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública foi tomado como referência. Foram apresentados os pronunciamentos selecionados nos 12 discursos e intervenções de Fidel relacionados ao processo de ensino educacional em Educação Médica, bem como as idéias básicas, a partir das quais a ideia integradora foi elaborada e as ações necessárias para garantir a conformidade Na prática educacional. O pensamento de Fidel, vinculado ao desenvolvimento do processo de ensino educacional no ensino superior médico, contribuiu para o aumento da qualidade e relevância dos processos de treinamento no ensino médico cubano.

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RESUMEN La cardiopatía isquémica es la enfermedad más común, grave y de mayor riesgo en términos de mortalidad, morbilidad en gran parte del mundo, contribuyendo una serie de factores, que se relacionan con un riesgo aumentado de padecer dicha enfermedad. Se realizó un estudio transversal durante el período comprendido entre el 1ro de noviembre del 2016 al 1ro de noviembre del 2018 con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de los factores de riesgo coronario modificables en enfermeros(as) del Hospital General Universitario "V. I. Lenin". Se trabajaron con variables principales: el tabaquismo, la obesidad, la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus, la dieta rica en grasas saturadas, la dislipidemia, el sedentarismo y la tensión emocional mantenida. El dato primario se obtuvo a través de la entrevista, el examen físico, y la determinación de lípidos en sangre. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas y biomédicas generales. Dentro de los factores de riesgo prevalecieron la tensión emocional mantenida 88,5 %, la dieta rica en grasa saturada 86,0 % y el sedentarismo para 82,0 %. En un porcentaje menor se mostraron la obesidad 49,0 % y la dislipidemia para 44,0 %. Se destaca que en una importante proporción de casos coexistían dos y tres factores de riesgo a la vez. Es elevado el riesgo cardiovascular como consecuencia de la alta prevalencia de los factores de riesgo coronario encontrados.

ABSTRACT Ischemic heart disease is the most common disease, serious and most at risk in terms of mortality, morbidity in much of the world, contributing a number of factors, which are related to an increased risk of suffering from such disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the period from November 1, 2016 to November 1, 2018 with the objective of contributing to the knowledge of the modifiable coronary risk factors in nurses of the General University Hospital "V. I. Lenin" They worked with main variables: smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, diet high in saturated fat, dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle and sustained emotional tension. The primary data was obtained through the interview, physical examination, and blood lipid determination. General sociodemographic and biomedical variables were studied. Among the risk factors, the emotional tension maintained 88.5%, the diet rich in saturated fat 86.0% and the sedentary lifestyle prevailed for 82.0%. In a smaller percentage, obesity was 49.0% and dyslipidemia for 44.0%. It is emphasized that in a significant proportion of cases two and three risk factors coexisted at the same time. The cardiovascular risk is high as a consequence of the high prevalence of the coronary risk factors found.

RESUMO A cardiopatia isquêmica é a doença mais comum, mais grave e de maior risco em termos de mortalidade, morbidade em grande parte do mundo, contribuindo com vários fatores relacionados ao aumento do risco de sofrer dessa doença. Foi realizado um estudo transversal no período de 1º de novembro de 2016 a 1º de novembro de 2018, com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento dos fatores de risco coronariano modificáveis ​​em enfermeiros do Hospital Universitário Geral "V. I. Lenin. " Eles trabalharam com as principais variáveis: tabagismo, obesidade, pressão alta, diabetes mellitus, dieta rica em gordura saturada, dislipidemia, estilo de vida sedentário e tensão emocional sustentada. Os dados primários foram obtidos através da entrevista, exame físico e determinação de lipídios no sangue. Foram estudadas variáveis ​​sociodemográficas e biomédicas gerais. Entre os fatores de risco, a tensão emocional manteve 88,5%, a dieta rica em gordura saturada 86,0% e o sedentarismo prevaleceu em 82,0%. Em porcentagem menor, a obesidade foi de 49,0% e a dislipidemia, 44,0%. Enfatiza-se que em uma proporção significativa de casos, dois e três fatores de risco coexistem ao mesmo tempo. O risco cardiovascular é alto como consequência da alta prevalência dos fatores de risco coronariano encontrados.

