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Agaves are plants with multiple possibilities of use and are naturally tolerant to low water availability conditions and high temperatures. This makes them species of great interest in the context of the necessary substitution of crops due to climate change. Unfortunately, the overexploitation of wild specimens has endangered many species of the genus that have not been domesticated or cultivated intensively. In vitro mass culture and propagation techniques have emerged as a very efficient option to produce agave plants that can be used without damage to the natural populations. A protocol is presented here for the in vitro micropropagation of agaves in a two-stage process. In the first step, clusters of slightly differentiated shoots are generated from stem segments cultivated on a semisolid medium added with cytokinin. In a second step, these shoot clusters are cultured in temporary immersion bioreactors where they grow and complete their differentiation, and then the shoots are rooted and transferred to soil. This protocol has been successfully applied to several threatened species of the Agave genus.

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Swine influenza is a respiratory disease that affects the pork industry and is a public health threat. It is caused by type A influenza virus (FLUAV), which continuously undergoes genetic and antigenic variations. A large amount of information regarding FLUAV in pigs is available worldwide, but it is limited in Latin America. The HA sequences of H1 subtype FLUAV-positive samples obtained from pigs in Colombia between 2008-2021 were analyzed using sequence-based antigenic cartography and N-Glycosylation analyses. Of the 12 predicted global antigenic groups, Colombia contained five: four corresponding to pandemic strains and one to the classical swine H1N1 clade. Circulation of these clusters was observed in some regions during specific years. Ca2 was the immunodominant epitope among Colombian viruses. The counts of N-Glycosylation motifs were associated with the antigenic cluster ranging from three to five. The results show for the first time the existence of antigenic diversity of FLUAV in Colombia and highlight the impact of spatial and temporal factors on this diversity. This study provides information about FLUAV variability in pigs under natural conditions in the absence of vaccination and emphasizes the need for surveillance of its phylogenetic and antigenic characteristics.

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Durante el proceso de confinamiento por covid-19, se presentaron diversas formas de protesta social que, aunado a la incapacidad de los Gobiernos latinoamericanos de manejar la crisis sanitaria ocasionada por la pandemia, demostraron en la mayoría de los casos que la respuesta del Estado a las movilizaciones y resistencias sociales fue la criminalización de la protesta social, a través de represión y detenciones arbitrarias para tratar de infundir miedo entre la población. Los movimientos generados en el contexto de la pandemia tuvieron diversas y novedosas aristas durante el confinamiento, entre estas el uso de las tecnologías de la información como uno de los elementos clave para la denuncia social y la organización de la protesta para la toma del espacio público. Por otra parte, las demandas de las protestas sociales se centraron principalmente en la insuficiente planeación estratégica de los Gobiernos ante la pandemia, en la precariedad y en el colapso de los sistemas de salud, en el incremento de la violencia de género, del desempleo, de la pobreza, de la desigualdad y de la violencia social.

During the covid-19 confinement process, various forms of social protest were presented, together with the inability of Latin American governments to manage the health crisis caused by the pandemic, demonstrated in most cases that the State's response to social mobilizations and resistance was the criminalization of social protest, through repression and arbitrary detentions to try to instill fear among the population. The movements generated in the context of the pandemic had several and novel edges during the confinement, among them: the use of information technologies as one of the key elements for social denunciation and the organization of protest for the seizure of public space. On the other hand, the demands of the social protests focused mainly on the insufficient strategic planning of governments in the face of the pandemic, on the precariousness and collapse of health systems, on the increase in gender violence, unemployment, poverty, inequality, and social violence.

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Wild aquatic birds are considered the natural hosts of 16 HA (H1-H16) and 9 NA (N1-N9) subtypes of influenza A viruses (FLUAV) found in different combinations. H14 FLUAVs are rarely detected in nature. Since 2011, H14 FLUAVs have been consistently detected in Guatemala, leading to the largest collection of this subtype from a single country. All H14 FLUAVs in Guatemala were detected from blue-winged teal samples. In this report, 17 new full-length H14 FLUAV genome sequences detected from 2014 until 2019 were analyzed and compared to all published H14 sequences, including Guatemala, North America, and Eurasia. The H14 FLUAVs identified in Guatemala were mostly associated with the N3 subtype (n = 25), whereas the rest were paired with either N4 (n = 7), N5 (n = 4), N6 (n = 1), and two mixed infections (N3/N5 n = 2, and N2/N3 n = 1). H14 FLUAVs in Guatemala belong to a distinct H14 lineage in the Americas that is evolving independently from the Eurasian H14 lineage. Of note, the ORF of the H14 HA segments showed three distinct motifs at the cleavage site, two of these containing arginine instead of lysine in the first and fourth positions, not previously described in other countries. The effects of these mutations on virus replication, virulence, and/or transmission remain unknown and warrant further studies.

