RESUMO
Sepsis is a complex condition of inflammatory and immune dysregulation, triggered by severe infection. In survivors, chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation linger, facilitating the emergence of infections. CD8 dysfunction contributes to immunosuppression in sepsis survivors. We devised an animal model that enabled us to identify and analyze CD8-intrinsic defects induced by sepsis. We adoptively transferred CD45.1 CD8 OT-I T cells into CD45.2 congenic mice and subjected them to cecal ligature and puncture, to induce abdominal sepsis. One month later, we isolated the transferred CD8 cells. Surface marker expression confirmed they had not been activated through the TCR. CD8 OT-I T cells isolated from septic (or sham-operated) mice were transferred to second recipients, which were challenged with OVA-expressing Listeria monocytogenes. We compared effector capacities between OT-I cells exposed to sepsis and control cells. Naive mice that received OT-I cells exposed to sepsis had higher bacterial burden and a shorter survival when challenged with OVA-expressing L. monocytogenes. OT-I cells isolated from septic mice produced less IFN-γ but had conserved activation, expansion potential, and cytotoxic function. We observed lower transcript levels of IFN-γ and of the long noncoding RNA Ifng-as1, a local regulator of the epigenetic landscape, in cells exposed to sepsis. Accordingly, local abundance of a histone modification characteristic of active promoter regions was reduced in sepsis-exposed CD8 T cells. Our results identify a mechanism through which inflammation in the context of sepsis affects CD8 T cell function intrinsically.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Cromatina , Interferon gama , Listeria monocytogenes , Sepse , Animais , Camundongos , Transferência Adotiva , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Cromatina/imunologia , Cromatina/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Interferon gama/imunologia , Listeria monocytogenes/imunologia , Listeriose/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Sepse/imunologiaRESUMO
Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud destaca que los cuidados paliativos mejoran la calidad de vida de pacientes niños y adultos frente a enfermedades potencialmente mortales. Metodología: Estudio de tipo observacional, prospectivo, transversal y descriptivo. Incluyó a 120 pacientes oncológicos de 8 a 18 años, junto a sus cuidadores y enfermeras asignadas. Se utilizó el instrumento NECPAL 3.1 y se analizaron los datos con SPSS versión 25. Resultados: La mediana de edad de los pacientes pediátricos fue de 11 años; la leucemia linfoblástica aguda ocupó el primer lugar de morbilidad con el 52.5%. El 78.3% de los participantes fueron NECPAL positivos. Se encontró que el 85% tenía dos o más síntomas persistentes, predominantemente dolor, cansancio y náuseas. Además, el 87.5% experimentó malestar emocional, con preocupaciones significativas sobre aspectos económicos (47.5%), familiares (70.8%) y emocionales (48.3%). Discusión: Resaltan investigaciones previas de Levin et al., Alvarado et al. y Vanegas et al., entre otros, sobre el sufrimiento y los síntomas persistentes en pacientes oncológicos, así como la relevancia del apoyo familiar en los cuidados paliativos. Conclusiones: Es imperativo un abordaje continuo y multidisciplinario para abordar los síntomas físicos, emocionales y sociales en pacientes pediátricos con cáncer. Este enfoque integral no solo mejora la calidad de vida durante el tratamiento, sino que también proporciona un apoyo crucial durante la fase terminal, garantizando una atención óptima a lo largo del proceso
Introduction: The World Health Organization emphasizes that palliative care improves the quality of life of children and adult patients in the face of life-threatening illnesses. Methodology: Observational, prospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study. Included 120 oncology patients aged 8 to 18 years alongside their assigned nurses and caregivers. The NECPAL 3.1 tool was used, and the data were analyzed with SPSS version 25. Results: The median age of the pediatric patients was 11 years old. With 52.5%, the acute lymphoblastic leukemia ranked first in morbidity. 78.3% of the participants were NECPAL positive. 85% were found to have two or more persistent symptoms, mainly pain, fatigue, and nausea. In addition, 87.5% experienced emotional discomfort, with significant concerns about economic (47.5%), familiar (70.8%) and emotional (48.3%) aspects. Discussion: Previous research by Levin et al., Alvarado et al., Vanegas et al. and Vanegas et al., among others, on distress and persistent symptoms in oncology patients as well as the importance of family support in palliative care. Conclusions: It is imperative to address continuously and in a multidisciplinary manner the physical, emotional and social symptoms in pediatric cancer patients. This integral approach not only improves the quality of life during treatment, but also provides crucial support during the terminal stage, guaranteeing optimal care throughout the process