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Resumen El envejecimiento es un proceso fisiológico caracterizado por el deterioro progresivo de las funciones orgánicas, en el que la capacidad de adaptación y la respuesta a una situación de estrés se encuentra reducida. Las alteraciones en el equilibrio ácido-base representan un hito poco comprendido en el adulto mayor, los efectos per se a edad avanzada en órganos como el hígado, pulmón y riñón, asociados al consumo de polifarmacia, representan la causa de estas alteraciones. Se realizó una revisión no sistemática de la literatura por medio de las bases de datos PubMed y los portales SciELO y SpringerLink. Para integrar la presente revisión y análisis, se identificaron aquellos estudios científicos que proponían explicar los cambios renales y pulmonares asociados a la edad, y con efecto en la homeostasis ácido-base.

Abstract Aging is a physiological process characterized by progressive deterioration of organ functions, where the ability to adapt and respond to a stressful situation is reduced. Acid-base disorders represent a milestone little understood in the elderly. Being associated with polypharmacy, the effects per se of advanced age in organs such as liver, lung and kidney are the cause of these alterations. A non-systematic review of literature was carried out through the PubMed database and the SciELO and SpringerLink portals. To integrate these review and analysis, we identified those scientific studies that proposed an explanation of renal and pulmonary changes associated with age and having an effect on acid-base homeostasis.

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RESUMEN La fibrilación auricular es la disrritmia sostenida más frecuente del pasado siglo; con el fin de caracterizar el riesgo de recurrencia de la fibrilación auricular y su relación con el remodelado estructural cardiaco, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de serie de casos, en el Hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin, en el año 2017. El análisis de la información referida a 100 pacientes con diagnóstico de fibrilación auricular identificó los resultados siguientes: de los pacientes estudiados 41 (54.7%) fueron del sexo femenino y mayor de 55 años; los indicadores del índice pronóstico prevalecieron en el riesgo elevado de recurrencia; el riesgo de recurrencia elevado en válvulopatas mitrales con predominio de la estenosis mitral alcanzo el 40.7% de los pacientes, así como la dilatación de la aurícula izquierda en este mismo grupo, con un total de 22 pacientes (81.4%). Un total de 15 pacientes, que representó el 55.6 %, tuvieron una fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo disminuida con un riesgo de recurrencia elevado. El mayor por ciento de los pacientes presentaron un valor de p significativo y muy significativo; y por último el 22 % de los pacientes con riesgo elevado de recurrencia presentaron remodelado estructural cardiaco. Se concluyó que la afección estudiada predominó en pacientes mayores de 55 años, del sexo femenino, con riesgo elevado de recurrencia en relación con los indicadores del índice pronostico y predictores del remodelado estructural, lo que justifica la hipótesis alternativa, con un elevado valor clínico y estadístico.

ABSTRACT Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent sustained dysrhythmia of the past century; In order to characterize the risk of recurrence of atrial fibrillation and its relationship with cardiac structural remodeling, a descriptive study of a series of cases was conducted at the Vladimir Ilich Lenin Hospital in 2017. The analysis of the referred information 100 patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation identified the following results: of the patients studied, 41 (54.7%) were female and over 55 years old; the indicators of the prognostic index prevailed in the high risk of recurrence; the risk of high recurrence in mitral valvelets with predominance of mitral stenosis reached 40.7% of patients, as well as dilation of the left atrium in this same group, with a total of 22 patients (81.4%). A total of 15 patients, who represented 55.6%, had a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction with a high risk of recurrence. The highest percent of patients presented a significant and very significant p value; and finally, 22% of the patients with high risk of recurrence presented structural cardiac remodeling. It was concluded that the studied condition predominated in patients over 55 years old, female, with a high risk of recurrence in relation to the indicators of the prognostic index and predictors of structural remodeling, which justifies the alternative hypothesis, with a high clinical value and statistical.