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Commercial swine farms provide unique systems for interspecies transmission of influenza A viruses (FLUAVs) at the animal-human interface. Bidirectional transmission of FLUAVs between pigs and humans plays a significant role in the generation of novel strains that become established in the new host population. Active FLUAV surveillance was conducted for 2 years on a commercial pig farm in Southern Guatemala with no history of FLUAV vaccination. Nasal swabs (n = 2,094) from fattening pigs (6 to 24 weeks old) with respiratory signs were collected weekly from May 2016 to February 2018. Swabs were screened for FLUAV by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RRT-PCR), and full virus genomes of FLUAV-positive swabs were sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS). FLUAV prevalence was 12.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.6% to 13.4%) with two distinct periods of high infection. All samples were identified as FLUAVs of the H1N1 subtype within the H1 swine clade 1A.3.3.2 and whose ancestors are the human origin 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic virus (H1N1 pdm09). Compared to the prototypic reference segment sequence, 10 amino acid signatures were observed on relevant antigenic sites on the hemagglutinin. The Guatemalan swine-origin FLUAVs show independent evolution from other H1N1 pdm09 FLUAVs circulating in Central America. The zoonotic risk of these viruses remains unknown but strongly calls for continued FLUAV surveillance in pigs in Guatemala. IMPORTANCE Despite increased surveillance efforts, the epidemiology of FLUAVs circulating in swine in Latin America remains understudied. For instance, the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic strain (H1N1 pdm09) emerged in Mexico, but its circulation remained undetected in pigs. In Central America, Guatemala is the country with the largest swine industry. We found a unique group of H1N1 pdm09 sequences that suggests independent evolution from similar viruses circulating in Central America. These viruses may represent the establishment of a novel genetic lineage with the potential to reassort with other cocirculating viruses and whose zoonotic risk remains to be determined.

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BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. To better understand the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 early in the pandemic in the Province of Cordoba, Argentina, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 strains detected in survivors and non-survivors of COVID-19. We also carried out an epidemiological study to find a possible association between the symptoms and comorbidities of these patients with their clinical outcomes. RESULTS: A representative sampling was performed in different cities in the Province of Cordoba. Ten and nine complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes were obtained by next-generation sequencing of nasopharyngeal specimens from non-survivors and survivors, respectively. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses revealed multiple introductions of the most common lineages in South America, including B.1, B.1.1.1, B.1.499, and N.3. Fifty-six mutations were identified, with 14% of those in common between the non-survivor and survivor groups. Specific SARS-CoV-2 mutations for survivors constituted 25% whereas for non-survivors they were 41% of the repertoire, indicating partial selectivity. The non-survivors' variants showed higher diversity in 9 genes, with a majority in Nsp3, while the survivors' variants were detected in 5 genes, with a higher incidence in the Spike protein. At least one comorbidity was present in 60% of non-survivor patients and 33% of survivors. Age 75-85 years (p = 0.018) and hospitalization (p = 0.019) were associated with non-survivor patients. Related to the most common symptoms, the prevalence of fever was similar in both groups, while dyspnea was more frequent among non-survivors and cough among survivors. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes the association of clinical characteristics with the clinical outcomes of survivors and non-survivors of COVID-19 patients, and the specific mutations found in the genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 in each patient group. Future research on the functional characterization of novel mutations should be performed to understand the role of these variations in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and COVID-19 disease outcomes. These results add new genomic data to better understand the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 variants that spread in Argentina during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Due to their documented epidemiological relevance as hosts for influenza A viruses (IAV), humans, poultry and pigs in backyard production systems (BPS) within wetlands could be key to the emergence of novel IAV variants able to transmit between humans or animals. To better understand the circulation of IAV at the human-animal interface of BPS within wetlands, we studied IAV in backyard duck flocks and pig herds in the Pacific Coast of Guatemala. From April 2013 to October 2014, we estimated the monthly IAV per cent seropositive and viral positive flocks and herds in two resource-limited communities. We detected antibodies in sera against the IAV nucleoprotein through ELISA. We also detected IAV viral RNA in respiratory (ducks and pigs) and cloacal (ducks) swabs through rRT-PCR directed at the matrix gene. We attempted viral isolation in eggs or MDCK cells followed by sequencing from swabs positive for IAV. During our study period, IAV seropositivity in duck flocks was 38%, and viral positivity was 23% (n = 86 BPS sampled). IAV seropositivity in pig herds was 42%, and viral positivity was 20% (n = 90 BPS sampled). Both flocks and herds had detectable antibodies against IAV mostly year-round, and IAV was detected in several months. We isolated an H3N2 virus from one pig sampled at the end of 2013. Standard nucleotide BLAST searches indicate that the isolated virus was similar to seasonal viruses circulating in humans, suggesting human-to-pig transmission. Our data show concurrent circulation of IAV in multiple species of poultry and pigs that were commingled in rudimentary conditions in proximity to humans, but no significant risk factors could be identified.