Introdução: A Organização Mundial da Saúde aponta que os cuidados paliativos melhoram a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, tanto das crianças quanto dos adultos, diante de doenças potencialmente mortais. Metodologia: Estudo de tipo observacional, prospectivo, transversal e descritivo. Ele incluiu 120 pacientes oncológicos da faixa etária entre 8 e 10 anos, bem como suas enfermeiras e cuidadores atribuídos. Foi utilizado o instrumento NECPAL 3,1. Além disso, foram analisados os dados com o programa SPSS, versão 25. Resultados: A média da faixa etária dos pacientes pediátricos foi de 11 anos; a leucemia linfoblástica aguda ocupou o primeiro lugar de morbidez, com 52,5%. Segundo os critérios NECPAL, 78,3% dos participantes foram positivos. Se achou que 85% tinham dois ou mais sintomas persistentes, nomeadamente dor, cansaço e náuseas. Além disso, 87,5% experimentaram mal-estares emocionais, com preocupações significativas no que diz respeito a aspetos econômicos (47,5%), familiares (70,8%) e emocionais (48,3%). Discussão: Destacam pesquisas prévias de Levin et al., Alvarado et al. e Vanegas et al., entre outras, sobre o sofrimento e os sintomas persistentes em pacientes oncológicos, bem como o relevo do apoio familiar nos cuidados paliativos. Conclusões: É imperativo ter uma abordagem contínua e multidisciplinar para defrontar os sintomas físicos, emocionais e sociais dos pacientes pediátricos com câncer. Isto deve ser feito integralmente, não só para melhorar a qualidade de vida durante o tratamento, mas também para brindar apoio crucial durante a fase terminal. Deve se garantir uma atenção ótima no decurso do processo
Assuntos
Humanos , Cuidados PaliativosRESUMO
Portal hypertension may have major consequences on the pulmonary vasculature due to the complex pathophysiological interactions between the liver and lungs. Portopulmonary hypertension (PoPH), a subset of group 1 pulmonary hypertension (PH), is a serious pulmonary vascular disease secondary to portal hypertension, and is the fourth most common subtype of pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is most commonly observed in cirrhotic patients; however, patients with noncirrhotic portal hypertension can also develop it. On suspicion of PoPH, the initial evaluation is by a transthoracic echocardiogram in which, if elevated pulmonary pressures are shown, patients should undergo right heart catheterization to confirm the diagnosis. The prognosis is extremely poor in untreated patients; therefore, management includes pulmonary arterial hypertension therapies with the aim of improving pulmonary hemodynamics and moving patients to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). In this article, we review in detail the epidemiology, pathophysiology, process for diagnosis, and most current treatments including OLT and prognosis in patients with PoPH. In addition, we present a diagnostic algorithm that includes the current criteria to properly select patients with PoPH who are candidates for OLT.
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Dr. Vicente Izquierdo San Fuentes was the first professor of Histology at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile. In that Chair, cell theory strongly radiated to new generations of health students. However, the conditions for the creation of the discipline of General or Cell Biology were not yet ripe. Almost three decades later, Dr. Juan Noé Crevani was hired in Italy to lead Medical Zoology in 1912. From the heterogeneous discipline of Medical Zoology, Dr. Noé managed to create in 1926 the new chairs of General Biology, Embryology-Comparative Anatomy and Parasitology. His vision of biology as an essentially dynamic and experimental science, contributed to modernize and encourage the development of different areas of biology in Chile. Retaining their full independence, these chairs met in 1931, in a new organization called the Juan Noé Institute of Biology, which lasted until the university reform of 1968. Afterwards, the departments of Biology and Genetics, Parasitology, Human Anatomy and Histology were created. In 1998, a new reorganization of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile began, creating the so-called Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM) that houses several disciplinary programs that replaced the old departments.