RESUMO A fibrilação atrial é a arritmia sustentada mais comum século passado; a fim de caracterizar o risco de recorrência de fibrilação atrial e a sua relação com a remodelação cardíaca estrutural, uma série de casos descritiva foi realizado no Hospital Lênin Vladimir Ilich em 2017. A análise das informações referidas 100 pacientes diagnosticados com fibrilação atrial identificados os seguintes resultados: 41 dos pacientes (54,7%) eram do sexo feminino e 55 do sexo mais; os indicadores do índice prognóstico prevaleceram no alto risco de recidiva; o alto risco de recorrência em válvulopatas mitral lojas atingiu estenose mitral com 40,7% dos pacientes e dilatação do átrio esquerdo do mesmo grupo, com um total de 22 pacientes (81,4%). Um total de 15 doentes, correspondendo a 55,6%, tinha uma fracção de ejecção do ventrículo esquerdo diminuída com um risco elevado de recidiva. O maior percentual de pacientes apresentou valor p significativo e muito significativo; e, finalmente, 22% dos pacientes com alto risco de recorrência mostrou remodelação cardíaca estrutural. Concluiu-se que a condição estudada predominaram em pacientes com mais de 55 anos de idade, do sexo feminino, com alto risco de recorrência em relação ao índice de indicadores de prognóstico e preditores de remodelação estrutural, o que justifica a hipótese alternativa, com um valor clínico de alta e estatística.

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Resumen La fluidoterapia es la primera maniobra realizada por el médico al estar en contacto con un paciente al que se pretende incrementar la volemia, la administración del tipo de solución parenteral, la cantidad y la duración en su aplicación es el reto del intensivista. En la actualidad el monitoreo hemodinámico ha tenido un importante avance tecnológico, al ser mínimamente invasivo y con constantes no sólo estáticas sino dinámicas, lo que ha permitido mejorar la toma de decisiones médicas en el paciente críticamente enfermo. Esta revisión no sistemática tiene como objetivo proporcionar una actualización de las mediciones que son consideradas nuevas herramientas ante viejos paradigmas en el monitoreo hemodinámico.

Abstract Fluid therapy is the first maneuver performed by the physician to be in contact with a patient who is intended to increase the volemia, the administration of parenteral solution type, the amount and duration in its application is the challenge of the intensivist. Currently the hemodynamic monitoring has undergone an important technological advance, being minimally invasive and with not only static but also dynamic constants, they have allowed to improve the medical decision making in the critically ill patient. The present non-systematic review aims to provide an update on measurements that are considered new tools before old paradigms in hemodynamic monitoring.

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La pesca deportiva es una actividad que implica riesgos. El objetivo de este trabajo estuvo referido a identificar las lesiones más comunes en los pescadores cubanos que participaron en eventos deportivos y su tratamiento con Medicina Natural y Tradicional. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y longitudinal, donde se aplicó una encuesta a 150 participantes que conformaron el universo de estudio y la muestra estuvo representada por los 95 pescadores que sufrieron algún tipo de lesión o accidente en los eventos nacionales de la Federación Cubana de Pesca Deportiva, en las modalidades de Spinning Marítimo, que tuvieron lugar entre los años 2015 y 2016. Durante el proceso investigativo se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos, que permitieron corroborar la existencia real del problema, así como la valoración de su pertinencia. El estudio realizado demostró que las lesiones más comunes ocurridas en los pescadores deportivos durante el desempeño de sus actividades son las lesiones musculo esqueléticas (54,7 %) y las lesiones de la piel (43,1 %). Se reconoció que el uso de la Medicina Natural y tradicional, in situ, puede no solo aliviar y mejorar los síntomas producidos por estas afecciones, sino además prevenir complicaciones a corto, mediano y largo plazo.