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The surface envelope (SU) protein determines the cell tropism and consequently the pathogenesis of the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in felids. Recombination of exogenous FeLV (exFeLV) with endogenous retroviruses (enFeLV) allows the emergence of more pathogenic variants. Currently, phenotypic testing through interference assays is the only method to distinguish among subgroups-namely, FeLV-A, -B, -C, -E, and -T. This study proposes a new method for FeLV classification based on molecular analysis of the SU gene. A total of 404 publicly available SU sequences were used to reconstruct a maximum likelihood tree. However, only 63 of these sequences had available information about phenotypic tests or subgroup assignments. Two major clusters were observed: (a) clade FeLV-A, which includes FeLV-A, FeLV-C, FeLV-E, and FeLV-T sequences, and (b) clade enFeLV, which includes FeLV-B and enFeLV strains. We found that FeLV-B, FeLV-C, FeLV-E, and FeLV-T SU sequences share similarities to FeLV-A viruses and most likely arose independently through mutation or recombination from this strain. FeLV-B and FeLV-C arose from recombination between FeLV-A and enFeLV viruses, whereas FeLV-T is a monophyletic subgroup that has probably originated from FeLV-A through combined events of deletions and insertions. Unfortunately, this study could not identify polymorphisms that are specifically linked to the FeLV-E subgroup. We propose that phylogenetic and recombination analysis together can explain the current phenotypic classification of FeLV viruses.

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Alrededor de un tercio de los adultos en la mayoría de las comunidades presentan hipertensión arterial (HTA). En Argentina, los registros denotan una prevalencia del 33,5%; donde el 44,6% son hombres y el 25,9% son mujeres. Se estima que un tercio de la población con HTA desconoce que la padece y la mitad se encuentra bajo tratamiento antihipertensivo; pero sólo la cuarta parte está bien controlada. Por otro lado la epidemia de insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) alcanza aproximadamente los 61 millones de individuos a nivel mundial, y se encuentra estrechamente relacionada con la HTA, siendo ésta la principal etiología sobre todo en Europa y Estados Unidos. De aquí surge el vínculo entre ambas entidades, ya muy conocidas y con fármacos avalados para su tratamiento hace ya mucho tiempo. Tanto la HTA como la IC (sea con fracción de eyección preservada o reducida) son patologías muy vinculadas y prevalentes en todas las comunidades. Los últimos avances en investigación nos llevan a plantearnos que a mayor reducción de los valores de presión arterial, se generan una cascada de mecanismos beneficiosos para el sistema cardiovascular que conllevan beneficios clínicos francos. Ahora bien, ¿existen nuevas terapéuticas que puedan encausar el rumbo de estos pacientes o sólo existen nuevos y más estrictos objetivos con los fármacos que previamente conocíamos?

About a third of adults in most communities have high blood pressure (HBP). In Argentina the records show a prevalence of 33.5%; where 44.6% are men and 25.9% are women. It is estimated that a third of the population with HBP is unaware that they suffer from it and half are under antihypertensive treatment; but only a quarter is well controlled. On the other hand, the epidemic of heart failure (HF) reaches approximately 61 million individuals worldwide, and is closely related to hypertension, this being the main etiology, especially in Europe and the United States. From here arises the link between both entities, already well known and with drugs endorsed for their treatment for a long time. Both HBP and HF (whether with preserved or reduced ejection fraction) are highly linked and prevalent pathologies in all communities. The latest advances in research lead us to consider that the greater the reduction in blood pressure values, a cascade of beneficial mechanisms for the cardiovascular system are generated that lead to frank clinical benefits. Now, are there new therapies that can guide the course of these patients or are there only new and stricter objectives with the drugs that we previously knew?