Assuntos
Docentes , Medicina , Academias e Institutos , Chile , História do Século XX , Humanos , Universidades/históriaRESUMO
Dr. Vicente Izquierdo San Fuentes was the first professor of Histology at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile. In that Chair, cell theory strongly radiated to new generations of health students. However, the conditions for the creation of the discipline of General or Cell Biology were not yet ripe. Almost three decades later, Dr. Juan Noé Crevani was hired in Italy to lead Medical Zoology in 1912. From the heterogeneous discipline of Medical Zoology, Dr. Noé managed to create in 1926 the new chairs of General Biology, Embryology-Comparative Anatomy and Parasitology. His vision of biology as an essentially dynamic and experimental science, contributed to modernize and encourage the development of different areas of biology in Chile. Retaining their full independence, these chairs met in 1931, in a new organization called the Juan Noé Institute of Biology, which lasted until the university reform of 1968. Afterwards, the departments of Biology and Genetics, Parasitology, Human Anatomy and Histology were created. In 1998, a new reorganization of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile began, creating the so-called Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM) that houses several disciplinary programs that replaced the old departments.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XX , Docentes , Medicina , Universidades/história , Chile , Academias e InstitutosRESUMO
Abstract Coexistence between thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism is rare, and most of the nodular lesions from which a malignant tumor is documented in this group of patients correspond to cold nodules. Justified by the increasing number of reports in the literature about malignant tumors diagnosed from hot nodules, a systematic review was carried out to determine possible factors associated with the diagnosis of thyroid cancer from hot nodules in patients with hyperthyroidism. The results suggest that the clinical diagnosis of toxic nodular goiter, nodular lesions of diameter > 10 mm and a histological type compatible with a follicular carcinoma, are factors that on their own increase the risk of making the diagnosis of cancer from a hot nodule.
Resumen La coexistencia entre cáncer de tiroides e hipertiroidismo es infrecuente, y la mayoría de las lesiones nodulares a partir de las cuales se documenta un tumor maligno en este grupo de pacientes corresponden a nódulos fríos. Justificado en el creciente número de reportes en la literatura acerca de tumores malignos diagnosticados a partir de nódulos calientes, se realizó una revisión sistemática que tuvo como objetivo determinar los posibles factores asociados con el diagnóstico de cáncer de tiroides a partir de nódulos calientes en pacientes con hipertiroidismo. Los resultados sugieren que el diagnóstico clínico de bocio nodular tóxico, lesiones nodulares de diámetro mayor de 10 mm y tipo histológico compatible con carcinoma folicular, son factores que aumentan por sí solos el riesgo de realizar el diagnóstico de cáncer a partir de un nódulo caliente.
Assuntos
Glândula Tireoide , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide , Adenocarcinoma Folicular , Revisão Sistemática , HipertireoidismoRESUMO
La coexistencia entre cáncer de tiroides e hipertiroidismo es infrecuente, y la mayoría de las lesiones nodulares a partir de las cuales se documenta un tumor maligno en este grupo de pacientes corresponden a nódulos fríos. Justificado en el creciente número de reportes en la literatura acerca de tumores malignos diagnosticados a partir de nódulos calientes, se realizó una revisión sistemática que tuvo como objetivo determinar los posibles factores asociados con el diagnóstico de cáncer de tiroides a partir de nódulos calientes en pacientes con hipertiroidismo. Los resultados sugieren que el diagnóstico clínico de bocio nodular tóxico, lesiones nodulares de diámetro mayor de 10 mm y tipo histológico compatible con carcinoma folicular, son factores que aumentan por sí solos el riesgo de realizar el diagnóstico de cáncer a partir de un nódulo caliente
Coexistence between thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism is rare, and most of the nodular lesions from which a malignant tumor is documented in this group of patients correspond to cold nodules. Justified by the increasing number of reports in the literature about malignant tumors diagnosed from hot nodules, a systematic review was carried out to determine possible factors associated with the diagnosis of thyroid cancer from hot nodules in pa-tients with hyperthyroidism. The results suggest that the clinical diagnosis of toxic nodular goiter, nodular lesions of diameter > 10 mm and a histological type compatible with a follicular carcinoma, are factors that on their own increase the risk of making the diagnosis of cancer from a hot nodule
Assuntos
Humanos , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide , Hipertireoidismo , Glândula Tireoide , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide , Adenocarcinoma Folicular , Revisão SistemáticaRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to elucidate how fructose is able to increase the rate of ethanol metabolism in the liver, an observation previously termed the fructose effect. Previous studies suggest that an increase in ATP consumption driven by glucose synthesis from fructose stimulates the oxidation of NADH in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, allowing faster oxidation of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase; however, this idea has been frequently challenged. We tested the effects of fructose, sorbose and tagatose both in vitro and in vivo. Both ethanol and each sugar were either added to isolated hepatocytes or injected intraperitoneally in the rat. In the in vitro experiments, samples were taken from the hepatocyte suspension in a time-dependent manner and deproteinized with perchloric acid. In the in vivo experiments, blood samples were taken every 15 min and the metabolites were determined in the plasma. These metabolites include ethanol, glucose, glycerol, sorbitol, lactate, fructose and sorbose. Ethanol oxidation by rat hepatocytes was increased by more than 50% with the addition of fructose. The stimulation was accompanied by increased glucose, glycerol, lactate and sorbitol production. A similar effect was observed with sorbose, while tagatose had no effect. The same pattern was observed in the in vivo experiments. This effect was abolished by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase with 4-methylpyrazole, whereas inhibition of the respiratory chain with cyanide did not affect the fructose effect. In conclusion, present results provide evidence that, by reducing glyceraldehyde and glycerol and fructose to sorbitol, respectively, NADH is consumed, allowing an increase in the elimination of ethanol. Hence, this effect is not linked to a stimulation of mitochondrial re-oxidation of NADH driven by ATP consumption.
