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The thermodynamic formalism of nonequilibrium systems together with the theory of complex systems and systems biology offer an appropriate theoretical framework to explain the complexity observed at the macroscopic level in physiological phenomena. In turn, they allow the establishment of an appropriate conceptual and operational framework to address the study of phenomena such as the emergence and evolution of cancer.This chapter is organized as follows: In Subheading 1, an integrated vision of these disciplines is offered for the characterization of the emergence and evolution of cancer, seen as a nonlinear dynamic system, temporally and spatially self-organized out of thermodynamic equilibrium. The development of the various mathematical models and different techniques and approaches used in the characterization of cancer metastasis is presented in Subheading 2. Subheading 3 is devoted to the time course of cancer metastasis, with particular emphasis on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT henceforth) as well as chronotherapeutic treatments. In Subheading 4, models of the spatial evolution of cancer metastasis are presented. Finally, in Subheading 5, some conclusions and remarks are presented.

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INTRODUCTION: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) level are simple laboratory test parameters that can provide us with information on the inflammatory status of the organism. CRP has been shown to be a predictor of postoperative complications, whereas NLR and PLR have shown greater usefulness in the prognosis of oncologic pathologies. AIM: To evaluate the associations of NLR and PLR with postoperative complications following gastric oncologic surgery and compare them with CRP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 66 patients that underwent oncologic gastric surgery, within the time frame of January 2014 and March 2019. The variables analyzed were sociodemographic data, surgical technique, tumor extension, and NLR, PLR, and CRP levels from the first day after surgery, as well as postoperative complications. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (25.8%) presented with grade III-V complications, utilizing the Clavien-Dindo classification system. Mean NLR value was 11.30 and was associated with the appearance of major complications, with statistical significance (p = 0.009). Mean PLR was266.05 and was not significantly associated with complications (p = 0.149). Fifty-four patients had a mean CRP level of 143.24 and it was not related to the appearance of major complications (p = 0.164). CONCLUSIONS: The NLR is a simple and inexpensive parameter, which measured on postoperative day one, predicted the appearance of major postoperative complications in our study sample and appears to be a better predictive parameter than CRP for said complications. Further studies to confirm that trend need to be carried out.

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Simultaneous microorganism inactivation and organic microcontaminant removal in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) secondary effluents by the solar photo-Fenton process mediated by Fe3+-NTA is studied in depth. To achieve this objective, different key aspects were addressed: (i) the effect of initial Fe3+-NTA concentration at 1:1 molar ratio (0.10-0.30 mM) and H2O2 concentration (1.47-5.88 mM), (ii) the effect of initial microorganism load (103 and 106 CFU/mL) and (iii) the impact of the disinfection target on treatment cost. The first stage of this work was carried out in simulated WWTP effluent spiked with 100 µg/L of imidacloprid (IMD) as model microcontaminant and inoculated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) K-12 as reference strain, in a pilot scale raceway pond reactor with 5-cm of liquid-depth. Secondly, the most cost-effective conditions were validated in actual WWTP effluent. The kinetic analysis revealed that increasing Fe3+-NTA concentration over 0.20 mM does not significantly reduce treatment time due to the limited effect caused on the volumetric rate photon absorption. Treatment cost is determined by the disinfection process, since IMD removal was always faster than E. coli inactivation. The most cost-effective strategy to achieve 10 CFU/100 mL of E. coli (Regulation EU 2020/741) was 0.20/4.41 mM Fe3+-NTA/H2O2, with a cost of 0.32 €/m3. A less restrictive disinfection target, 100 CFU/100 mL, allowed reducing reactant concentration and cost, 0.10/1.47 mM Fe3+-NTA/H2O2 and 0.15 €/m3, respectively. In both cases, no regrowth at 24 h and more than 90% of IMD removal were observed.

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OBJECTIVE: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vertical transmission has been investigated extensively. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) published strict criteria to classify the timing of mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 into different categories. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of vertical transmission in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-positive women. METHODS: Pregnant women attending for delivery at a perinatology center in Mexico City, Mexico, who had a SARS-CoV-2-positive nasopharyngeal swab 24-48 h before delivery, were asymptomatic at the time of the test and had an obstetric indication for Cesarean section were eligible for inclusion in this study. Amniotic fluid was collected during Cesarean delivery, and neonatal oral and rectal swabs were collected at birth and at 24 h after birth. SARS-CoV-2 detection was carried out using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in all samples. Relevant medical information was retrieved from clinical records. The WHO criteria for classifying the timing of mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 were applied to the study population. RESULTS: Forty-two SARS-CoV-2-positive asymptomatic pregnant women fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Twenty-five (59%) women developed mild disease after discharge. Neonatal death occurred in three (7%) cases, of which one had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test at birth and none had coronavirus disease 2019-related symptoms. There were five (12%) cases with strong evidence of intrauterine transmission of SARS-CoV-2, according to the WHO criteria, as amniotic fluid samples and neonatal samples at birth and at 24 h after birth were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Our results also showed that 40-60% of infected neonates would have been undetected if only one swab (oral or rectal) was tested. CONCLUSION: This study contributes evidence to reinforce the potential for vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 even in asymptomatic women and highlights the importance of testing more than one neonatal sample in order to increase the detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in affected cases. © 2021 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