Cerca de um terço dos adultos na maioria das comunidades tem hipertensão arterial (HTA). Na Argentina, os registros mostram uma prevalência de 33,5%; onde 44,6% são homens e 25,9% são mulheres. Estima-se que um terço da população com HTA desconhece que a sofre e metade está em tratamento anti-hipertensivo; mas apenas um quarto está bem controlado. Por outro lado, a epidemia de insuficiência cardíaca (IC) atinge cerca de 61 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, e está intimamente relacionada à hipertensão, sendo esta a principal etiologia, principalmente na Europa e nos Estados Unidos. Daqui surge o vínculo entre as duas entidades, já bastante conhecidas e com medicamentos há muito endossados para o seu tratamento. Tanto a HTA quanto a HF (seja com fração de ejeção preservada ou reduzida) são patologias altamente vinculadas e prevalentes em todas as comunidades. Os últimos avanços nas pesquisas nos levam a considerar que quanto maior a redução dos valores da pressão arterial, gera-se uma cascata de mecanismos benéficos para o sistema cardiovascular que levam a francos benefícios clínicos. Agora, ¿existem novas terapias que podem orientar o curso desses pacientes ou existem apenas alvos novos e mais rígidos com medicamentos que conhecíamos anteriormente?

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Since its first identification in 2016, porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) has been detected in healthy and/or diseased swine in many countries worldwide. In a previous study by our group, PCV3 was detected in sera of sows which had at least one stillborn piglet in the last parturition. As such, it became important to investigate if the presence of PCV3 in sows' sera could be associated to the occurrence of stillbirths. With that aim, the frequency of PCV3 infections and viral DNA loads in sows' sera was investigated through a real-time quantitative PCR in 89 serum samples of just farrowed sows with or without stillbirths. PCV3 genomes were identified in most samples, with genome loads ranging between less than 10 to 200,000 copies per mL of serum. No significant differences were observed either in the frequency of infection or PCV3 viral loads in sows with or without stillbirths. Thus, no association could be established between PCV3 infection of sows at farrowing and stillbirths' occurrence.

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Introducción. La cardiotoxicidad por fármacos y el desarrollo de insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es un síndrome temido durante el tratamiento de la patología oncológica/oncohematológica, fundamentalmente con el uso de antraciclinas, según la literatura actual. Se desconoce en nuestra población la frecuencia del desarrollo de efectos adversos cardiovasculares con el uso de otras drogas de uso frecuente, tal como anticuerpos monoclonales, agentes alquilantes o terapias nuevas como inhibidores inmunes de checkpoint. Objetivos. Describir la prevalencia de IC en pacientes tratados por patología oncológica/oncohematológica. Describir los principales efectos adversos cardiovasculares desarrollados y su posible asociación con las drogas utilizadas. Material y métodos. Se realizó un análisis multicéntrico desde Enero de 2018 hasta Diciembre de 2019 en tres centro médicos de Argentina, y se incluyeron 267 pacientes. Criterios de inclusión. Pacientes mayores de 14 años de edad que padecieran enfermedad oncológica/oncohematológica y que se evaluaran previo al inicio de su tratamiento. Resultados. En el seguimiento de estos pacientes, 42 de los 267 pacientes presentaron efectos adversos cardiovasculares (15,7%), de los cuales la mayoría fueron leves o bien tolerados. Observándose, principalmente, en un 6,4% IC, y en un 3% hipertensión arterial. Conclusión. Es necesario mayor cantidad de registros de las complicaciones cardiovasculares asociadas al tratamiento del cáncer, para así individualizar una evaluación precoz multiparamétrica, un tratamiento oportuno y un correcto seguimiento a corto y largo plazo de cada paciente.

Background. Drug cardiotoxicity and the development of heart failure (HF) is a feared syndrome during the treatment of oncological/oncohematological pathology, mainly with the use of anthracyclines, according to current literature. The frequency of the development of cardiovascular adverse effects with the use of other frequently used drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies, alkylating agents or new therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, is unknown in our population. Objectives. Describe the prevalence of HF in patients treated for oncological/oncohematological pathology. Describe the main cardiovascular adverse effects developed and their possible association with the drugs used. Material and methods. A multicenter analysis was performed from January 2018 to December 2019 at three medical centers in Argentina, and 267 patients were included. Inclusion criteria. Patients over 14 years of age suffering from oncological/oncohematological disease and who were evaluated prior to the start of their treatment. Results. In the follow-up of these patients, 42 of the 267 patients presented cardiovascular adverse effects (15.7%), of which the majority were mild or well tolerated. Mainly observed in 6.4% HF, and in 3% arterial hypertension. Conclusion. A greater number of records of cardiovascular complications associated with cancer treatment are necessary, in order to individualize an early multiparameter evaluation, timely treatment, and correct short and longterm follow-up of each patient.