Assuntos
Etanol/metabolismo , Frutose/administração & dosagem , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica/efeitos dos fármacos , Álcool Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Álcool Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Animais , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicemia/metabolismo , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Masculino , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica/fisiologia , RatosRESUMO
Backgound: The virulence factors of the Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains are not clearly known. The strain of septicemic origin NN1 Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 was sequenced previously by the Illumina platform. A fragment of the pathogenicity island VPaI-7 of V. parahaemolyticus was detected in its genome. AIM: To detect the virulence genes vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 y vopF in Chilean strains of V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139. METHODS: A total of 9 Chilean strains of clinical origin of Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 isolated between 2006-2012 were analyzed by conventional PCR assays for type III secretion genes encoded on that island: vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 and vopF. Additionally, the presence of the virulence genes hylA and rtxA was determined. In addition, REP-PCR and ERIC-PCR assays were performed. RESULTS: most (6/9) Chilean V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains contain the type III secretion genes vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 and vopF, encoded in an island of pathogenicity. In addition, all (9/9) the strains contain the virulence genes hylA and rtxA. CONCLUSION: These results strongly suggest the possibility that those strains possess an important virulence potential in humans.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Ilhas Genômicas/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo III/genética , Vibrio cholerae não O1/genética , Vibrio cholerae/genética , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Chile , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Vibrio cholerae/isolamento & purificação , Vibrio cholerae/patogenicidade , Vibrio cholerae não O1/isolamento & purificação , Vibrio cholerae não O1/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Resumen Introducción. Los factores de virulencia de las cepas de Vibrio cholerae no-O1, no-O139 no son claramente conocidos. La cepa de origen septicémico NN1 Vibrio cholerae no-O1, no-O139 fue secuenciada previamente mediante la plataforma Illumina, detectándose en su genoma un fragmento de la isla de patogenicidad VPaI-7 de V. parahaemolyticus. Objetivo: detectar los genes de virulencia vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 y vopF en cepas chilenas clínicas de V. cholerae no-O1, no-O139. Material y Métodos: Un total de 9 cepas chilenas de origen clínico de Vibrio cholerae no-O1, no-O139 aisladas entre 2006-2012 fueron analizadas mediante ensayos de reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC, en inglés PCR) convencional para los genes de secreción tipo III codificados en dicha isla: vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 y vopF. Adicionalmente se determinó la presencia de los genes de virulencia hylA y rtxA. Además, se realizaron ensayos de repetitive element palindromic PCR (REP-PCR) y Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR). Resultados: la mayoría (6/9) de las cepas chilenas de V. cholerae no-O1, no-O139 contiene todos los genes de secreción tipo III vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 y vopF, codificados en una isla de patogenicidad. Además, el total de las cepas (9/9) contiene los genes de virulencia hylA y rtxA. Conclusión: Estos resultados sugieren fuertemente la posibilidad que dichas cepas posean un potencial de virulencia importante en seres humanos.
Backgound: The virulence factors of the Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains are not clearly known. The strain of septicemic origin NN1 Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 was sequenced previously by the Illumina platform. A fragment of the pathogenicity island VPaI-7 of V. parahaemolyticus was detected in its genome. Aim: To detect the virulence genes vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 y vopF in Chilean strains of V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139. Methods: A total of 9 Chilean strains of clinical origin of Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 isolated between 2006-2012 were analyzed by conventional PCR assays for type III secretion genes encoded on that island: vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 and vopF. Additionally, the presence of the virulence genes hylA and rtxA was determined. In addition, REP-PCR and ERIC-PCR assays were performed. Results: most (6/9) Chilean V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains contain the type III secretion genes vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 and vopF, encoded in an island of pathogenicity. In addition, all (9/9) the strains contain the virulence genes hylA and rtxA. Conclusion: These results strongly suggest the possibility that those strains possess an important virulence potential in humans.
