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Human Enteroviruses (hEVs) are responsible for a wide variety of human diseases. During hEVs infection, virions are excreted in human feces and the fecal-oral route is the primary pathway for person-to-person transmission. Sewage surveillance could help in monitoring hEVs circulation and describing their diversity in a specific population. In this study, sewage samples collected in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area (Argentina) were retrospectively studied through an amplicon-deep sequencing approach and phylogenetic analyses to characterize hEVs spread. We identified 17 different hEVs types belonging to A, B, and C species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in Buenos Aires for 7 identified hEV-C types. Phylogenetic analyses suggest several introductions of coxsackievirus B4, echovirus 1, and echovirus 9 in the country, along with the national spread reached by some variants. Besides, well-supported monophyletic groups of Argentine, Uruguayan, and Brazilian strains unveiled regional circulation patterns for some variants. These results extend our knowledge about hEVs circulation in Buenos Aires and might exhort authorities to implement more active sewage surveillance in the region.

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AIM: To quantify Substance P (SP) and Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in healthy human periodontal ligament from premolars after root canal preparation with Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, XP EndoShaper and hand files. METHODOLOGY: A total of 50 human periodontal ligament samples were obtained from healthy mandibular premolars where extraction was indicated for orthodontic reasons. Prior to extraction, 40 of these premolars were equally divided into four groups, and root canals were prepared using four different systems: Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, XP EndoShaper and a hand instrumentation technique. The remaining 10 healthy premolars were extracted without treatment and served as a negative control group. All periodontal ligament samples were processed, and SP and CGRP were measured by radioimmunoassay. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to establish significant differences between groups and LSD post hoc comparisons were also performed. RESULTS: Greater SP and CGRP values were found in the hand instrumentation group, followed by the XP EndoShaper, WaveOne Gold and the Reciproc groups. The lower SP and CGRP values were for the healthy periodontal ligament group. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences between groups (P < 0.05). Post hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) in SP and CGRP expression between all the comparisons except for the Reciproc Blue and WaveOne Gold group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: All the root canal preparation techniques tested increased SP and CGRP expression in human periodontal ligament, with hand files and XP EndoShaper instruments being associated with greater neuropeptide release compared to Reciproc Blue and WaveOne Gold files.

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BACKGROUND: Skin resurfacing with CO2 laser is a common surgical procedure to improve photodamaged skin. Many complications may occur after this procedure, however, common warts is relatively rare. OBJECTIVE: To report a case of multiple warts after CO2 laser resurfacing and discuss the complete involution of these lesions. METHODS: A 78-year-old woman with multiple warts after CO2 laser resurfacing is described. RESULTS: The patient developed multiple common warts on the face after resurfacing with CO2 laser. Retinoic acid was introduced and complete involution of the lesions was observed after 5 days with no scars. CONCLUSION: Although emphasis is placed on the hazards of the laser plume to the medical staff, one should be aware of this complication. We believe that the regression of the lesions was spontaneous rather than induced by the retinoic acid.

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Entre 1974 y 1992, practicamos la colonoscopía como método de diagnóstico en 2,770 pacientes de ambos sexos, con síntomas digestivos bajos, cuyas edades variaron entre 1 y 101 años, la mayoría de las cuales se distribuyeron sobre la quinta década de edad; para las 3,054 instrumentacines que se practicaron, la preparación intestinal se hizo con el método tradicional o standar en 300 procedimientos y con la administarción oral de solución salina al 9 por ciento en los otros 2,754, esta última con resultados óptimos, la dedación se consigió con la administraciónIV de diazepan 10 mg, o de Petidina 50 mg, o de midazolam 2.5 a 5 mg, y en los niños con clorhidrato de Ketamina y con la asistencia de un anestesiólogo. El alcance a ciego e ileon se obtuvo en el 95 por ciento de los casos. En 52.78 por ciento el resultado fue normal, en 45.20 por ciento normal, y en 02.02 por ciento insuficiente, principalmente debido a mal preparación intestinal. En el grupo anormal, los diagnósticos más frecuentes fuero: pólipos, cáncer, y divertículos de colon y enfermedad inflamatoria del intestino de causas específicas como TBC, proctosigmoiditis actínica, amebiasis, e inespecíficas como "colitis, proctocolitis ulcerativa inespecífica, colitis erosiva y enfermedad de Crohn. La colonoscopía es un método de diagnóstico de gran valor, sola o complementando al estudio radiográfico del colon

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Los anatomistas y clínicos tienen por costumbre definir la voz como la emisión sonora de la laringe y órganos y cavidades de resonancia. Pero la voz es más que eso. La voz es el vehículo sensible de las potencialidades espirituales del hombre. Es un espejo de la salud psicofísica del individuo. Con sus inflexiones anota las emociones, con su debilidad las enfermedades generales, con una característica modificación, acompaña la fisiológica involución somática y neuropsíquica que configura la senilidad. Está intimamente ligada a la personalidad de cada individuo, puesto que es la emanación de su efectividad y de su sensibilidad. Para que el acto fónico se de normalmente, debe actuar sinérgicamente no un órgano sino un conjunto de órganos que configuran el sistema de la fonación.

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La producción del habla obedece a complicados mecanismos neuromusculares, cuya acción normal se basa en una compleja sinergia funcional. El aparato del habla comprende una interacción de componentes definidos como procesos motores básicos: respiración, fonación, articulación y resonancia. En el mecanismo del habla la respiración proporciona la materia prima para su producción. La respiración del habla se caracteriza por un patrón de influjo-reflujo oral asimétrico. La corriente de aire pasa por la laringe provocando la vibración de las cuerdas vocales, luego a la región laringo-faríngea y a la faringe oral, donde se realiza toda la división del material fónico. En esta zona se encuentran los órganos por medio de los cuales, se va a producir la articulación del sonido, siendo la boca el centro de todos ellos. Las principales estructuras del mecanismo de articulación son: los labios, la cara, los maxilares, los dientes, el paladar, la lengua y la musculatura correspondiente a cada uno de estos órganos.

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With a view to determining the effectiveness of a method for the control of tetanus neonatorum which would be independent of medical examination or care, a double-blind field trial covering 1618 women was conducted between 1961 and 1966 in a rural area of Colombia with an estimated existing tetanus neonatorum death rate of 11.6 per 100 births. The study group was given 1-3 injections of 1 ml of an aluminium-phosphate-adsorbed tetanus toxoid more than 6 weeks apart, and the control group a similar number of injections of an influenza-virus vaccine.There was no statistically significant difference between those in the two groups given one injection. Those in the control group given 2 or 3 injections had a tetanus neonatorum death rate of 7.8 deaths per 100 births, and the corresponding subjects in the study group had none. This difference is unlikely to have occurred by chance.

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