Introdução. A cardiotoxicidade de medicamentos e o desenvolvimento de insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome temida durante o tratamento de patologias oncológicas/oncohematológicas, principalmente com o uso de antraciclinas, de acordo com a literatura atual. Em nossa população é desconhecida a frequência do desenvolvimento de efeitos adversos cardiovasculares com o uso de outras drogas frequentemente utilizadas, como anticorpos monoclonais, agentes alquilantes ou novas terapias como inibidores imunes do ponto de verificação. Objetivos. Descrever a prevalência de IC em pacientes tratados por patologia oncológica/oncohematológica. Descrever os principais efeitos adversos cardiovasculares desenvolvidos e sua possível associação com os medicamentos utilizados. Material e métodos. Uma análise multicêntrica foi realizada de Janeiro de 2018 a Dezembro de 2019 em três centros médicos da Argentina, e 267 pacientes foram incluídos. Critério de inclusão. Pacientes com mais de 14 anos de idade que sofrem de doença oncológica/oncohematológica e que foram avaliados antes do início do tratamento. Resultados. No seguimento desses pacientes, 42 dos 267 pacientes apresentaram efeitos adversos cardiovasculares (15,7%), dos quais a maioria foi leve ou bem tolerada. Observado principalmente no IC de 6,4% e na hipertensão arterial de 3%. Conclusão. É necessário um maior número de registros de complicações cardiovasculares associadas ao tratamento do câncer, a fim de individualizar uma avaliação multiparamétrica precoce, tratamento oportuno e corrigir o acompanhamento de curto e longo prazo de cada paciente.

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This study was conducted to correlate clinical, laboratory, and bone marrow (BM) changes in cats naturally infected with feline leukemia virus and their association with viral loads in blood and BM and proviral loads in BM. Cats were classified into five groups based on antigenemia, clinical and/or laboratory findings and viral/proviral loads, according to a prospective study: symptomatic progressive (GI); asymptomatic progressive (GII); regressive (GIII); unclassified (GIV); or healthy (GV). |Correlations between these five groups and viral/proviral loads were evaluated. High viral and proviral loads were detected in GI and GII and viral loads were significantly associated with laboratory signs. Proviral loads detected in BM were significantly lower in GIII and GIV. GI cats were more likely to develop hematopoietic disorders than those from the other groups. Hematological and clinical disorders and disease severity are related to higher viral blood and proviral BM loads.

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A study was conducted to investigate the serum virome of sows with and without stillbirths after farrowing. Sera from sows with at least one stillbirth or with normal litters were collected immediately after farrowing. Viral DNA was extracted from serum pools and submitted to high throughput sequencing. No differences in the proportion of virus-related reads were found in both groups (p > 0.05). A variety of viral DNA genomes were identified, mostly representative of three viral families: Anelloviridae, Circoviridae and Smacoviridae. Besides, a number of novel unclassified circular Rep-encoding single stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) viruses were also identified. These findings suggest that the presence of such viral genomes in sows' sera bears no correlation with stillbirths' occurrence; it seems likely that these constitute part of the normal serum microbiome of sows at farrowing.

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Yuccas are plants adapted to arid and semiarid regions and have been used as source of food and raw materials and for ornamental purposes. Lately, the interest in this genus has grown due to the presence of potential useful compounds such as saponins and polyphenolics. However, they present very low reproductive rates and virtually all the plants used are wild individuals; as consequence, their natural populations have been depleted. We present an efficient method to establish in vitro cultures of Yucca species starting with seeds and then obtaining shoots from the seedling meristems using cytokinins and auxins. These shoots can be rooted and transferred to soil or can be used as explants for another multiplication cycle. Hence, it is necessary to acquire seeds just once to establish a large-scale micropropagation protocol.