Assuntos
Humanos , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Vibrio cholerae/genética , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Vibrio cholerae não O1/genética , Ilhas Genômicas/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo III/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Vibrio cholerae/isolamento & purificação , Vibrio cholerae/patogenicidade , Chile , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Vibrio cholerae não O1/isolamento & purificação , Vibrio cholerae não O1/patogenicidade , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genéticaRESUMO
In 2015, we detected clinical cases of babesiosis caused by Babesia microti in Yucatán State, Mexico. Cases occurred in 4 children from a small town who became ill during the same month. Diagnosis was confirmed using conventional PCR followed by sequencing of the DNA fragment obtained.
Assuntos
Babesia microti/isolamento & purificação , Babesiose/diagnóstico , Babesiose/parasitologia , Adolescente , Babesia microti/genética , Criança , DNA de Protozoário/química , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
In the state of Yucatan, Mexico, rickettsiosis has become a common vector-borne disease in the general population. Ectoparasite species such as Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Amblyomma mixtum have been identified as Rickettsia vectors in Yucatan by studies focused on the wild animal population in rural areas. There have been studies that have tried to determine the presence of Rickettsia species in ectoparasites collected in Yucatan, but these studies did not include marginalized areas, where living in close contact with domestic and peridomestic animals that carry ectoparasites is a high-risk factor for acquiring rickettsial infection or many other vector-borne diseases. We evaluated the vector diversity and the presence of Rickettsia species presence in the ectoparasite population that parasitizes domestic animals in a marginalized rural town of Yucatan, Mexico; we also evaluated the seroprevalence of rickettsial antibodies in the human population of this town in order to determine the prevalence of rickettsial infection. A total of 437 ectoparasites were collected from the study area. The tick specimens collected belonged to the species Rhipicephalus sanguineus (n=380, 49 positive), Amblyomma mixtum (n=3, 0 positive), Ixodes affinis (n=4, 0 positive), Ctenocephalides felis (n=33, 0 positive), and Trichodectes canis (n=17, 0 positive). Conventional polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were used to identify the DNA of Rickettsia. Six out of 354 (1.8%) serum samples were positive for antibody to R. typhi. The combination of low antibody titers and the presence of Rickettsia species infecting ectoparasite species found in the study area requires eco-epidemiological studies and the identification of potentially protective practices or habits.
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The historical development of the terms "infection" and "miasma" is analyzed. Miasma was understood as a kind of corrupt or pestilent air that emanated from putrefactive bodies and spread infectious diseases. This concept was the dominant one to understand the cause of infectious diseases from antiquity to the dawn of the microbial theory. The concept of infection initially had a similar meaning to miasma, but is currently defined as the invasion of a host by an infectious agent. It will be discussed in this paper that both terms derive from the same original concept.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar , Ar , Infecções/história , Semântica , Desenhos Animados como Assunto , História Antiga , Humanos , Infecções/etiologia , Odorantes , Mudanças Depois da Morte , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
Resumen Se analiza el desarrollo histórico de los términos "infección" y "miasma". Se entendía por miasma un tipo de aire corrupto o pestilente que emanaba de cuerpos en putrefacción y que propalaba las enfermedades infecciones. Dicho concepto fue el dominante para comprender la causa de las enfermedades infecciosas desde la antigüedad hasta los albores de la teoría microbiana. El concepto de infección tuvo inicialmente un significado similar al de miasma, pero actualmente se define como la invasión de un hospedero por un agente infeccioso. En este trabajo se discutirá que ambos términos derivan del mismo concepto original.
The historical development of the terms "infection" and "miasma" is analyzed. Miasma was understood as a kind of corrupt or pestilent air that emanated from putrefactive bodies and spread infectious diseases. This concept was the dominant one to understand the cause of infectious diseases from antiquity to the dawn of the microbial theory. The concept of infection initially had a similar meaning to miasma, but is currently defined as the invasion of a host by an infectious agent. It will be discussed in this paper that both terms derive from the same original concept.