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The diversity of the five single nucleotide polymorphisms located in genes of the TP53 pathway (TP53, rs1042522; MDM2, rs2279744; MDM4, rs1563828; USP7, rs1529916; and LIF, rs929271) were studied in a total of 282 individuals belonging to Quechua, Aymara, Chivay, Cabanaconde, Yanke, Taquile, Amantani, Anapia, Uros, Guarani Ñandeva, and Guarani Kaiowá populations, characterized as Native American or as having a high level (> 90%) of Native American ancestry. In addition, published data pertaining to 100 persons from five other Native American populations (Surui, Karitiana, Maya, Pima, and Piapoco) were analyzed. The populations were classified as living in high altitude (≥ 2,500 m) or in lowlands (< 2,500 m). Our analyses revealed that alleles USP7-G, LIF-T, and MDM2-T showed significant evidence that they were selected for in relation to harsh environmental variables related to high altitudes. Our results show for the first time that alleles of classical TP53 network genes have been evolutionary co-opted for the successful human colonization of the Andes.

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BACKGROUND: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious and acute viral disease, which has caused high mortality rates in birds and considerable economic losses in different parts of the world for more than two decades and it still represents a considerable threat to poultry. The current study was designed to rigorously measure the reliability of a phylogenetic marker included into segment B. This marker can facilitate molecular epidemiology studies, incorporating this segment of the viral genome, to better explain the links between emergence, spreading and maintenance of the very virulent IBD virus (vvIBDV) strains worldwide. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Sequences of the segment B gene from IBDV strains isolated from diverse geographic locations were obtained from the GenBank Database; Cuban sequences were obtained in the current work. A phylogenetic marker named B-marker was assessed by different phylogenetic principles such as saturation of substitution, phylogenetic noise and high consistency. This last parameter is based on the ability of B-marker to reconstruct the same topology as the complete segment B of the viral genome. From the results obtained from B-marker, demographic history for both main lineages of IBDV regarding segment B was performed by Bayesian skyline plot analysis. Phylogenetic analysis for both segments of IBDV genome was also performed, revealing the presence of a natural reassortant strain with segment A from vvIBDV strains and segment B from non-vvIBDV strains within Cuban IBDV population. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study contributes to a better understanding of the emergence of vvIBDV strains, describing molecular epidemiology of IBDV using the state-of-the-art methodology concerning phylogenetic reconstruction. This study also revealed the presence of a novel natural reassorted strain as possible manifest of change in the genetic structure and stability of the vvIBDV strains. Therefore, it highlights the need to obtain information about both genome segments of IBDV for molecular epidemiology studies.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nicaragua is highly endemic for hepatitis A. We aimed to provide an estimate of the change in the age-specific risk of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection based on serological data from cross-sectional and longitudinal samples collected in León, Nicaragua, in 1995/96 (n = 979) and 2003 (n = 494). METHODS: The observed age-specific prevalence of anti-HAV antibodies was correlated to the age-specific risk of infection by calculating the probability of freedom from infection at a specific age. RESULTS: The proportion of seropositive children aged 1.5 to 6 years was 42% in 2003 compared to 67% in 1995/96. Estimated annual risk of infection for a 3-year old child was 30% (95% CI: 27.0%, 33.1%) in 1995 and 15.5% (95% CI: 12.4%, 19.0%) in 2003. There was good agreement between estimates based on cross-sectional and longitudinal data. The age-specific geometric mean of the quantified anti-HAV antibody levels assessed in 2003 was highest at age 4 and decreased steadily up to age 40. CONCLUSIONS: The substantially lower risk of HAV infection in 2003 than in 1995 for young children indicates a beginning transition from high to intermediate endemicity in León, Nicaragua. Consecutive age-stratified serosurveys are useful to assess changes in risk of infection following public health interventions. The decreasing age-specific GMC of anti-HAV antibodies during adulthood in a country with endemic HAV indirectly suggests that ongoing HAV exposure in the community has marginal boosting effect on antibody levels once protective immunity has been established by natural infection.