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INTRODUCTION: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) level are simple laboratory test parameters that can provide us with information on the inflammatory status of the organism. CRP has been shown to be a predictor of postoperative complications, whereas NLR and PLR have shown greater usefulness in the prognosis of oncologic pathologies. AIM: To evaluate the associations of NLR and PLR with postoperative complications following gastric oncologic surgery and compare them with CRP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 66 patients that underwent oncologic gastric surgery, within the time frame of January 2014 and March 2019. The variables analyzed were sociodemographic data, surgical technique, tumor extension, and NLR, PLR, and CRP levels from the first day after surgery, as well as postoperative complications. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (25.8%) presented with grade III-V complications, utilizing the Clavien-Dindo classification system. Mean NLR value was 11.30 and was associated with the appearance of major complications, with statistical significance (p = 0.009). Mean PLR was 266.05 and was not significantly associated with complications (p = 0.149). Fifty-four patients had a mean CRP level of 143.24 and it was not related to the appearance of major complications (p = 0.164). CONCLUSIONS: The NLR is a simple and inexpensive parameter, which measured on postoperative day one, predicted the appearance of major postoperative complications in our study sample and appears to be a better predictive parameter than CRP for said complications. Further studies to confirm that trend need to be carried out.

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BACKGROUND: Gastric carcinoma (GC) with second primary malignancy (SPM) is the most frequent combination within the multiple primary malignancies (MPM) group. The presentation of a GC associated with a synchronized SPM in the kidney is extremely rare and unusual. This study presents a rare case of synchronous tumors, describes the main associated risk factors, and emphasizes the need to rule out SPM. MAIN BODY: We present the case of a 63-year-old Hispanic woman with a history of smoking, weight loss, and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. GC was diagnosed by endoscopy, and during her workup for metastatic disease, a synchronous SPM was noted in the left kidney. The patient underwent resection of both tumors with a satisfactory postoperative course. A systematic review of the literature was performed using the Medline/PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. A search of the literature yielded 13 relevant articles, in which the following main risk factors were reported: the treatment utilized, the grade and clinical stage, histopathological report, and in some cases survival. It is concluded that advanced age (> 60 years) and smoking are the main associated risk factors. CONCLUSION: Gastric carcinoma is the second most frequent neoplasm of the GI tract and the main neoplasm that presents a SPM. MPM screening is recommended in patients with gastric cancer. The clinical discovery of MPM of renal origin is rare and hence the importance of the current report.

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River Atoyac is considered to be one of the most polluted rivers in Mexico due to the discharges of untreated or partially treated wastewater from industrial and municipal activities. In order to improve the river water quality, it is obligatory to identify the possible contaminant sources for upholding a well-balanced ecosystem. Henceforth, the present study incorporates the application of a continuous real-time monitoring system to identify the provenance of pollutants of the river mainly from anomaly events. Four monitoring stations were installed all along the River Atoyac in the State of Puebla, Central Mexico. The real-time monitoring systems have an ability to measure various water quality parameters for every 15 minutes such as Temperature (T), pH, Conductivity (EC), turbidity (TURB), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) and Spectral Absorption Coefficient (SAC). In total, eight water samples of anomaly events (i.e.) 2 per monitoring station during rainy (August-September) and winter seasons (November-December), that were detected using the parameters previously mentioned were procured and also analyzed in the laboratory for evaluating almost 54 physicochemical, inorganic and organic characteristics. Statistical results of factorial analysis explained that 30% of the total variance corresponded to textile effluents, 23% related to discharges produced by automobile and petrochemical industries, and 18% of the total variance defined the agricultural activities. Additionally, indices like Overall Index Pollution, Heavy Metal Evaluation Index, Screening Quick Reference Table and Molecular ratios of hydrocarbons for PAH sources was also calculated to estimate the grade of pollution and associated ecotoxicological risks. The present study also enlightens the fact that the assessed results will definitely provide valuable information for the management of river water quality by developing stringent public policies by governmental agencies for the sustainable conservation of Atoyac River.