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Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3; A3) proteins comprise an important family of restriction factors that produce hypermutations on proviral DNA and are able to limit virus replication. Vif, an accessory protein present in almost all lentiviruses, counteracts the antiviral A3 activity. Seven haplotypes of APOBEC3Z3 (A3Z3) were described in domestic cats (hap I⁻VII), and in-vitro studies have demonstrated that these proteins reduce infectivity of vif-defective feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Moreover, hap V is resistant to vif-mediated degradation. However, studies on the effect of A3Z3 in FIV-infected cats have not been developed. Here, the correlation between APOBEC A3Z3 haplotypes in domestic cats and the frequency of hypermutations in the FIV vif and env genes were assessed in a retrospective cohort study with 30 blood samples collected between 2012 and 2016 from naturally FIV-infected cats in Brazil. The vif and env sequences were analyzed and displayed low or undetectable levels of hypermutations, and could not be associated with any specific A3Z3 haplotype.

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La expectativa de vida promedio está aumentando en la población mundial, y como resultado de ello también se ve incrementado el número de individuos frágiles con enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), frecuentemente, asociadas con comorbilidades. La fragilidad es un síndrome biológico que refleja un estado de reserva fisiológica disminuido y padecerla conlleva a un estado de vulnerabilidad ante factores estresantes, como por ejemplo, la cirugía cardiovascular. Cuando los pacientes que padecen fragilidad se exponen a estos factores estresantes corren el riesgo de una descompensación marcada, a menudo desproporcionada, con alto tenor de efectos adversos, complicaciones de procedimiento, recuperación prolongada, deterioro funcional, discapacidad y mortalidad. Por ello, la fragilidad se ha convertido en un tema de alta prioridad, pues a pesar de su reconocimiento como un elemento fundamental en la evaluación de adultos mayores con ECV, todavía no se ha establecido una hoja de ruta para facilitar su adopción en la práctica clínica habitual. Por lo tanto, buscamos sintetizar el cuerpo de evidencia existente y ofrecer una perspectiva sobre cómo integrar la fragilidad en la práctica clínica. El objetivo de este artículo científico es realizar una actualización sobre la utilización de los scores de fragilidad para la evaluación prequirúrgica de los pacientes que serán sometidos a cirugía cardiovascular central para conocer el valor predictivo de complicaciones, mortalidad, tiempo estimado de postoperatorio, recuperación y necesidad de asistencia de terceros posterior a la realización de la misma.

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Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), like other retroviruses, displays large genomic divergence when different isolates are compared. In this study, 31 FIV positive samples of domestic cats from Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil were used aiming at a detailed genomic characterization and a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of the virus in Brazil. The proviral env genes were partially amplified, sequenced and compared with another 237 sequences from different continents. We identified several Brazilian highly supported clades (A, B1, B2, C and D) that suggest independent events of introduction of FIV in Brazil. Forty six reference-sequences from the GenBank were used with our 31 sequences to infer the virus subtypes. Our sequences belong to the subtype B and three of them result from a recombination with the previously described subtype F. The other 28 Brazilian samples belonging to subtype B and another 46 Brazilian sequences from the GenBank were used to estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor of each Brazilian clade, using a Bayesian approach and a relaxed molecular clock model. The analyses of Brazilian sequences suggest several different entries of the virus in the Brazilian cat population between 1981 and 1991.

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La tetralogía de Fallot es la cardiopatía congénita cianótica más frecuente del adulto. El síndrome de válvula pulmonar ausente constituye una variante poco frecuente, que representa del 3% al 6% de los pacientes con tetralogía de Fallot. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 29 años de edad, con tetralogía de Fallot y síndrome de válvula pulmonar ausente, los hallazgos del examen físico y los principales exámenes complementarios; como así también su evolución y una revisión de la literatura.

The tetralogy of Fallot is the most frequent cyanotic congenital heart disease in adult. Absent pulmonary valve syndrome is a rare variant, representing 3% to 6% of patients with tetralogy of Fallot. We present the case of a 29-year-old male patient with tetralogy of Fallot and absent pulmonary valve syndrome, physical examination findings and major complementary examinations; as well as its evolution and a review of the literature.

A tetralogia de Fallot é a doença congênita cianótica mais comum cardíacas em adultos. A síndrome valva pulmonar ausente é uma variante rara, que representa de 3% a 6% dos pacientes com tetralogia de Fallot. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente masculino de 29 anos de idade, com tetralogia de Fallot e síndrome da valva pulmonar ausente, exame físico e os principais estudos complementares; bem como a sua evolução e uma revisão da literatura.

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