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BACKGROUND: Infectious bursal disease is a highly contagious and acute viral disease caused by the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV); it affects all major poultry producing areas of the world. The current study was designed to rigorously measure the global phylogeographic dynamics of IBDV strains to gain insight into viral population expansion as well as the emergence, spread and pattern of the geographical structure of very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strains. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Sequences of the hyper-variable region of the VP2 (HVR-VP2) gene from IBDV strains isolated from diverse geographic locations were obtained from the GenBank database; Cuban sequences were obtained in the current work. All sequences were analysed by Bayesian phylogeographic analysis, implemented in the Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees (BEAST), Bayesian Tip-association Significance testing (BaTS) and Spatial Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Evolutionary Dynamics (SPREAD) software packages. Selection pressure on the HVR-VP2 was also assessed. The phylogeographic association-trait analysis showed that viruses sampled from individual countries tend to cluster together, suggesting a geographic pattern for IBDV strains. Spatial analysis from this study revealed that strains carrying sequences that were linked to increased virulence of IBDV appeared in Iran in 1981 and spread to Western Europe (Belgium) in 1987, Africa (Egypt) around 1990, East Asia (China and Japan) in 1993, the Caribbean Region (Cuba) by 1995 and South America (Brazil) around 2000. Selection pressure analysis showed that several codons in the HVR-VP2 region were under purifying selection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: To our knowledge, this work is the first study applying the Bayesian phylogeographic reconstruction approach to analyse the emergence and spread of vvIBDV strains worldwide.

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Se presenta un caso atendido en el hospital provincial Antonio Luaces de la provincia Ciego de Ávila, Cuba, en el servicio de terapia intermedio, de aparición poco frecuente. Se trata de unpaciente masculino de 44 años de edad que acude a consulta por dolor epigastrio intenso con irradiación a ambos flancos y hacia espalda, de tipo cólico acompañado de fiebre y vómitos. Al examen físico: mucosas ligeramente ictéricas, fiebre (38 graus C), taquicardia (90 latidos por minuto),abdomen ligeramente distendido, ruidos hidroaéreos normales, reacción de defensa a la palpación del hemiabdomen superior donde la percusión es dolorosa. Se realiza ultra-son del abdomen yse arribó al diagnóstico de colecistitis aguda asociado a Ascaris lumbricoides. Se realizó cirugía (colecistectomia), durante la cual se observó la presencia del parasito dentro de la vesícula biliar.

An unusual case attended at Ciego’s provincial Hospital “Antonio Luaces”, Cuba, is described. A male patient, 44 years old, complaining of severe pain of colic type, at epigastrium, with irradiation to both flanks and to the back, accompanied with fever and vomits. On physical examination he presented: slight icteric mucosa, fever (38oC), tachycardia (90 bpm), slightly distended abdomen, normal abdominal sounds, and reaction of defence on the superior abdomen whose percussion was painful. Abdominal ultrasonography showed cholecystitis and an image of Ascaris lumbricoides inside the gallbladder. The patient underwent surgery with cholecystectomy when the presence of the parasite...

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En la actualizad se usan tres tipos de histerectomías: la histerectomía vaginal, la histerectomía abdominal y la histerectomía mínimamente invasiva. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar la histerectomía mínimamente invasiva (HMI) con la histerectomía total abdominal (HA) en mujeres con enfermedades uterinas benignas. Se realizó una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis a partir de las bases de datos siguientes: MEDLINE, EBSCO HOST y The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Se seleccionaron solo estudios controlados y aleatorizados. Se combinaron los datos de todos los estudios incluidos y se utilizó el riesgo relativo (RR) con un intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento, usando el método de Mantel-Haenszel como medida de efecto para variables dicotómicas. Para el análisis de las variables continuas se utilizó la diferencia de medias. En todas las comparaciones realizadas los resultados fueron obtenidos usando modelos de efecto fijo y aleatorios. Se registraron 53 complicaciones transoperatorias en el grupo de HMI contra 17 en el grupo de HA (RR: 1,78; IC: 1,04-3,05). Las complicaciones posoperatorias se comportaron de forma similar en ambos grupos, sin diferencias significativas desde el punto de vista estadístico. Las pérdidas sanguíneas, la estadía hospitalaria y la reincorporación de la paciente a las actividades habituales y al trabajo fueron significativamente menores en el grupo laparoscópico; sin embargo, el tiempo operatorio es mayor cuando se compara con la HA (diferencia de medias: 37,36; IC: 34,36-39,93). Ambas técnicas tienen ventajas y desventajas. La indicación de las técnicas de HMI debe ser individualizada según la situación clínica de cada paciente y éstas no deben realizarse en centros donde no exista personal quirúrgico debidamente entrenado y con experiencia en cirugía mínimamente invasiva de avanzada(AU)