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INTRODUCTION: The fast track / ultra-fast-track protocols are techniques used to optimise the patient care process and a quick recovery after cardiac surgery. They are one of the mainstays of efficient practice. With their use, the length of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stays are reduced, with a direct impact on costs and the quality of the health service. OBJECTIVE: To compare the length of stay in the ICU, length of hospital stay, and post-operative mortality in ultra-fast-track extubated (uFTE) patients and those with conventional extubation (CE) after cardiac surgery. METHODS: Longitudinal, analytical, retrospective study was conducted, with the period between the time of surgery and discharge being included as the study period. RESULTS: A total of 396 patients older than 18 years who required cardiac surgery were included, of whom 207 patients had (uFTE) and 189 had CE. Although the groups were not comparable due to the statistical differences found, when performing the multivariate adjustment, uFTE maintained its statistical independence and was associated with lower cardiovascular morbidity, such as myocardial ischaemia (95% CI: 0.37-0.86; P = .01) and lower post-surgical vasopressor requirement (95% CI: 0.18-0.49; P < .01). No significant differences were found in the length of hospital stay, ICU stay, or post-operative mortality in the ICU. CONCLUSION: Implementing the uFTE strategy, decreases cardiovascular morbidity and vasopressor requirement. The change to uFTE should be accompanied by changes in models and practices in patient recovery to standardised protocols. This study shows that uFTE did not reduce the length of ICU stay, hospital stay, or mortality.

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TITLE: Sindrome de Guillain-Barre en tiempos de arbovirosis.

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Some pollutants can be resistant to wastewater treatment, hence becoming a risk to aquatic and terrestrial biota even at the very low concentrations (ng L-1-µg L-1) they are commonly found at. Tertiary treatments are used for micropollutant removal but little is known about the ecotoxicity of the treated effluent. In this study, a municipal secondary effluent was treated by a solar photo-Fenton reactor at initial neutral pH in a raceway pond reactor, and ecotoxicity was evaluated before and after micropollutant removal. Thirty-nine micropollutants were identified in the secondary effluent, mainly pharmaceuticals, with a total concentration of ≈80 µg L-1. After treatment, 99 % microcontaminant degradation was reached. As for ecotoxicity reduction, the assayed organisms showed the following sensitivity levels: Tetrahymena thermophila > Daphnia magna > Lactuca sativa > Spirodela polyrhiza ≈ Vibrio fischeri. The initial effluent showed an inhibitory effect of 40 % for T. thermophila and 20 % for D. magna. After 20 min of photo-Fenton treatment, no toxic effect was observed for T. thermophila and toxicity dropped to 5 % for D. magna. Graphical abstract Ecotoxicity removal by solar photo-Fenton at neutral pH. ᅟ.

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The purpose of this work was to study the ozonation of nanofiltration (NF) retentates of real municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) effluents for removal of microcontaminants (MCs) and toxicity. MCs present in these effluents were monitored using LC-MS/MS. Acute and chronic toxicity was addressed with Daphnia magna, Vibrio fischeri and Selenastrum capricornutum. Up to 40 MCs were found, most of them in concentrations over 100ng/L. 90% degradation of the sum of MCs was the critical point of comparison. When the NF membrane system was applied to MWTP effluents, treatment of NF rejection needed 2.75-4.5g O3/m3,4.5g O3/m3, which is less than 50% of the ozone needed for direct treatment of MWTP effluent. Treatment time (lower than 11min) was not influenced by MCs concentration, at least in the range tested (25-190µg/L). It has been demonstrated that consumption of ozone increased with organic load and inorganic content of different real effluents. MCs were eliminated by ozonation but acute toxicity (against V. fischeri and D. magna) increased. Chronic toxicity results were different and contrary in D. magna and S. capricornutum, due to the generation of new transformation products more toxic to D. magna than the parent contaminants. S. capricornutum inhibition percentage decreased in all cases after ozonation treatment. According to these results, before ozonation is implemented in MWTPs for the removal of MCs, the transformation products must first be examined and the treatment time or ozone doses should be extended to complete degradation if necessary.

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TITLE: Miastenia grave y tratamiento con inmunoglobulinas por via intravenosa.