Assuntos
Humanos , História Antiga , Semântica , Ar , Poluição do Ar , Infecções/história , Mudanças Depois da Morte , Desenhos Animados como Assunto , Infecções/etiologia , Terminologia como Assunto , OdorantesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection, persistent T-cell activation leads to rapid turnover and increased cell death, leading to immune exhaustion and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Stimulation of the vagus nerve increases acetylcholine (ACh) release and modulates inflammation in chronic inflammatory conditions, a neural mechanism known as the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). Pyridostigmine (PDG), an ACh-esterase inhibitor, increases the half-life of endogenous ACh, therefore mimicking the CAP. We have previously observed that PDG reduces ex vivo activation and proliferation of T-cells obtained from people living with HIV. METHODS: We conducted a 16-week proof-of-concept open trial using PDG as add-on therapy in seven HIV-infected patients with discordant immune response receiving combined antiretroviral therapy, to determine whether PDG would promote an increase in total CD4+ T-cells. The trial was approved by the Institutional Research and Ethics Board and registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00518154). RESULTS: Seven patients were enrolled after signing informed consent forms. We observed that addition of PDG induced a significant increase in total CD4+ T-cells (baseline = 153.1 ± 43.1 vs. week-12 = 211.9 ± 61.1 cells/µL; p = 0.02). Post hoc analysis showed that in response to PDG, four patients (57%) significantly increased CD4+ T-cell counts (responders = 257.8 ± 26.6 vs. non-responders = 150.6 ± 18.0 cells/µL; p = 0.002), and the effect persisted for at least 1 year after discontinuation of PDG. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that in patients with HIV, add-on PDG results in a significant and persistent increase in circulating CD4+ T-cells.
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This review analyzes the origin of the term "bacteria", which was created by the biologist Christian G. Ehren-berg, initially to account for a single bacterial genus of the Vibrionia family and finally, to explain how this name imposed itself upon others as the formal denomination for the whole bacterial group.
Assuntos
Bactérias , Semântica , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
To evaluate the serological status for Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira interrogans antibodies in free roaming dogs and cats from a marginated rural community in Yucatan Mexico, 100 households were visited and animals sampled. From the 106 samples, 93 were from dogs and 13 were from cats. Frequency of positive results for T. gondii, T. cruzi and Leptospira spp was 97.8%, 9.7% and 45.2% for dogs and 92.3%, 0.0% and 15.2% for cats, respectively. No associations with age, sex and body condition was found for T. gondii and Leptospira spp neither for the place where pets sleep, fumigation or presence of triatomes in the household in the case of T. cruzi. For leptospirosis the most common serovars found were Canicola, Autralis and Bratislava in dogs and cats with titres of 100 or 200 with exception of one dog with a titre of 400. The high frequency of seropositive dogs suggests a high circulation of the agents in the population of free roaming owned dogs and cats probably due to the lack of control of the reservoirs and vectors involved. Domestic animals in those rural communities can be sentinels to assess the risk of human exposure in the rural communities.
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Dr. Cora Mayers Glehy, was the director of the Nursing School, head of the Department of Health Education of the General Health Office, a founding member of the Pediatric Society and Dr. Alfredo Demaría Andreani, was a prominent student leader, first sanitarian graduated in the University of John Hopkins, director of Health, professor of the Chair of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine. Both were brilliant academics of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile in the early 1930's and great achievements were expected from them by the medical and university community. These hopes and longings were destroyed when they tragically ended their lives on the morning of a Monday, January 12, 1931.
Assuntos
História do Século XX , Faculdades de Medicina/história , Docentes de Medicina/história , História da Medicina , ChileRESUMO
This review analyzes the origin of the term "bacteria", which was created by the biologist Christian G. Ehren-berg, initially to account for a single bacterial genus of the Vibrionia family and finally, to explain how this name imposed itself upon others as the formal denomination for the whole bacterial group.
Esta revisión analiza el origen del término "bacteria", creado por el insigne microbiólogo alemán Cristián G. Ehrenberg para denominar inicialmente a un simple género de la familia Vibrionia y finalmente de qué manera este nombre se impuso como la denominación formal para todo este grupo de seres vivos.
Assuntos
História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Semântica , Bactérias , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
Dr. Cora Mayers Glehy, was the director of the Nursing School, head of the Department of Health Education of the General Health Office, a founding member of the Pediatric Society and Dr. Alfredo Demaría Andreani, was a prominent student leader, first sanitarian graduated in the University of John Hopkins, director of Health, professor of the Chair of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine. Both were brilliant academics of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile in the early 1930's and great achievements were expected from them by the medical and university community. These hopes and longings were destroyed when they tragically ended their lives on the morning of a Monday, January 12, 1931.