At the present time three types of hysterectomies are used: the vaginal hysterectomy and the minimal-invasive hysterectomy (MIH). The objective of present research was to compare the MIH and the total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) in women presenting with benign uterine diseases. A systemic review was made and a meta-analysis from the following databases: MEDLINE, EBSCO HOST AND The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Only the controlled and randomized studies were selected. The data of all studies were combined and also the relative risk (RR) with a 95 percent CI was used with the Mantel-Haenszel method as an effect measure for dichotomy variables. For the analysis of continuing variables the mean difference was used. In all the comparisons performed the results were obtained with the fix effect and randomized forms. A total of 53 transoperative complications were registered in the MIH hysterectomy versus 17 in the TAH group (RR: 1,78; 95 percent CI: 1,04-3.05). Postoperative complications evolved in a similar way in both groups without significant differences from the statistical point of view. The blood losses, the hospital stay and the patient's reincorporation to usual and work activities were lesser in the laparoscopy group; however, the operative time is higher when it is compared with TAH (mean difference: 37,36; 95 percent CI: 34,36-39,93). Both techniques have advantages and disadvantages. The indication of MIH must to be individualized according to the clinical situation of each patient and these not to be performed in those centers without a properly trained surgical staff and with experience in advanced minimal invasive surgery(AU)

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El libro aunque hace referencias frecuentes y en ocasiones de cierta amplitud a las medicinas de otras regiones, e incluso tiene varios capítulos sobre ellas, hace énfasis, fundamentalmente , en la historia de la medicina occidental. Sería demasiado extenso abarcar el estudio a profundidad de las prácticas médicas en todas las culturas. Por ello, me considero obligado a continuar la faena y ya en este momento me encuentro en fase de realización de un nuevo texto que tratará fundamentalmente sobre las medicinas no occidentales. Antes de cooncluir quiero resaltar que mi mayor deseo es que este libro sirva para interesar a los más jóvenes y a todo el que desee conocer el fascinante mundo de la historia de la ciencia, sobre todo a los que comienzan ahora sus estudios de medicina, y que los haga interesarse no solo en se profesionales altamente preparados desde el punto de vista técnico, sino en profesionales cultos y repletos de ese humanismo que solo el conocimiento es capaz de llaver a la persona y que solo puede alcanzarse con una postura de curiosidad ante todo los hechos de la vida, o, como diría el médico argentino Federico Pérgol, "asomándose a todas las ventanas del saber"...

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Se presenta un caso de herida penetrante en región lateral izquierda de la cara por un arpón de pesca, entrando aproximadamente a 3 centímetros por debajo del arco cigomático y saliendo por la región temporal. El paciente fué hospitalizado y llevado de manera urgente al salón de operaciones donde, bajo anestesia general endovenosa, se realizó la extracción del objeto. Los resultados de este trabajo evidencian lo infrecuente de este tipo de lesiones en nuestra provincia y la necesidad de conocer las características de su manejo.

A case of penetrating wound in left lateral region of the face by a fishing harpoon, appears approximately 3 cm below the zygomatic arc and leaving by the temporal region. The patient was hospitalized and taken in an urgent way to the operating room where, under endovenous general anesthetic, the extraction of the object was realized. The results of this work demonstrate the infrequent of this type of injuries in our province and the necessity of knowing the characteristics of their handling.

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