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INTRODUCTION: The spine is the most common site for bone metastases; being the breast, prostate and lung cancer which have most affected. The thoracic spine is involved in 70% of cases, followed by the lumbar and cervical region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a 59 years old female diagnosed with breast adenocarcinoma and metastatic bone disease in cervical spine C2, C3 level and instability of that segment because of a compression fracture of C3 greater than 80% without invasion of the spinal canal, she begins with paresthesias of upper limbs. A 360º instrumentation was performed in two stages. After the surgical procedure the patient were without neck pain and a good neurological status. DISCUSSION: Metastatic bone disease causes significant damage to the spine sometimes create instability proper instrumentation is needed to improve the functional status and prognosis of these lesions.

La columna vertebral es el sitio más frecuente de localización para las metástasis óseas; siendo los tumores de mama, próstata y pulmón los que mayor afectación presentan. La columna torácica es afectada en un 70% de los casos, seguida de la región lumbar y cervical.

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This work presents a comparison of the length-weight and length-length allometric relationships between six measurements: length pattern (LP), cephalic length (CL), maximum depth (MA), caudal peduncle depth (CPD) ocular diameter (OD) and weight (W) of three species of the genus Selene (S. brownii, S. vomer and S. setapinnis) caught in the port of Veracruz, Mexico, using a beach seine of 800 m. The results show certain relationships between all measurements of S. brownii (an isometric relationship and four negative allometric relationships); S. vomer showed only four relationships (two isometric and two negative allometric); and S. setapinnis showed three relationships (all negative allometric); the results of S. vomer and S. setapinnis are consistent with those reported by Muto et al. (2010). The comparison of the coefficients of allometry between the three species allowed us to determine that S. brownii and S. vomer differed significantly in two of the four allometric coefficients of length-weight relationships common to them, and in three of the four allometric coefficients of length-length relationships common to them. S. brownii and S. setapinnis differed significantly in two of the three allometric coefficients of length-weight relationships common to them and in the only allometric coefficient of length-length relationships common to them. Finally, S. vomer and S. setapinnis differed significantly in the three common allometric coefficients of length-weight relationships, and in the only common allometric coefficient of length-length relationship.

En este trabajo se presentan las comparaciones de las relaciones alométricas de longitud- peso y longitud-longitud de seis medidas (longitud patrón (LP), longitud cefálica (LC), amplitud máxima (AM), amplitud del pedúnculo (AP), diámetro ocular (DO) y Peso (W) de tres especies del género Selene (S. brownii, S. vomer y S. setapinnis) capturados en el puerto de Veracruz México, mediante el uso de un chinchorro playero de 800 m. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que S. brownii posee relaciones entre todas sus medidas (una isométrica y cuatro alométricas negativas), S. vomer posee solo cuatro relaciones (dos isométricas y dos alométricas negativas) y S. setapinnis posee tres relaciones (todas alométricas negativas), los resultados de S. vomer y S. setapinnis concuerdan con los reportados por Muto et al. (2010). Al comparar los coeficientes de alometría entre las tres especies se pudo determinar que S. brownii y S. vomer difieren significativamente en dos de los cuatro coeficientes alométricos comunes en las relaciones longitud-peso, y tres de los cuatro coeficientes alométricos comunes en las relaciones longitud-longitud; S. brownii y S. setapinnis difieren significativamente en dos de los tres coeficientes alométricos comunes en las relaciones longitud-peso y en el único coeficiente alométricos común en las relaciones longitud-longitud; por último S. vomer y S. setapinnis difieren significativamente en los tres coeficientes alométricos comunes en la relaciones longitud-peso, y en el único coeficiente alométrico común en las relaciones longitud-longitud.

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The use of discarded fish over baited hooks used in longline fishery, and fish caught in gillnets, as a food source for gulls, albatrosses and petrels has been intensively studied in northern and southern oceans. This study describes the occurrence and abundance of seabirds observed from 20 foreign vessels which operated during the period between July 2001 and May 2005, off the southeastern and southern Brazilian coast. A total of 353,557 seabirds were observed; comprising eight families and 28 species. The most abundant species was Procellaria conspicillata followed by Daption capense, Puffinus gravis, Thalassarche melanophrys and Oceanites oceanicus. Ten species of seabirds (392 individual birds) were incidentally captured in gillnets; and 122 birds (9 species) by longline hooks, with P. gravis, D. capense and Procellaria aequinoctialis having the largest capture rates.(AU)

