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PREMISE: Despite the fast pace of exploration of the patterns and processes influencing Neotropical plant hyperdiversity, the taxa explored are mostly from large groups that are widely distributed, morphologically diverse, or economically important. Vochysiaceae is an example of an undersampled taxon, providing an excellent system for investigating Neotropical biogeography. We present a phylogenomics-based hypothesis of species relationships in Vochysiaceae to investigate its evolutionary history through space and time. METHODS: We inferred a phylogeny for 122 species from Vochysiaceae and seven other families of Myrtales. Fossils from four myrtalean families were used to estimate the divergence times within Vochysiaceae. Historical biogeography was estimated using ancestral range probabilities and stochastic mapping. RESULTS: Monophyly of all genera was supported except for Qualea, which was split by Ruizterania into two clades. Vochysiaceae originated ~100 mya, splitting into an Afrotropical and a Neotropical lineage ~50 mya, and its ancestral range is in the area currently occupied by the Cerrado. CONCLUSIONS: The most recent common ancestor of Vochysiaceae + Myrtaceae had a West Gondwanan distribution, supporting a South American + African ancestral range of Vochysiaceae. On a global scale, geographic range reduction was the principal biogeographic event. At a finer scale, initial range reduction was also important and the Cerrado region was the most ancestral area with multiple colonization events to the Amazon, Central America, and the Atlantic Forest. Colonization events occurred from open areas to forest vegetation, an unusual finding regarding the evolution of plants in the Neotropics.
Assuntos
Myrtales , Teorema de Bayes , América Central , Filogenia , FilogeografiaRESUMO
Although the impact of Pleistocene glacial cycles on the diversification of the tropical biota was once dismissed, increasing evidence suggests that Pleistocene climatic fluctuations greatly affected the distribution and population divergence of tropical organisms. Landscape genomic analyses coupled with paleoclimatic distribution models provide a powerful way to understand the consequences of past climate changes on the present-day tropical biota. Using genome-wide SNP data and mitochondrial DNA, combined with projections of the species distribution across the late Quaternary until the present, we evaluate the effect of paleoclimatic shifts on the genetic structure and population differentiation of Hypsiboas lundii, a treefrog endemic to the South American Cerrado savanna. Our results show a recent and strong genetic divergence in H. lundii across the Cerrado landscape, yielding four genetic clusters that do not seem congruent with any current physical barrier to gene flow. Isolation by distance (IBD) explains some of the population differentiation, but we also find strong support for past climate changes promoting range shifts and structuring populations even in the presence of IBD. Post-Pleistocene population persistence in four main areas of historical stable climate in the Cerrado seems to have played a major role establishing the present genetic structure of this treefrog. This pattern is consistent with a model of reduced gene flow in areas with high climatic instability promoting isolation of populations, defined here as "isolation by instability," highlighting the effects of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations structuring populations in tropical savannas.
Assuntos
Anuros/genética , Mudança Climática , Genética Populacional , Pradaria , Animais , Brasil , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Fluxo Gênico , Modelos Genéticos , Filogeografia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Isolamento Reprodutivo , Clima TropicalRESUMO
Las colecciones científicas y entre ellas los herbarios representan importantes fuentes de información y enseñanza para los investigadores y profesionales en ciencias biológicas. El Herbarium Areqvipense (HUSA), registrado en el Index Herbariorum desde el año 2004, alberga una de las colecciones más importantes del Perú. En este trabajo brindamos información de la colección y damos a conocer su representatividad para la flora peruana. El HUSA cuenta con más de 11000 especímenes registrados, distribuidos en más de 2300 especies, correspondientes en su mayor parte a Magnoliophyta y Pteridophyta (ca. 98%), y en menor proporción por Basidiomycetes y Ascomycetes (Hongos y Líquenes) y Bryophyta (Musgos). Los especímenes provienen de 23 departamentos del Perú, donde Arequipa presenta el mayor número de individuos colectados (3375), equivalente al 31% de la colección. Las familias Asteraceae y de Solanaceae son las mejor representadas con 1571 y 964 especímenes, respectivamente. La mayor cantidad de especímenes georeferenciados corresponden a la zona de vida Bosque muy húmedo bajo tropical con el 15%, seguido por el Bosque muy húmedo premontano tropical con el 8%. Se dan además a conocer los tipos presentes en la colección, así como una reseña del desarrollo del HUSA desde su creación.
Scientific collections and herbaria are essential sources of information and education for researchers and practitioners in biological sciences. The Herbarium Areqvipense (HUSA), registered at Index Herbariorum since 2004, holds one of the most important collections in Peru. In this paper we provide information about the collection, and its representativeness for the Peruvian flora. HUSA has more than 11000 specimens recorded to date, with more than 2300 determined species, consisting mostly of Magnoliophyta and Pteridophyta (ca. 98%), and a smaller proportion of Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes (fungi and lichens) and Bryophyta (mosses). The collection includes specimens from 23 departments of Peru, where the samples belonging to Arequipa have the largest number of individuals collected (3375) accounting for 31% of the collection. Asteraceae and Solanaceae are the most collected with 1571 and 964 specimens, respectively. The majority of geo-referenced specimens came from the tropical wet forest with 15%, followed by the tropical pre-montane wet forest with 8%. We also provide a list of the nomenclatural types and a brief summary of the history and development of HUSA since its creation.
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Se documenta las 108 colecciones de Ericaceae realizadas por Augusto Weberbauer en el Perú, 48 de las cuales están depositadas en MOL. Del total de estas Ericaceae recolectadas por Weberbauer, se designan aquí como lectotipos 18 colecciones en MOL, 7 en NY, 2 en G, 2 en US y 1 en F.
The Ericaceae collections of Augusto Weberbauer from Peru are documented as 108 in number, of which 48 are currently located at MOL. Of these Weberbauer Ericaceae collections, 18 at MOL, 7 at NY, 2 at G, 2 at US, and 1 at F are herein newly designated as lectotypes.