A utilização dos descartes sobre as iscas dos anzóis em pescarias de espinheis e peixes capturados por redes de deriva como fonte de alimento por gaivotas, petréis e albatrozes têm sido intensamente estudados nos Oceanos Norte e Sul. Este trabalho tem como objetivo registrar a ocorrência e abundância das aves marinhas observadas a partir de 20 embarcações estrangeiras arrendadas que atuaram durante o período de julho de 2001 a maio de 2005 na costa sudeste-sul do litoral brasileiro. Foi registrada a ocorrência de 353.557 aves marinhas distribuídas em oito famílias e 28 espécies, com a maior participação de Procellaria conspicilatta, seguido de Daption capense, Puffinus gravis, Thalassarche melanophrys e Oceanites oceanicus. Foram capturadas incidentalmente 392 exemplares de aves marinhas pelas redes de emalhe e 122 pelos anzóis dos espinhéis, distribuídos em dez e nove espécies, respectivamente, com as maiores taxas de captura sobre P. gravis, D. capense e Procellaria aequinoctialis. Este estudo mostra uma pequena parcela das aves capturadas no litoral brasileiro, uma vez que as embarcações fiscalizadas representam a minoria das que estão em atividade. O acompanhamento de Observadores de bordo capacitados deve ser intensificado para avaliar o impacto das pescarias nas populações de aves marinhas, bem como implementar ações para diminuir suas capturas.(AU)

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The use of discarded fish over baited hooks used in longline fishery, and fish caught in gillnets, as a food source for gulls, albatrosses and petrels has been intensively studied in northern and southern oceans. This study describes the occurrence and abundance of seabirds observed from 20 foreign vessels which operated during the period between July 2001 and May 2005, off the southeastern and southern Brazilian coast. A total of 353,557 seabirds were observed; comprising eight families and 28 species. The most abundant species was Procellaria conspicillata followed by Daption capense, Puffinus gravis, Thalassarche melanophrys and Oceanites oceanicus. Ten species of seabirds (392 individual birds) were incidentally captured in gillnets; and 122 birds (9 species) by longline hooks, with P. gravis, D. capense and Procellaria aequinoctialis having the largest capture rates.

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Composition and spatial diversity patterns of retained and discarded catches in the deep-water shrimp (family Aristeidae) trawling fishery off Brazil were assessed by observers on-board commercial operations in 2005 and 2006. These trawls caught 19,440 kg and 180,076 individuals of which 76·0 and 65·2%, respectively, were discarded at sea. Finfishes represented 54% of the numerical catch but were almost fully discarded (98%). Crustaceans represented 40% of the numerical catch and were mostly retained (80%). The scarlet shrimp Aristaeopsis edwardsiana comprised approximately half of the retained catch. The remainder of the retained proportion comprised mainly the red giant shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea, the alistado shrimp Aristeus antillensis and small quantities of Argentine hake Merluccius hubbsi and gulf hake Urophycis mystacea. Discards comprised 108 species including 72 fish species, 19 crustaceans and 10 cephalopods. The large-scaled lanternfish Neoscopelus macrolepidotus was dominant in the discards, followed by the benthopelagic fishes Monomitopus agassizii, Synagrops bellus, Dibranchus atlanticus and Gadella imberbis and various macrurid species. This fishery was restricted to a limited bathymetric range (700-800 m), where discrete megafauna assemblages exist and may have been significantly affected.

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The prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs and factors associated were studied in a rural community of Yucatan (southern Mexico), with special attention to those gastrointestinal parasites potentially transmitted to man. One hundred thirty dogs from 91 households were studied. Fecal samples were processed by the centrifugation-flotation and the McMaster techniques. To determine factors associated with zoonotic parasites in dogs, univariate analysis was performed, using sex, age, and body condition as independent variables. Variables with p < 0.2 were analyzed by a logistic regression. Of 130 dogs, 104 were positive for the presence of intestinal parasites, representing a prevalence of 80%. Eggs of four species of helminths (Ancylostoma caninum, Thichuris vulpis, Toxocara canis, and Dipylidium caninum) and coccidian oocysts were detected. A. caninum was the most prevalent parasite (73.8%), followed by T. vulpis (25.4%), T. canis (6.2%), D. caninum (2.3%), and coccidian oocysts (2.3%). The majority of dogs were infected by only one species of parasite (70/130, 53.8%). Mixed infection caused by two or three zoonotic parasites were discovered in 21.3% (30/130) and 3.1% (4/130), respectively. A. caninum showed the highest egg output (42.3% of dogs had ≥ 500 eggs per gram). Factors associated with zoonotic parasites were age (<2 years old; odds ratio = 5.30, p = 0.029) and body condition (poor body condition; odds ratio = 6.69, p = 0.026). In conclusion, young dogs from rural Yucatan, Mexico, with poor body condition had a higher prevalence of intestinal zoonotic parasites as these factors were associated with a higher risk of becoming infected.

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